Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises a chamber, an inlet port, an outlet port, an electrode port, and a counter electrode. The inlet port is configured to allow flow of a liquid into the chamber and through an inlet opening toward the working electrode, and the outlet port is configured to allow flow of a liquid out of the chamber and through an outlet opening. The device is configured so that a force applied to the working electrode slides the first end face of the working electrode to a distance from a face of the inlet opening due to the balancing force of a fluid flowing out of the inlet opening. The device may be used in a method for analyzing an analyte, such as one or more amino acids in a liquid sample.

Abstract: A voltammetric reference control system for generating a reference signal for an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensor may comprise a voltammetric sensor, a potentiometric sensor, an amperometric sensor, an ion selective sensor and/or the like that is designed to be used in solutions, such as water, seawater, saline solutions and/or the like. The voltammetric reference control system generates a reference potential that does not drift and/or does not require calibration during operation of the electrochemical sensor.

Abstract: A method includes a step of introducing a solution between a substrate with a membrane in which the membrane is provided so as to close an opening and a substrate provided with an independent electrode in which the independent electrode is provided, a step of pressure bonding the substrate with the membrane and the substrate with the independent electrode through a partition wall, and a step of forming a sealed liquid tank surrounded by at least the membrane and the partition wall by the pressure bonding, and arraying of a solid-state type nanopore sequencer is simply performed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein. The method generally includes generating frequency responses of one or more sample fluids having known fluid properties, selecting an equivalent circuit model for modeling the frequency responses, the equivalent circuit model including one or more model elements, calculating an equivalent impedance of the equivalent circuit model, generating a correlation between the one or more model elements and the known fluid properties, measuring an impedance of a drilling fluid, and determining at least one property of the drilling fluid based on the correlation between the one or more model elements and the known fluid properties.

Abstract: Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for determining the composition of fluids, and particularly for describing the identity and concentration of one or more components of a medical fluid such as intravenous fluid. These devices, systems and methods take multiple complex admittance measurements from a fluid sample in order to identify the identity and the concentration of components of the fluid. The identity and concentration of all of the components of the solution may be simultaneously and rapidly determined. In some variations, additional measurement or sensing modalities may be used in addition to admittance spectroscopy, including optical, thermal, chemical, etc.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is that variations in an applied membrane potential in the planar patch clamp device are suppressed to reduce a noise current, thereby enabling accurate measurement of an ion channel current. Disclosed is a planar patch clamp device including: an electrically insulative substrate provided with one or more fine through holes; a liquid reservoir that holds a conductive liquid provided on both surface sides of the through hole; and energizable electrode sections provided in the liquid reservoir; these electrode sections including: (a) an electrode vessel, at least part of which is made of an inorganic porous material, (b) an electrode in which a chloride NmCl layer is formed on the surface of a noble metal Nm, and (c) an electrode solution containing NmCl and an alkali metal chloride being dissolved therein at a saturated concentration.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods directed to an electrode initialization step for the electrochemical treatment of monolayers used in electrochemical detection of target analytes on the surface of a monolayer. Electrode initialization creates a more stable monolayer, and resolves variability within the electrochemical signal detected on the monolayer.

Abstract: A systems and apparatus for measuring non-electroactive materials in liquids using electrochemical detection. A first electrical activity of a electroactive material is detected in absence of a target non-electroactive material (Step 120). A second electrical activity of the electroactive material is detected in presence of the target non-electroactive material (Step 130). A difference between the first and second electrical activities is obtained, and based on the obtained difference, a concentration of the target non-electroactive material is identified (Step 140).

Abstract: A method for determining the presence or amount of a metal-labelled species in a sample may include causing the metal of the metal-labelled species in the sample to form a soluble electrochemically-active complex which is stable relative to moieties present or potentially present in the sample which will form an insoluble and/or electrochemically-inactive complex with the metal, and electrochemically measuring the formed complex to provide an indication of the presence or amount of the metal-labelled species.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to an amperometric gas sensor for measuring the concentration of an analyte, comprising: a solid support; and a working electrode in contact with the solid support; wherein the analyte comprises a dopant which when in contact with the solid support increases the electrical conductivity of the solid support. A sterilization process employing the amperometric gas sensor is disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for analyzing a chemical analyte using an electrochemical cell connected to a measuring apparatus are provided. The electrochemical cell contains a solution having one or more conductive or redox active NPs (nanoparticles), one or more chemical analytes, and an indicator. In addition, the electrochemical cell contains one or more electrodes in communication with the solution. One or more catalytic ECL properties are generated by the interaction of the one or more conductive or redox active NPs and the liquid sample and measured at the one or more electrodes or with an optical detection system.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical analysis is described, the electrode comprising: an insulating surface; a three-dimensional network of carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface; and an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes are oriented substantially parallel to the insulating surface. Also described is a method of manufacturing the electrode, and a method of electrochemically analysing a solution using electrodes of this type, and an associated assay device or kit.

Abstract: A diamond electrode and a diamond microelectrode array for biosensors and electroanalytical applications, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are disclosed. The electrode comprises a layer of ultra-smooth conductive nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) having a resistivity of >0.05 ?cm and a surface roughness of <20 nm Ra. Preferably, the diamond layer comprises boron or nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) having an average grain size <10 nm and a surface roughness <10 nm Ra. It may be patterned to define a microelectrode array with a plurality of individually addressable electrodes, each having a diameter in the range from 100 nm to 100 ?m. The surface of each microelectrode is hydrogen-terminated before bio-functionalization, i.e. modifying with sensing molecules for detection of a specific biological or chemical target and coating with a blocker for reducing non-specific binding.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting a single-molecule using an integrated circuit which includes at least one membrane having a nanopore located between first and second reservoirs and a low-noise preamplifier having an electrode formed on the surface thereof is provided. The method includes passing a target molecule through the nanopore, and measuring a current through the nanopore to detect the presence of a biomolecular entity, if any.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode system capable of more accurately measuring properties of solutions using a porous platinum electrode.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining the presence or amount of an analyte in a sample and includes the steps of contacting a faradaic working electrode to a solution comprising the optionally pre-processed sample and an electrolyte, contacting a capacitive counter electrode to the solution, supplying electrical energy between the faradaic working electrode and the capacitive counter electrode sufficient to provide for faradaic charge transfer at the faradaic working electrode, and measuring at least one of (i) light, (ii) current, (iii) voltage, and (iv) charge to determine the presence or amount of the analyte in the sample.

Abstract: The present invention allows simple and sensitive detection of microimpurities, microdefects, and corrosion starting points which may be present in a material. A probe microscope has a function to sense ions diffused from a specimen in a liquid. A probe is caused to scan over a predetermined range on a specimen. Then, the probe is fixed to a particular position in a liquid so as to set the distance between the specimen and the probe to a given value at which the microstructure of the specimen surface cannot be observed. Thereafter, one of the current between the probe and a counter electrode and the potential between the probe and a reference electrode is controlled, and the other of the current and potential which varies in accordance with the control is measured. Thus, ions diffused from the specimen are sensed.

Abstract: A system and method for online monitoring of molten salt corrosion of a component of an apparatus is disclosed. First and second electrodes are electrically isolated from each other within the component and exposed to a corrosive operating environment of the apparatus. The first and second electrodes are electrically coupled such that when an electrical potential difference exists between the first and second electrodes an electrical current flows between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrical potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode is based at least in part on molten salt corrosion at the first electrode or the second electrode. At least one of the electrical potential difference or the electrical current flowing between the first electrode and second electrode is measured and analyzed such that a corrosion characteristic of the component can be predicted.

Abstract: Embodiments of nanoelectronic sensors are described, including sensors for detecting analytes such ammonia. An environmental control system employing nanoelectronic sensors is described. A personnel safety system configured as a disposable badge employing nanoelectronic sensors is described. A method of dynamic sampling and exposure of a sensor providing a number of operational advantages is described.

Abstract: A water pollution sensor for detecting a heavy metal, the water pollution sensor including: a base member; a conductive layer formed at a portion of one of surfaces of the base member and consisting of a conductive material; an insulating layer formed on the conductive layer to enable a portion of the conductive layer to be exposed; and a bismuth layer formed on a portion of the exposed conductive layer and including bismuth powders.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical analysis is described, the electrode comprising: an insulating surface; a three-dimensional network of carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface; and an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes are oriented substantially parallel to the insulating surface. Also described is a method of manufacturing the electrode, and a method of electrochemically analysing a solution using electrodes of this type, and an associated assay device or kit.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor for detecting hydrocyanic acid in a gas sample has a measuring electrode (3) formed of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and a counterelectrode (8) in an electrolyte (9), which contains lithium bromide in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for analyzing a chemical analyte using an electrochemical cell connected to a measuring apparatus are provided. The electrochemical cell contains a solution having one or more conductive or redox active NPs (nanoparticles), one or more chemical analytes, and an indicator. In addition, the electrochemical cell contains one or more electrodes in communication with the solution. One or more catalytic ECL properties are generated by the interaction of the one or more conductive or redox active NPs and the liquid sample and measured at the one or more electrodes or with an optical detection system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for activating a diamond-based electrode, which includes a step consisting in subjecting, in the presence of an aqueous solution containing an ionic electrolyte, said electrode to an alternately cathodic and anodic polarization potential, of increasing amplitude so as to obtain an anodic and cathodic current density of between 10 ?A/cm2 and 1 mA/cm2. The present invention also relates to a diamond-based electrode activated by said process and to the uses thereof.

Abstract: The application generally describes devices, systems, and methods for determination of one or more analytes. Embodiments described herein may be useful as sensors for analytes such as explosives, chemical warfare agents, and/or toxins. In some cases, chemiresistor or chemFET sensor devices for monitoring volatile organics, especially chemical warfare agents such as sarin, are described. Some embodiments comprise functionalised carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer composites (6) as sensing material. In some embodiments, the polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), 3PHT, optionally substituted with calixarenes, or hexafluoroisopropanol susbstituted polythiophene, HFIP-PT. Biosensing embodiments are also described, as well as methods of manufacturing the devices.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor, especially for gases, is provided having a mediator compound based on transition metal salts of polybasic acids and/or transition metal salts of polyhydroxycarboxylic acids. The electrochemical sensor also contains a DLC, BDD or a precious metal thin-layer measuring electrode (3). The electrochemical sensor may be used for determining SO2 and H2S.

Abstract: The invention relates to a semiconductor device, in particular to a chemical field effect transistor (ChemFET), a high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) and an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET), as well as a method for manufacturing the same. The semiconductor device comprises a structure, the structure comprises a substrate, a first layer comprising GaN and a second layer comprising InAlN, wherein the first and the second layer are arranged parallely to each other on the substrate, and wherein the structure comprises a third layer comprising diamond.

Abstract: There is provided a method of detecting an analyte in a sample, which comprises the steps of contacting the sample with a working electrode in the presence of an electrolyte and determining the electrochemical response of the working electrode to the sample, wherein the working electrode comprises a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and wherein detection takes place in the presence of a species which is capable of forming an intercalation compound with a carbon host material. Electrochemical sensors and compositions suitable for use in said method are also provided.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the invention relate to analyte determining devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that include an indicator element that provides information relating to service history of the analyte determining devices, including, for example, previous use of the analyte determining devices. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte determining devices in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: The presently-disclosed subject matter provides sensors and methods for detecting hydrogen by determining the conductivity of a chemiresistant film upon exposure to hydrogen, including for example chemiresistant films comprised of alkylamine-, alkylthiolate-, and/or surfactant-coated metal alloy nanoparticles.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to gas sensors comprising organized assemblies of carbon and non-carbon compounds. The invention also relates to devices containing such gas sensors and analysis units. In preferred embodiments, the organized assemblies of the instant invention take the form of nanorods or their aggregate forms. More preferably, a nanorod is made up of a carbon nanotube filled, coated, or both filled and coated by a non-carbon material.

Abstract: A systems and apparatus for measuring non-electroactive materials in liquids using electrochemical detection. A first electrical activity of a electroactive material is detected in absence of a target non-electroactive material (Step 120). A second electrical activity of the electroactive material is detected in presence of the target non-electroactive material (Step 130). A difference between the first and second electrical activities is obtained, and based on the obtained difference, a concentration of the target non-electroactive material is identified (Step 140).

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for measuring the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in a fluid in a wellbore comprises a temperature- and pressure-resistant housing containing a flow path for the fluids. The fluids flow over one side of a gas permeable membrane made of zeolite or a suitable ceramic material, the other side of the membrane being exposed to a chamber containing a reaction solution which together with the hydrogen sulphide or thiols create a redox reaction resulting in an electrical current dependent upon the amount of hydrogen sulphide or thiols in the fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to electrodes for electrochemical analysis comprising: —an insulating surface; —carbon nanotubes situated on the insulating surface at a density of at least 0.1 ?mCNT Um?2; and—an electrically conducting material in electrical contact with the carbon nanotubes; wherein the carbon nanotubes cover an area of no more than about 5.0% of the insulating surface. Methods of making such electrodes and assay devices or kits with such electrodes, are also provided.

Abstract: A sensor for monitoring concentration of a constituent in a gas may include an ionically conductive layer and a sensing electrode coupled to the ionically conductive layer. The sensing electrode may be exposed to a gas. The sensor may also include a reference electrode that is exposed to the gas and made of substantially a same material as the sensing electrode.

Abstract: Electrochemical methods of evaluating battery active materials, such as cathode active materials, are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-functional sensor system that simultaneously measures cathode and anode electrode potentials, dissolved ion (i.e. oxide) concentration, and temperatures in an electrochemical cell. One embodiment of the invented system generally comprises: a reference(saturated) electrode, a reference(sensing) electrode, and a data acquisition system. Thermocouples are built into the two reference electrodes to provide important temperature information.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a nanoporous material, the method comprising the steps of: (i) heating a substrate in the presence of at least one reducing agent and at least one precursor solution; and (ii) cooling the resulting nanoporous material. The nanoporous material may be used for detection of a substrate, for an electrode in a fuel cell, and as a catalyst in the electro-oxidation of an organic species.

Abstract: An electro-catalyst for the oxidation of ammonia in alkaline media; the electrocatalyst being a noble metal co-deposited on a support with one or more other metals that are active to ammonia oxidation. In some embodiments, the support is platinum, gold, tantalum, or iridium. In some embodiments, the support has a layer of Raney metal deposited thereon prior to the deposition of the catalyst. Also provided are electrodes having the electro-catalyst deposited thereon, ammonia electrolytic cells, ammonia fuel cells, ammonia sensors, and a method for removing ammonia contaminants from a contaminated effluent.

Abstract: A gas sensor is equipped with a built-in ceramic heater. The gas sensor detects the concentration of a predetermined gas component contained in the exhaust gas. The ceramic heater has a heater base member made of ceramic, a heating element formed in the inside of the heater base material, and a pair of external electrode pads that is electrically connected to the output terminals for the outer leads. The external electrode pads, the heating element, and the heater leads are made of base metal. The outer surface of each external electrode pad is covered only with a dense protective film made of noble metal such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), and palladium (Pd).

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes have been reversibly and readily oxidized and reduced with common chemicals in solution, thereby allowing the nanotubes to be used as catalysts for chemical reactions and as stable charge storage devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel methods and compositions for the detection of analytes using the nuclear reorganization energy, ?, of an electron transfer process.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel methods and compositions for the detection of analytes using the nuclear reorganization energy, ?, of an electron transfer process.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel methods and compositions for the detection of analytes using the nuclear reorganization energy, ?, of an electron transfer process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to conductive polymer compositions, catalytic ink compositions (e.g., for use in screen-printing), electrodes produced by deposition of an ink composition, as well as methods of making, and methods of using such compositions and electrodes. An exemplary ink material comprises a metal catalyst (e.g., platinum black and/or platinum-on-carbon), graphite as a conducting material, a polymer binding material, and an organic solvent. In one aspect, the polymer binding material comprises a polymer binder blend comprising first and second polymers, wherein the first polymer has a glass transition temperature higher than the second polymer. In a second aspect, the polymer binding material comprises a hydrophilic acrylic polymer, copolymer, or terpolymer. The conductive polymer compositions of the present invention may be used, for example, to make electrochemical sensors. Such sensors may be used, for example, in a variety of devices to monitor analyte amount or concentrations in subjects.

Abstract: In an electrode system, particularly for electrochemical sensors, which comprises a working electrode, a counterelectrode and an electrolyte, the counterelectrode is constituted by a material containing an elementary carbon, whereby the long-term stability of the electrode system is considerably increased (FIG. 2).

Abstract: In one embodiment a method for sensing specific molecules is provided. The method comprises forming a nanoelement structure and forming two spaced apart electrodes in contact with the nanoelement structure, wherein at least one of the electrodes is capable of functioning as a sensing element to sense the specific molecules.

Abstract: The properties of dental amalgam as an electrode material in voltammetry are presented. It was found that dental amalgam has a very high overpotential to hydrogen, allowing one to carry out trace analyses at potentials sufficiently negative to allow determination of e.g. zinc, cobalt, nickel and iron at trace levels. This has not previously been possible except from using a mercury or a mercury film electrode. Such determinations are very important for field and online analyses of pollutants in soil and groundwater, and the electrode can be used repeatedly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to increase the sensitivity of a carbon electrode for electrochemically detecting an analyte without electrochemically conditioning the carbon electrode, wherein the method comprises treating the carbon electrode with an ionic detergent which is in solution, wherein the detergent is not incorporated in a coating of the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a technique for enhancing electrocatalysis in electrochemical systems. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed for an electrode/electrolyte system at an intermediate frequency. Using an appropriate equivalent circuit model, the corresponding phase-shift can be derived. From this data, the Langmuir absorption isotherm can be created to determine the relation of and transition between overpotentially deposited and underpotentially deposited reactive species. Knowledge of the overpotentially and underpotentially deposited reactive species permits optimal selection of the operating conditions for an electrochemical system.