Abstract: Provided is a carbonizing furnace capable of improving combustion efficiency of combustible gas generated by combustion of organic waste and of improving carbonization efficiency of organic waste by appropriately controlling the temperature of carbide. Provided is a pyrolytic furnace in which heating gas can be suppressed from outflowing to the outside from a gap between the upper surface of the body part of the pyrolytic furnace and the outer circumferential surface of a reaction tube where a pyrolysis reaction between carbide and a gasification agent is caused, and in which the temperature of a region where the pyrolysis reaction is caused can be suppressed from being reduced. Provided is a water gas generation system which improves thermal efficiency without using a dedicated heat source for generating water steam to be used as a gasification agent for carbide, promotes a pyrolysis reaction, and thereby, achieves the excellent heat efficiency.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of glycols from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of glycols and in particular, dimethyl ethers of polyethylene glycol in the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to processes for converting hydrocarbons to phthalic acids such as terephthalic acid. The invention also relates to polymerizing phthalic acid derivatives to produce, e.g., synthetic fibers.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having acrylic acid. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to acrylic acid. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units.

Abstract: A method for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass by: a) providing a gasifier and a pyrolysis furnace; heating and introducing a solid particle, or a plurality thereof, into the gasifier and the pyrolysis furnace; b) grinding and feeding the biomass into the pyrolysis furnace while spraying saturated water vapor into the pyrolysis furnace, contacting the biomass with the saturated water vapor at 500-800° C. to yield crude synthetic gas and ash including coke; c) separating the ash, heating the solid particle, and transporting the solid particle into the gasifier; d) cooling the ash, and separating the coke; and e) introducing the crude synthetic gas into the gasifier, transporting the coke into the gasifier while spraying saturated water vapor into the gasifier, contacting the coke and the crude synthetic gas with the saturated water vapor at 1200-1600° C.

Abstract: Methods and systems relate to upgrading hydrocarbons, such as bitumen, by contacting the bitumen with flue gas of oxy-combustion. Quenching a mixture formed of the bitumen and the flue gas controls conversion of the bitumen. Limited size and amount of equipment needed enables employing such upgrading at production fields to facilitate making the bitumen transportable by pipeline without relying on diluents.

Abstract: A simplified process is provided for creating hybrid crude oils and hybrid crude fractions with characteristics superior to the original. The process uniquely combines gases with crude oil or crude fractions in an effervescent turbulent manner at low temperatures and pressures and without the further aid of catalysts. The process breaks large chain hydrocarbons into smaller chain hydrocarbons, molecularly combines carbon, hydrogen, and/or hydrocarbon molecules from the gases with and into hydrocarbon molecules of the crude or crude fraction, and separates contaminants and impurities.

Abstract: A process for cracking a hydrocarbon feedstream containing non-volatile components in a hydrocarbon cracking furnace having upper and lower convection heating sections within a flue of the furnace, a radiant heating section downstream of and connected to said lower convection heating section, a transfer line exchanger downstream of and connected to said radiant heating section, a furnace box containing furnace burners and said radiant heating section, and a vapor/liquid separator vessel connected between the upper and lower convection heating sections, the process comprising (a) passing said hydrocarbon feedstream into said upper convection section to heat said hydrocarbon feedstream to a first temperature sufficient to flash at least a portion of the hydrocarbons within said hydrocarbon feedstream into a vapor phase to form a vapor/liquid stream; (b) passing said vapor/liquid stream out of said upper convection section and into said vapor/liquid separator to separate said vapor/liquid stream into a hydrocarb

Abstract: Embodiments of a nozzle reactor of the type useable to inject a first material feed stock and a second material feed stock to cause interaction between the first material feed stock and second material feed stock are described herein. According to some embodiments, the nozzle reactor may crack residual oil produced by other processing units in a refinery process. Furthermore, nozzle reactors may replace traditional processing units of a refinery process, such as cokers, hydrocrackers and deasphalting units.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process comprising feeding high TAN feedstreams to a steam cracker, whereby naphthenic acids in the feedstreams are substantially converted to CO, CO2, and low amounts of smaller acids (e.g., formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids). The feedstream is preferably a high TAN feedstream comprising crude or high TAN feedstream which has previously been subjected to a refinery process to remove resid.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for upgrading steam cracker tars from steam crackers. The invention also relates to a steam cracking process and apparatus for reducing yields of tars produced from steam cracking while increasing yields of higher value products by heating steam cracker tar, in the presence of hydrogen donor compounds, e.g., tetralin. The hydrogen donor compounds can be provided in a hydrogen donor-rich hydrocarbon stream, e.g., light cycle oils, or low sulfur vacuum tower bottoms. The treated tar can be separated into gas oil, fuel oil and tar streams.

Abstract: A process for cracking a hydrocarbon feedstock containing salt and/or particulate matter, wherein said hydrocarbon feedstock containing salt and/or particulate matter is partially desalted, e.g., by passing through a centrifugal separator, heated, then separated into a vapor phase and a liquid phase by flashing in a flash/separation vessel, separating and cracking the vapor phase which comprises less than about 98% of the hydrocarbon feedstock containing salt and/or particulate matter, and recovering cracked product.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for the present invention relates to a process for upgrading tar-containing effluent from a steam cracker furnace that comprises: a) contacting a steam cracker tar-containing effluent with steam and for a time, sufficient to convert at least a portion of the steam cracker tar to a mixture comprising lower boiling molecules and the steam cracker tar-containing effluent; and b) separating the mixture from step a) into i) at least one tar-lean product; and ii) a tar-rich product having a final boiling above the final boiling point of the at least one tar-lean product.

Abstract: In one aspect, the inventive process comprises a process for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock containing nonvolatiles in a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system. The process comprises: (a) heating the nonvolatile-containing hydrocarbon feedstock upstream of a regenerative pyrolysis reactor system to a temperature sufficient to form a vapor phase that is essentially free of nonvolatiles and a liquid phase containing the nonvolatiles; (b) separating said vapor phase from said liquid phase; (c) feeding the separated vapor phase and methane to the pyrolysis reactor system; and (d) converting the methane and separated vapor phase in said pyrolysis reactor system to form a pyrolysis product. In another aspect, the invention includes a separation process that feeds multiple pyrolysis reactors.

Abstract: A process (or steam cracking a hydrocarbon feedstock containing olefins to provide increased light olefins in the steam cracked effluent, the process comprising passing a first hydrocarbon feedstock containing one or more olefins through a reactor containing a crystalline silicate to produce an intermediate effluent with an olefin content of lower molecular weight than that of the feedstock, fractionating the intermediate effluent to provide a lower carbon fraction and a higher carbon fraction, and passing the higher carbon fraction, as a second hydrocarbon feedstock, through a stream cracker to produce a steam cracked effluent.

Abstract: A triglyceride or a triglyceride/hydrocarbon combination can be heated to produce thermally treated feeds. The thermally treated feeds can then be contacted with a hydrotreating catalyst in a reaction zone.

Abstract: Systems and methods for upgrading hydrocarbons are provided. A portion of a hydrocarbon can be vaporized in the presence of gasified hydrocarbons, combustion gas, and solids to provide a vaporized gas. A portion of the hydrocarbon can be cracked in the presence of the gasified hydrocarbons, the combustion gas, and the solids to provide a cracked gas. A portion of the hydrocarbon can be deposited onto the solids to provide hydrocarbon containing solids. At least a portion of the hydrocarbon containing solids can be selectively separated to provide separated hydrocarbon containing solids and a hot gas product. The hot gas product can be at a temperature of from about 400° C. to about 1,650° C. A portion of the hydrocarbon containing solids can be combusted in the presence of an oxidant to provide the combustion gas. A portion of the hydrocarbon containing solids can be gasified to provide the gasified hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A process for making lower olefins from a heavy hydrocarbon feed by use of a combination of thermal cracking and vapor-liquid separation, and, then, pyrolytically cracking the light fraction of the thermally-cracked heavy hydrocarbon feed to thereby produce a lower olefin product.

Abstract: A process for making lower olefins from a heavy hydrocarbon feed by use of a combination of two vapor-liquid separation devices, and, then, pyrolytically cracking the light fraction of the heavy hydrocarbon feed to thereby produce a lower olefin product.

Abstract: A fiber reaction process whereby reactive components contained in immiscible streams are brought into contact to effect chemical reactions and separations. The conduit reactor utilized contains wettable fibers onto which one stream is substantially constrained and a second stream is flowed over to continuously create a new interface there between to efficiently bring about contact of the reactive species and thus promote reactions thereof or extractions thereby. Co-solvents and phase transfer catalysts may be employed to facilitate the process.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a residua feedstock using a short vapor contact time thermal process unit comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles. The residua feedstock is preferably atomized so that the Sauter mean diameter of the residua feedstock entering the reactor is less than about 2500 ?m. One or more horizontally disposed screws is preferably used to fluidize a bed of hot particles.

Abstract: A cooling method of a hydrotreating plant having a desulfurization section (1) including a furnace (12) for heating liquid to be processed, reactors (14, 15) for hydrotreating sulfur to generate hydrogen sulfide, a hydrogen sulfide absorber (19) for absorbing the hydrogen sulfide generated in the reactors (14, 15), and a compressor (21) for compressing and transferring fluid from the hydrogen sulfide absorber (19) toward the reactors (14, 15), the cooling method comprising the steps of gradually depressurizing the hydrotreating plant at the desulfurization section (1) to a pressure level at which reactor material does not embrittle and gas does not leak due to difference of mechanical thermal expansion in the plant after stopping supply of the liquid to be processed, operating the compressor (21) approximately at the maximum rotation number, and completely extinguishing burners (12A, 12B) in the furnace (12) during plant shutdown operation.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of hydrocarbons that are solid or have a high boiling temperature and may be laden with metals, sulfur or sediments, into liquids (gasolines, gas oil, fuels) with the help of a jet of gas properly superheated between 600 and 800° C. The process comprises preheating of feed 5 in a heater 8 to a temperature below the selected temperature of a reactor 10. This feed is injected by injectors 4 into the empty reactor 10 (i.e., without catalyst.) The feed is treated with a jet of gas or superheated steam from superheater 2 to activate the feed. The activated products in the feed are allowed to stabilize at the selected temperature and at a selected pressure in the reactor and are then run through a series of extractors 13 to separate heavy and light hydrocarbons and to demetallize the feed. Useful products appearing in the form of water/hydrogen emulsions are generally demulsified in emulsion breaker 16 to form water laden with different impurities.

Abstract: The invention concerns a stripping method for extracting solid fluidized particles whereby the particles to be stripped are subjected to a first stripping in a first chamber (9), then at least a second stripping in a second chamber (10) wherein are provided solid/gas separating means allowing the gaseous fluids derived from the second stripping to directly pass through from the bottom to the top but preventing them from going up again into the first chamber (9). The invention also concerns a device for implementing said method.

Abstract: A crude oil feedstock or crude oil fractions containing pitch feedstock is pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis furnace.

Abstract: This invention discloses improvements on previous inventions for catalytic conversion of coal and steam to methane. The disclosed improvements permit conversion of petroleum residua or heavy crude petroleum to methane and carbon dioxide such that nearly all of the heating value of the converted hydrocarbons is recovered as heating value of the product methane. The liquid feed is distributed over a fluidized solid particulate catalyst containing alkali metal and carbon as petroleum coke at elevated temperature and pressure from the lower stage and transported to the upper stage of a two-stage reactor. Particulate solids containing carbon and alkali metal are circulated between the two stages. Superheated steam and recycled hydrogen and carbon monoxide are fed to the lower stage, fluidizing the particulate solids and gasifying some of the carbon. The gas phase from the lower stage passes through the upper stage, completing the reaction of the gas phase.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a gaseous or vaporized hydrocarbon feedstock to a product comprising ethylene, acetylene or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for on-line decoking of flame-cracking reactors whereby decoking is achieved without interruption of the normal operation of such reactors and without the necessity to change feed equipment and/or disassemble reactor components. While maintaining the temperature of the effluent at 1000.degree. C. to 2000.degree. C., the flow of the hydrocarbon feedstock in the reactor is periodically stopped for a time sufficient to reduce the carbon deposits to an acceptable level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for operation of a plant for the cracking of hydrocarbons. In this process, the hydrocarbons in the cracking furnaces are indirectly heated by the heat incurred in the combustion of a heating medium with an oxygen containing gas. In order to reduce operating costs of such a process, it is suggested to mix the waste gas of a gas turbine with air and to pass the gas mixture to the cacking furnace for combustion of the heating medium whereby an electric generator is powered by the gas turbine.

Abstract: Methane and liquid hydrocarbon feeds boiling above 350.degree. C. are reacted by feeding finely divided droplets into hot gas at not more than 2 MPa containing at least 50% volume methane and not more than 15% volume hydrogen.

Abstract: The steam and thermal cracking of hydrocarbons is facilely carried out by in situ generating a stream of hot combustion gases including steam, advantageously in the configuration of a downstream axially extending, axially symmetrical helical flowstream, by combustion of steam-producing reactants in a combustion first reaction zone, and serially directly contacting and intimately admixing a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock with said gas of combustion in a downstream isodistribution, non-multi-tubular second reaction zone, advantageously first at a zone of reduced pressure thereof, the momentum of said gas of combustion at the point of direct contact being such as to provide all of the thermal and mechanical energy and heat transfer required to autogenously vaporize, entrain and effect cracking therein of said liquid hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A process for the selective production of petrochemical products by thermal cracking is disclosed. The process includes feeding methanol to a thermal cracking atmosphere of hydrocarbons in such a way that the ratio, as carbon atoms, of methanol and at least one starting hydrocarbon is at least 0.05:1, thermally cracking the at least one starting hydrocarbon at a cracking temperature of from 650.degree. to 1300.degree. C., and quenching the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: A method of controlling temperature during a pyrolysis reaction wherein the predominant pyrolysis reactions are endothermic. A fuel and oxidizer are combusted in a combustion zone to produce a hot gas stream at a superatmospheric pressure. The hot gas stream is then passed through a converging-diverging nozzle to accelerate the hot gas stream to a velocity of at least about mach 2. The reactant to be pyrolyzed is injected into the supersonic hot gas stream to produce a reaction mixture flowing at supersonic velocity and initiate the endothermic pyrolysis reactions. Substantially immediately thereafter the velocity of the reaction mixture is reduced over a predetermined reaction time to convert the kinetic energy of the reaction mixture to thermal energy in an amount sufficient to substantially offset the endothermic reactions taking place while maintaining supersonic flow. At the end of the predetermined reaction time the velocity of the reaction mixture is reduced to subsonic flow and the reaction quenched.

Abstract: A process for selectively producing olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of: burning hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence of steam to produce a hot gas of from 1300.degree. to 3000.degree. C. comprising steam; feeding a heavy hydrocarbon to the hot gas to thermally crack the heavy hydrocarbon under conditions of a temperature not lower than 1000.degree. C., a pressure not higher than 100 kg/cm.sup.2 g, and a residence time of from 5 to 20 milliseconds; further feeding a light hydrocarbon downstream of the feed of the heavy hydrocarbon in such a way that a light hydrocarbon with a lower boiling point is fed at a lower temperature side downstream of the feed of the heavy hydrocarbon, thereby thermally cracking the light hydrocarbon under conditions of a reactor outlet temperature at not lower than 650.degree. C., a pressure at not higher than 100 kg/cm.sup.

Abstract: A thermal cracking process for producing petrochemical products from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of: burning hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence of steam to produce a hot gas of from 1300.degree. to 3000.degree. C. comprising steam; feeding a mixture of methane and hydrogen to the hot gas in such a way that a methane/hydrogen molar ratio is over 0.05; further feeding starting hydrocarbons to the hot gas comprising the methane, hydrogen and steam so that the starting hydrocarbons containing hydrocarbon components of higher boiling points are, respectively, fed to higher temperature zones; subjecting the starting hydrocarbons to thermal cracking while keeping the cracking temperature at 650.degree. to 1500.degree. C., the total residence time at 5 to 1000 milliseconds, the pressure at 2 to 100 bars, and the partial pressure of hydrogen, after thermal cracking of a hydrocarbon comprising hydrocarbon components whose boiling point exceeds 200.degree. C., at least 0.

Abstract: A thermal cracking process for producing olefins from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of burning hydrocarbons with less than the theoretical amount of oxygen in the presence of steam to give a hot gas of from 1400.degree. to 300.degree. C. comprising steam and hydrogen prior to reaction; feeding to the hot gas comprising the steam and hydrogen, a mixture of methane and hydrogen so that a methane/hydrogen molar ratio in said hot gas is over 0.05; further feeding a starting hydrocarbon to the hot gas mixture comprising the methane, hydrogen and steam; subjecting the starting hydrocarbon to thermal cracking while keeping the partial pressure of hydrogen at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, the temperature at 800.degree. to 1200.degree. C., and the residence time at 5 to 300 milliseconds; and quenching the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: In methods of manufacturing olefines by thermally cracking hydrocarbons, there is disclosed a thermal cracking method for producing olefines from hydrocarbons, characterized in that hydrocarbon in burnt with oxygen in the presence of steam to generate a high-temperature gas containing steam of 1500.degree.-3000.degree. C., methane and hydrogen are supplied into the high-temperature gas containing said steam, with the molar ratio of methane to hydrogen in said high temperature gas being 0.05 or more, then hydrocarbon to be cracked is supplied into said high-temperature gas containing said methane, hydrogen and steam, so that the hydrocarbon is subjected to thermal cracking by maintaining the partial pressure of hydrogen at more than at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, under conditions of reaction temperature, 800.degree.-1200.degree. C. and residence time in the reactor 5-300 milli second, and then the reaction product is cooled in a rapid manner.

Abstract: A thermal cracking process for selectively producing petrochemical products from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of: burning hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence of steam to produce a hot gas of from 1300.degree. to 3000.degree. C. comprising steam; feeding hydrogen to the hot gas; further feeding starting hydrocarbons to the hot gas comprising the steam and hydrogen so that the starting hydrocarbons containing hydrocarbon components of higher boiling points are, respectively, fed to higher temperature zones so as to thermally crack the respective hydrocarbons under different conditions while keeping the cracking temperature at 650.degree. to 1500.degree. C., the total residence time at 5 to 1000 milliseconds, the pressure at 2 to 100 bars, and the partial pressure of hydrogen, after thermal cracking of a hydrocarbon comprising hydrocarbon components whose boiling point exceeds 200.degree. C., at least 0.1 bar; and quenching the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: In methods of manufacturing olefines by thermally cracking hydrocarbons, there is disclosed a thermal cracking method for producing olefines from hydrocarbons, characterized in that hydrocarbon is burnt with oxygen in the presence of steam to generate a high-temperature gas containing steam of 1500.degree.-3000.degree. C.; methane and hydrogen are supplied into the high-temperature gas containing said steam, with the molar ratio of methane to hydrogen in said high-temperature gas being 0.05 or more, then hydrocarbon to be cracked is supplied into said high-temperature gas containing said methane, hydrogen and steam, so that the hydrocarbon is subjected to thermal cracking by maintaining the partial pressure of hydrogen at more than at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, under conditions of reaction temperature, 800.degree.-1200.degree. C. and residence time in the reactor 5-300 milli second, and then the reaction product is cooled in a rapid manner.

Abstract: A thermal cracking process for producing olefins from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of burning hydrocarbons with less than the theoretical amount of oxygen in the presence of steam to give a hot gas of from 1400.degree. to 300.degree. C. comprising steam and hydrogen prior to reaction; feeding to the hot gas comprising the steam and hydrogen, a mixture of methane and hydrogen so that the methane/hydrogen molar ratio in said hot gas is over 0.05; further feeding a starting hydrocarbon to the hot gas mixture comprising the methane, hydrogen and steam; subjecting the starting hydrocarbon to thermal cracking while keeping the partial pressure of hydrogen at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, the temperature at 800.degree. to 1200.degree. C., and the residence time at 5 to 300 milliseconds; and quenching the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: Coking of residual oil and devolatization/partial gasification and desulfurization of solid particulate fuel are carried out in a single reactor. The particulate fuel is burned in a combustion zone in the bottom of the reactor. A bed of particulate fuel is fluidized above the combustion zone with gases rising from the combustion zone. The fluidized bed is maintained at a temperature which cokes the residual oil and volatizes the particulate fuel. A high temperature, low velocity zone is maintained between the combustion zone and the fluidized bed for calcination and desulfurization of the solid fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for making ethylene by subjecting a gas mixture containing hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and steam to a hydropyrolysis reaction. More particularly, the gas mixture is heated to temperatures higher than 800.degree. C. inside a reaction zone having metal walls. The walls contain aluminum and/or copper in at least their surface portions.

Abstract: Cracking of crude oil or crude oil residues is accomplished in an adiabatic reactor which follows a partial combustion zone with the injection of superheated or shift steam into the combustion gases.Advantages are that the carbon monoxide produced by partial combustion is converted to carbon dioxide which is easily removed, there is no need to supply a separate source of fuel or hydrogen, and coke formation is substantially eliminated. The cracked oil produced in the process can be used as a quench oil and/or fuel to feed the partial combustion zone. The yields of olefins and aromatics is increased over processes using superheated steam cracking.

Abstract: A method of producing high yields of olefins from hydrocarbon feedstocks which is particularly applicable to heavy hydrocarbons. In accordance with the present method, a stream of gaseous oxygen is introduced into a first reaction zone and a cocurrent flow of hydrogen is introduced about the periphery of the gaseous oxygen stream, the hydrogen being introduced at a temperature at which it will spontaneously react with the oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen are introduced in amounts to provide a gas stream of reaction products having an average temperature within the range of from about 1,000.degree. to 2,000.degree. C. and which comprises a major amount of hydrogen and a minor amount of water vapor. The gas stream so produced is introduced into a second reaction zone and impinged upon a stream of hydrocarbon which is heated to a temperature in excess of its melting point but below the temperature at which any substantial coke or tar forms.

Abstract: A continuous process for the selective production of ethylene by the diacritic cracking of heavy hydrocarbon feeds such as residual oils, heavy vacuum gas oils, atmospheric gas oils, crude oils and coal-derived liquids. The diacritic cracking takes place in a non-tubular multi-zone reactor at elevated pressures (e.g. 70-1000 p.s.i.a.) A fuel is combusted with oxygen in the first section of the multi-zone reactor. The high temperature products of combustion of the first zone pass into a second section of the reactor where the feed is atomized and cracked to yield products including ethylene, acetylene and synthesis gas. The reaction products of the second zone then pass into a third section in which they are quenched. In each stage of the reactor the present process seeks to prevent the build-up of coke deposits on the walls of the reactor. In the first two stages, a film of gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 is injected along the inner walls to prevent build-up of coke.

Abstract: Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons by the introduction of liquid feedstock into a stream of hot gaseous combustion products, the method comprising introducing and mixing said liquid as at least one stream in said hot gaseous combustion product stream while concurrently surrounding and shrouding each of said liquid streams with a co-injected annular stream of gas having a velocity sufficient to supplement momentum without substantial dilution of the combustion product stream.

Abstract: In a process for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons by the introduction of liquid petroleum feedstock in atomized form into a stream of hot combustion products formed by the combustion of fuel and oxidant in successive burner and mixing zone, constricting throat zone, a velocity acceleration diffuser zone and secondary cracking and reaction zone along the path of hot combustion product stream flow, an improvement is disclosed which comprises: effecting initial mixing, vaporization and cracking of said atomized liquid petroleum feedstock in said stream of hot combustion products in said burner and mixing zone maintained at subsonic velocity flow; effecting substantially complete mixing and vaporization in said constricting throat zone wherein said stream is maintained, at exit, at sonic velocity flow; passing said stream through a velocity acceleration diffuser zone maintained at supersonic velocity flow; passing said stream through a shock region produced by cross-sectional expansion of a diffuser zone; and

Abstract: An integrated partial oxidation-thermal cracking process is disclosed for the more complete utilization of all chemical values in crude oil feedstocks employed in the concurrent production of synthesis gas and an olefin-rich stream comprising the steps of: burning, at a high temperature, streams of fuel and oxygen in the presence of superheated steam to form a reducing stream of hot combustion products; injecting a crude oil distillate fraction stream into said reducing stream of hot combustion products; passing the resulting injected stream to a reaction zone to effect thermal cracking of said crude oil distillate fraction steam and reaction products; thermally quenching said stream; removing pitch and fractionating to provide at least one stream of hydrocarbon oil and an olefin rich gas stream; separating carbon dioxide and any contained hydrogen sulfide from said olefin rich gas stream; separating streams of synthesis gas, methane and ethylene from said olefin rich gas stream; and recycling fractions of sa

Abstract: Process and apparatus are provided for producing ethylene by the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane wherein ethane is introduced to a cylindrical jet reactor wherein the ethane is reacted at elevated temperatures with a gas mixture containing oxygen and chlorine, introduced to the reactor through a jet positioned substantially coaxial to the longitudinal axis of the reactor.