Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.

Abstract: Methods for producing fuel distillates used as raw material in the production of fuel for engines or jet engines. The invention involves mixing residual petroleum raw material (oil fuel, tar) with sapropelite and with a fraction of thermo-cracking or hydro-cracking hydrogenated products having a boiling point of between 300 and 400° C. in an amount of between 1 and 5% relative to the weight of the residual petroleum raw material. The mixture is heated, homogenized at least twice in a dispersing agent at a temperature of between 85 and 105° C., and submitted to a thermo-cracking or hydro-cracking process. The fuel distillates (petrol, diesel fuel and gas oil) are then separated from the thermo- or hydro-cracking products. The invention thus pertains to the production of petroleum fuels and may be used in the oil-conversion industry.

Abstract: A steam-cracking unit and a steam-cracking process with controlled injection of solid particles in a quenching exchanger (3) is described. The particles are injected through a single axial injection pipe that is arranged on the axis of input cone (2) of the quenching exchanger, just upstream from an impact separator-diffuser (6) that comprises solid surfaces that are arranged opposite the transfer pipe of the cracked gases toward the exchanger; this impact separator-distributor is located in input cone (2) of the exchanger and is gas-permeable along a number of passages and at least 70% opaque when viewed from the transfer pipe.

Abstract: A separator and process for separating particles from a gaseous mixture wherein the separator includes: at least one chamber comprising a zone (1) which forms a rectangular or square cross section for passage of the mixture circulating in a tube reactor (R) towards a turning zone (3) which rotates the mixture in a vertical plane through an angle of at most 360 degrees; an external wall (30) which defines the turn through an angle of 70 to 225 degrees; a deflection (10) which turns co-axially with the external wall (30) through an angle of at least 30 degrees and at most the angle through which the external wall turns plus 90 degrees; a gas outlet (4) which is coaxial with the turning zone; the separator is indirectly or otherwise connected to a secondary cyclone (12). It also includes a particle outlet (9) having a wall (32) connected to forming zone (1).

Abstract: The invention relates ro a method of converting hydrocarbons. According to the method, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed is passed into a circulating fluidized-bed reactor, wherein the feed is converted at a high temperatue under the influence of particulate matter kept in a fluidized state, and the converted hydrocarbon products are removed from the reactor in a gaseous phase. According to the invention, a circulating fluidized-bed reactor (1-3; 41-43) is used having an axially annular cross section and being equipped with a multiport cyclone (14,17; 52,63) for the separation of the particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products. The reaction space comprises an intershell riser space (13; 50) formed between two concentrically located cylindrical and/or conical envelope surfaces. The separation of particulate matter from the gas-phase reaction products is performed by means of a multiport cyclone equipped with louvered vanes (14; 63).

Abstract: Crystalline materials having increased mechanical strength and improved chemical properties are provided by incorporating carbonate by contact treatment with carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) to modify the alkaline earth oxide morphology. Alkaline earth-containing particulate solids are stabilized in the crystalline oxide structure, preferrably with dense phase or supercritical CO.sub.2. Typical industrial applications include particulate contact solids, catalysts, binders and monolithic structures.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process in which, a substantial portion of the hydrocarbons is pulverized and placed in contact with a specific contact zone, which is composed of: a mixing chamber having a maximum section S.sub.2, the upper part of which is fed with a heated regenerated catalyst through an upper opening delimiting a catalyst-flow section S.sub.1, and a descending-flow reaction area, in which the solid-gas mixture emanating from the mixing chamber is poured through an intermediate opening having a section S.sub.3 located in the lower part of said chamber. The ratios S.sub.2 /S.sub.1 and S.sub.2 /S.sub.3 have values of between 1.5 and 8.

Abstract: A flexible steam cracking process for hydrocarbon feeds comprises injection of particles with an average size of between 0.02 mm and 4 mm, at a circulation rate in indirect transfer line exchangers (4) of 20 to 180 m/s, and in a sufficient quantity to limit the increase in temperature at the outlet to the exchangers (4) to a value of less than 100.degree. C. per month, into at least one point upstream of an indirect transfer line exchanger (4), cracking zone (2) remaining in communication with downstream means (6) for the treatment of cooled effluents. At least 70% by weight of the quantity of injected particles is introduced between the outlet to the cracking zone (2) and the tubes of the indirect transfer line exchanger (4). Chemical decoking is carried out in the tubes of the cracking zone at time intervals of less than 4 months by establishing accelerated coke gasification conditions, for example by injecting compounds which catalyse gasification by steam, or by decoking in air and/or steam.

Abstract: A facility and a process for steam cracking include controlled injection of solid particles into a transfer line exchanger (3). The particles are injected via injection lines, numbering between 1 and 8, just upstream of an impact-diffuser (6) comprising solid surfaces disposed on either side of the line for transfer of the cracked gases to the exchanger; this impact-diffuser is located in the inlet cone (2) of the exchanger, is permeable to the gases via a plurality of passages and at least 70% opaque viewed from the transfer line.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to a new method and apparatus for the fast pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials involving rapid mixing, high heat transfer rates, precisely controlled short uniform residence times and rapid primary product quench in an upflow, entrained-bed, transport reactor with heat carrier solids recirculation. A carbonaceous feedstock, a non-oxidative transport gas and inorganic particulate heat supplying material are rapidly mixed in a reactor base section, then transported upward through an entrained-bed tubular reactor. A cyclonic hot solids recirculation system separates the solids from the non-condensible gases and primary product vapors and returns them to the mixer. Product vapors are rapidly quenched to provide maximum yields of liquids, petrochemicals, high value gases and selected valuable chemicals.

Abstract: A process for producing normally gaseous olefins from two different process units sharing common downstream quench and fractionation facilities, wherein one of the process units is a short contact time mechanically fluidized vaporization unit for processing petroleum residual feedstocks and the other is a conventional steam cracking unit.

Abstract: A method for thermo-mechanical cracking and hydrogenation of chemical substances such as hydrocarbons in liquid or solid form, waxes, carbonates, lime, oil-shale, oil-sand, oily residue from refineries and crude tank bottoms, plast and the like. The cracking and the hydrogenating of the substances in the presence of hydrogen releasing chemicals as water is performed in a mechanical established fluidized bed (8) of fine grained solids where the mechanical action in the fluidized bed (8) generates the heat participating in the cracking in addition to the mechanical action to the substances whereby the cracking in the cavitating micro bubbles and the hydrogenation takes place in the reactor (1) with an overall temperature and pressure lower than by conventional cracking and/or hydrogenation processes.

Abstract: A two-stage process for obtaining a substantial amount of olefinic product from a residua feedstock. The first stage is comprised of a thermal process unit containing a reaction zone comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles operated at temperatures from about 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. and having a short vapor residence time, and the second stage thermal conversion zone operated at a temperature of about 700.degree. C. to about 1100.degree. C., and also having a short vapor residence time.

Abstract: A two-stage process for obtaining a substantial amount of olefinic product from a residua feedstock. The first stage is comprised of a thermal process unit containing a reaction zone comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles operated at temperatures from about 500.degree. to 600.degree. C. and having a short vapor residence time, and the second stage thermal conversion zone operated at a temperature of about 700.degree. C. to about 1100.degree. C., and also having a short vapor residence time.

Abstract: A steam cracking process and facility is described which comprises injection of erosive powder to effect at least partial decoking of transfer line exchangers without interrupting the steam cracking stream. The powder, preferably injected just upstream of the transfer line exchangers (TLE) (4), is separated from the cracked gases in primary gas/solid separators (5), temporarily stored in receiving drums at a controlled temperature and evacuated to a common powder storage and/or treatment module by pneumatic transfer by means of a relatively low flow of uncondensable gas. The process and facility can be used to collect solid fragments generated by injection of chemical compounds which are catalysts for the gasification of coke by steam.

Abstract: A process for the thermal conversion of the organic component associated with tar sands to lower boiling, higher value products. The conversion is achieved by subjecting the organic component containing from about 1 to 20 wt. % native solids to elevated temperatures and pressures. Compared to conventional thermal conversion processes, such as visbreaking, much higher conversion of the organic component can be achieved owing to the presence of native solids on which coke is deposited instead of fouling the process equipment. This higher conversion is also associated with enhanced removal of sulfur and metals.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to a new method and apparatus for the fast pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials involving rapid mixing, high heat transfer rates, precisely controlled short uniform residence times and rapid primary product quench in an upflow, entrained-bed, transport reactor with heat carrier solids recirculation. A carbonaceous feedstock, a non-oxidative transport gas and inorganic particulate heat supplying material are rapidly mixed in a reactor base section, then transported upward through an entrained-bed tubular reactor. A cyclonic hot solids recirculation system separates the solids from the non-condensible gases and primary product vapors and returns them to the mixer. Product vapors are rapidly quenched to provide maximum yields of liquids, petrochemicals, high value gases and selected valuable chemicals.

Abstract: A cyclone and process for fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oils is disclosed. Gas and entrained solids are added around a clean gas outlet tube in a cyclone body. Solids and some gas are withdrawn via a solids outlet and discharged into a catch chamber. Some of the gas discharged with the solids into the catch chamber is returned to the interior of the cyclone body via an opening in the cyclone. Chaotic reflux of gas back into the cyclone via the solids outlet is eliminated. The device may be used as an FCC regenerator third stage separator or to improve other gas/solid separations.

Abstract: An improved process for producing a low-sulfur fuel oil or gas from used oil and finely divided coal. After mixing, the coal/oil slurry is heated within a pressure vessel to a temperature of approximately 850.degree. F. and the pressure increased to approximately 1500 psi for a time period of more than one hour. A gaseous low-sulfur diesel fuel can be recovered from near the top of the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A process wherein a fluidized particulate solid is contacted with a hydrocarbon feedstock in a vertically extending contacting zone, which process comprises introducing a stream of the particulate solid into the contacting zone and introducing a plurality of streams of liquid hydrocarbon feedstock into the contacting zone to intimately contact the particulate solid therein, the plurality of streams each being introduced into the contacting zone from one of a plurality of nozzles spaced apart in the contacting zone, and each stream having a flow path extending into the contacting zone and a flow pattern having a thickness which is substantially constant and a width which diverges from the point of introduction into the contacting zone.

Abstract: Aqueous sulfur and caustic component-containing waste streams are disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner employing a process featuring integrated coking and gasification operations.

Abstract: A process is described for ultrapyrolytic upgrading of a heavy hydrocarbon oil feedstock by contacting the feedstock in a confined riser vertical column with finely divided inert solid particles under ultrapyrolysis conditions, the riser forms part of an internally circulating aerated bed reactor with the bottom end of the riser being directly connected to an inlet nozzle feeding the heavy hydrocarbon oil feedstock and the upper end of the riser extending above an annular aerated bed of the finely divided solid particles surrounding the riser. The riser also includes a plurality of orifices in a lower region thereof flow connected to a lower region of the aerated bed for controlled delivery of the particles from the aerated bed into the riser.

Abstract: Distress feeds, such as refinery sludge and slop oils are upgraded over hot equilibrium catalyst (E-Cat) removed from an FCC regenerator. Hot E-Cat demetallizes and/or demulsifies slop and sludge streams in an auxiliary reactor without contaminating the FCC catalyst inventory. Waste streams are upgraded with a "waste" catalyst stream. The auxiliary reactor and FCC reactor may share a product fractionator.

Abstract: Several procedures are provided for the thermal rearrangement of a water emulsion, of or a mixture with water, of a feedstock selected from the group consisting of tar sand bitumen, heavy oil, refinery residue and a heavy waste oil stream, the feedstock containing a naturally-occurring, finely-divided mineral material. The essence of such procedures involves contacting the water emulsion or the water mixture with a gas selected from the group consisting of synthesis gas and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount, i.e., from about 0.3% to about 15% of a bifunctional catalyst that facilitates the water gas shift reaction and also promotes the hydrogenation and stabilization of cracking reaction products. The bifunctional catalyst includes the naturally-occurring, finely-divided mineral material which is contained in the feedstock. The process is conducted under such conditions of pressure and temperature that the water gas shift reaction occurs.

Abstract: A fluid coking-gasification process for converting heavy hydrocarbonaceous chargestocks to lower boiling products in which an inorganic metal composition is used to mitigate slagging in the gasifier, wherein the metal is selected from the alkaline-earths, the rare earths, and zirconium. The inorganic metal composition is added either directly into the gasifier or it is mixed with the coke passing from the heating zone to the gasification zone.

Abstract: A coking process wherein a heavy hydrocarbonaceous chargestock is mixed with a minor amount of coal and preheated to a temperature from about 500.degree. F. up to, but not including, coking temperatures. The pretreated mixture is then reacted in a coking zone at coking conditions.

Abstract: A process for producing coke, which comprises uniformly dispersing and mixing a carbonized product having an average aspect ratio of at least 1.5 to a starting material oil and then coking the mixture.

Abstract: An improved fluid coking process which includes: (a) a fluid coker comprised of a coking zone, a scrubbing zone, and a stripping zone; (b) a heater, and optionally a gasifier. The improvement comprises feeding a portion of the heated solids from the heater and/or the gasifier, to the stripping zone. Consequently, the coking zone can be operated at a temperature lower than the stripping zone.

Abstract: A nonair-blown low sulfur petroleum residual oil is combined with super finely divided particles of calcined premium coke, and the combination is subjected to delayed coking to produce isotropic coke containing reduced sulfur and having a low CTE ratio.

Abstract: A non air-blown low sulfur heavy aromatic mineral oil which does not produce acceptable isotropic coke when subjected to delayed coking is combined with an inorganic additive which promotes pyrolysis and which vaporizes during calcining and the combination is subjected to delayed coking to produce isotropic coke having a low CTE ratio. The isotropic coke is further processed (including calcination) to produce graphite logs used in nuclear reactors.

Abstract: Carbonates, oxides, carbides or fluorides of alkaline earth metals are added to coal tar pitches before coking. After the coking, which is preferably carried out by the delayed coking process, this produces coal tar pitch cokes or coal tar pitch needle cokes which have no irreversible expansion or a strongly reduced irreversible expansion upon heating in the temperature range of 1400.degree. to 2000.degree. C.

Abstract: Several procedures are provided herein which reduce the viscosity and density of heavy oils to make them amenable for transportation by pipeline from the field to refineries for further processing. The procedure involves contacting a water emulsion of a heavy oil with carbon monoxide at a pressure range and a temperature range such that a water gas shift reaction takes place to convert the steam and carbon monoxide to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Simultaneously, a thermal rearrangement takes place, thereby reducing the viscosity and density of the oil without any significant thermal cracking. Under one scheme, at a low temperature range, e.g. below about 400.degree. C., there is substantailly no cracking and minimal molecular changes. Under another scheme, at a higher temperature range, e.g. up to about 460.degree. C., significant cracking and molecular changes take place.

Abstract: A fluid coking-gasification process for converting heavy hydrocarbonaceous chargestocks to lower boiling products in which calcium silicate is used to mitigate bogging, slagging, or both. The calcium silicate can be added directly to the heavy hydrocarbonaceous chargestock to mitigate both bogging and slagging or it can be added directly into the gasifier to mitigate slagging.

Abstract: A fluid coking-gasification process for converting heavy hydrocarbonaceous chargestocks to lower boiling products in which a zeolitic material is use to mitigate slagging in the gasifier, especially when the zeolite material is spent catalytic cracking catalyst. The zeolite material is added either directly into the gasifier on it is mixed with the coke passing from the heating zone to the gasification zone.

Abstract: A method for operating a fluid catalytic cracking unit comprising a regeneration zone and a reaction zone with a relatively reduced temperature in the regeneration zone while processing a hydrocarbon feedstock having a 50 volume percent distillation temperature greater than about 500.degree. F. which method comprises contacting the feedstock in a reaction zone with a mixture of regenerated fluidizable cracking catalyst and fluidizable low coke make solid particles comprising a refractory inorganic oxide in a ratio of low coke make solid particles to cracking catalyst from about 1:100 to about 10:1, the low coke made solid particles having a surface area of less than about 5 m.sup.2 /g and a coke making capability of less than about 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to carrying out thermal cracking of hydrocarbons, or other thermal conversions of organic substances in a reactor, for which a suitable reaction time is extremely short, e.g. of the order of milliseconds. Particulate solids are used as heat carrier and as feed an organic substance is used in the form of a gas which may contain some liquid; the hot particulate solids are introduced at low or no velocity into contact with the gas, which is at substantially higher velocity; the solids accelerate in passing through the reactor but the reaction is terminated substantially before the solids attain the velocity of the product gas. Contact times are short so that the solids do not accelerate to erosive speeds. The velocity differential enhances the heat transfer rate which makes short reaction times feasible.

Abstract: A process for converting liquid or semi-liquid hydrocarbon charges to lighter fractions comprises a first step (a) heating droplets jets of the charge introduced into a pyrolysis chamber by surrounding them with parallel jets of hot solid particles, of relatively large size, of a heat carrier material, not substantially in contact with the droplet jets, so as to maintain a temperature of 700.degree.-1600.degree. C., and introducing a gas so as to obtain a pressure from 1 to 150 bars. A second step involves (b) separating the gaseous fraction from the solid particles. Thereafter (c) at least a portion of the solid particles are heated and fed back to step (a). The gaseous fraction is (d) cooled by means of a cold gas so as to recover light hydrocarbons therefrom.

Abstract: Process for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO e.g. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas by the partial oxidation of a vanadium-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, solid carbonaceous fuel, or mixtures thereof in a free-flow vertical refractory lined gas generator. The feed mixture to the gas generator comprises (i) a vanadium-containing fuel; (ii) supplemental iron-containing ash fusion temperature reducing agent; and (iii) at least a portion of the remainder of the iron-containing slag after separation of an enriched vanadium-containing coarse slag fraction. The coarse slag fraction has a decreased Fe/V weight ratio and is formed by depositing a portion of the slag entrained in the hot raw effluent gas stream from the partial oxidation reaction zone on the walls of a slag separation chamber located between the bottom discharge outlet in the reaction zone and the effluent gas quench tank located at the bottom of the gas generator.

Abstract: Visbreaking of heavy metals containing oil with 5 to 30, preferably 15 to 25 wt % pulverized coal gives good demetallation of oil and produces a solids product with a high metals content suitable for use as a synthetic, metal bearing ore.

Abstract: The sulphur emissive capability, on combustion, of coke which is formed during upgrading of sulphur-containing heavy crude oils, including oil sands bitumen, and residua, is decreased by the addition of calcium carbonate, preferably in the form of limestone, to the heavy crude oil prior to coking. The presence of the limestone leads to an increased yield of liquid distillates from the coking process under preferred coking conditions. Ash remaining after combustion of the coke may be leached to recover nickel and vanadium values therefrom.

Abstract: The sulphur emissive capability, on combustion, of coke which is formed during upgrading of sulphur-containing heavy crude oils, including oil sands bitumen, or residua is decreased by the addition of slaked lime or calcium oxide to the heavy crude oil prior to coking. The presence of the slaked lime or calcium oxide leads to an increased yield of liquid distillates at coking temperatures of about 450.degree. to about 500.degree. C. Ash remaining after combustion of the coke may be leached to recover nickel and vanadium values therefrom.

Abstract: This invention provides a two-stage visbreaking process for increasing the production of a visbroken hydrocarbon product from heavy oil feedstock, which meets heating oil viscosity specifications with little or no blending with external cutter stocks.The second stage visbreaking is conducted at a relatively high Severity in contact with a fluidized bed of particulate solids.

Abstract: A used lubricating oil is reclaimed by vacuum distillation. The bottoms is vacuum pyrolyzed with limestone to form a virtually insoluble coked mass containing insoluble metal carbonates and free metal. This solid coked residuum is suitable for landfilling.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbon oil to be processed is subjected to a treatment at elevated temperature and superatmospheric pressure in the presence of dispersed solids and molecular hydrogen and recycled hydrogen donor oil. By this treatment, a certain part of the asphaltenes absorbed on the solids may be coked. The product of that donor solvent hydrovisbreaking (DSV) is distilled. The distillate or distillates is or are catalytically hydrogenated. The visbreaking residue is used for the production of hydrogen. The hydrogenated products are separated in hydrocarbon fractions and are then processed further to fuels and/or petrochemical products and a part of the hydrogenated products is recycled as inherent donor solvent.

Abstract: In a method for producing a distillable hydrocarbonaceous stream and carbonaceous agglomerates from a heavy crude oil by charging the crude oil and finely divided carbonaceous solids to a rotary kiln with the crude oil and carbonaceous solids being charged in a weight ratio from about 0.6 to about 1.5; tumbling the crude oil and finely divided carbonaceous solids in the rotary kiln at a temperature from about 850.degree. to about 1000.degree. F.

Abstract: A process for treating liquid hydrocarbons to remove toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons comprises feeding the hydrocarbons into a reactor where vapors are thermally treated in contact with a catalyst consisting essentially of calcium oxide or a calcium oxide containing mineral. Thermally treating liquid hydrocarbons in contact with calcium oxide preferentially increases the cracking of aromatics thus producing a product having a reduced amount of aromatic compounds.

Abstract: Arsenic and Nitrogen Removal from shale oil by delayed coking in the presence of carbonaceous materials.

Abstract: A process for increasing coker distillate yield in a coking process by adding a small amount, generally 0.005-10% by weight of a free radical inhibitor selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine to the coker feed material.

Abstract: Method for converting a heavy or high boiling fraction oil to separate upgraded products, namely synthetic natural gas and carbon-coated aluminum, by hydrocracking the residual oil in the presence of particulate alumina at elevated temperature and pressure. The product streams, carbon-impregnated alumina and hydrocracked gaseous products, upon purification, are each of separate value. Economics of the process are improved by integration of certain purification steps and by the provision of hydrogen, for the hydrocracking process, by recycle from separated hydrogen in the synthetic natural gas stream and from partial oxidation of an additional portion of residual oil feedstock and separated heavy aromatics from the hydrocracking unit.

Abstract: A method for producing a distillable hydrocarbonaceous stream and carbonaceous agglomerates from a heavy crude oil by charging the crude oil and finely divided carbonaceous solids to a rotary kiln with the crude oil and carbonaceous solids being charged in a weight ratio from about 0.6 to about 1.5; tumbling the crude oil and finely divided carbonaceous solids in the rotary kiln at a temperature from about 850.degree. to about 1000.degree. F. for up to about 30 minutes to produce a vaporous stream and agglomerate particles containing a residual portion of the crude oil and finely divided carbonaceous solids; separating the agglomerate particles into a product portion of a desired particle size range and a recycle portion; grinding the recycle portion to produce the finely divided carbonaceous solids and heating the finely divided carbonaceous solids prior to recycling the carbonaceous solids to mixture with the crude oil.