Abstract: A rotary counter-current solid/fluid contact apparatus is provided to enhance the efficiency of adsorption, ion exchange and regenerative heat exchange. The counter-current apparatus uses a rotor to direct fluids to multiple stationary columns, or multiple sections of a stationary column. By the action of the rotor, counter-current flows of a fluid phase and a solid phase can be achieved for a combined adsorption and desorption cycle, or a combined heating and cooling cycle. The apparatus allows not only countercurrent solid-fluid flows based on columns in series, but also countercurrent solid-fluid flows in the length of each individual column. The apparatus does not require a turntable to rotate multiple columns.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur containing compounds from petroleum liquid. The method includes contacting the petroleum liquid with an activated carbon that has a high ash content, a high metal content and a significant amount of meso and macro porosity.

Abstract: A device and method for producing a reformate fuel from a hydrocarbon gas source. The invention enables the conversion of a dilute hydrocarbon gas into a more easily consumable reformate fuel. Gases having low concentrations of hydrocarbons are concentrated using a concentrator into a gaseous or liquid concentrated VOC fuel. The concentrated VOC fuel is then converted into a reformate using a reformer. The reformate is more easily consumed by an energy conversion device such as a combustion engine, fuel cell, sterling engine or similar device that converts chemical energy into kinetic or electrical energy. The reformer enables complex hydrocarbon fuels that are not normally suitable for use in an energy conversion device to be converted into a reformate. The reformate may be directly supplied into the energy conversion device.

Abstract: A device and method for producing a reformate fuel from a hydrocarbon gas source. The invention enables the conversion of a dilute hydrocarbon gas into a more easily consumable reformate fuel. Gases having low concentrations of hydrocarbons are concentrated using a concentrator into a gaseous or liquid concentrated VOC fuel. The concentrated VOC fuel is then converted into a reformate using a reformer. The reformate is more easily consumed by an energy conversion device such as a combustion engine, fuel cell, sterling engine or similar device that converts chemical energy into kinetic or electrical energy. The reformer enables complex hydrocarbon fuels that are not normally suitable for use in an energy conversion device to be converted into a reformate. The reformate may be directly supplied into the energy conversion device.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide from various types of gas emitting sources containing carbon dioxide and/or gas or liquid emitting sources containing carbonyl sulfide, using ion exchange resin.

Abstract: The desulfurization of fossil fuels is provided by the combination of fossil fuels with an aqueous mixture of ozone or hydrogen peroxide and a Tetraoctylphosphonium salt phase transfer catalyst, and the mixture is then subjected to reactive mixing to form oxidize sulfur compounds in the fuel. The polar oxidized sulfones species are removed via another mixing step. The desulfurization device can be in the form of a portable device which provides for continuous mixing-assisted desulfurization for the removal of sulfur containing compounds from fossil fuels such as diesel fuel.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur, nitrogen or metals from an oil feedstock. The method involves reacting the oil feedstock with an alkali metal and a radical capping substance. The alkali metal reacts with the metal, sulfur or nitrogen content to form one or more inorganic products and the radical capping substance reacts with the carbon and hydrogen content to form a hydrocarbon phase. The inorganic products may then be separated out from the hydrocarbon phase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for removing polar molecule contaminants from a refinery stream in connection with the processing of hydrocarbon fluids, chemicals, whole crude oils, blends and fractions in refineries and chemical plants that include adding high surface energy and/or high surface area nanoparticle compounds to a refinery stream to remove the polar molecule contaminants.

Abstract: A process for upgrading hydrocarbon oil feedstreams employs a solid adsorption material to lower sulfur and nitrogen content by contacting the hydrocarbon oil, with a solid adsorbents in a mixing vessel; passing the slurry to a membrane separation zone to separate the solid adsorption material with the adsorbed sulfur and nitrogen compounds from the treated oil; recovering the upgraded hydrocarbon product having a significantly reduced nitrogen and sulfur content as the membrane permeate; mixing the solid adsorbent material with aromatic solvent to remove and stabilize the sulfur and nitrogen compounds; transferring the solvent mixture to a fractionation tower to recover the solvent, which can be recycled for use in the process; and recovering the hydrocarbons that are rich in sulfur and nitrogen for processing in a relatively small high-pressure hydrotreating unit or transferring them to a fuel oil pool for blending.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for the removal of sulfones by mesoporous silica adsorbents having narrow pore size distribution which could be controlled to specification for the selective removal of sulfones from oxidized hydrocarbon fuels wherein the sulfones were present due to oxidative conversion of organo-sulfur compounds by a suitable oxidizing solution. The mesoporous adsorbents showed typically 2-18 times higher equilibrium loading capacity for sulfones in comparison to the commercially available adsorbents.

Abstract: A denitrification method is disclosed for removing nitrogen compounds from a hydrocarbon feed in which the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a porous support. Additionally, a method for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed which includes a hydroprocessing step is disclosed, wherein prior to hydroprocessing, the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a support. Additionally, a method for producing a lube oil which includes isomerization dewaxing of a base oil fraction is disclosed, wherein prior to the isomerization dewaxing step, the base oil fraction is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a support.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a sorbent composition including an adsorbent support; and a metal component comprising a transition metal, wherein the metal component is impregnated on a surface of the adsorbent support; and wherein the metal component effects the removal of sulfur and vanadium from a hydrocarbon fuel. Also disclosed herein is a sorbent composition comprising an adsorbent support, wherein a surface of the adsorbent support has been chemically modified to comprise functional groups; and wherein the adsorbent support effects the removal of sulfur and vanadium from a hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high capacity adsorbent for removing sulfur from hydrocarbon streams. The adsorbent comprises a composite material containing particles of a nickel phosphide complex NixP. The adsorbent is utilized in a sulfur removal process that does not require added hydrogen, and run at relatively low temperatures ranging from about 150° C. to about 400° C. The process of this invention enables “ultra-deep” desulfurization down to levels of about 1 ppm and less.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide from various types of gas emitting sources containing carbon dioxide and/or gas or liquid emitting sources containing carbonyl sulfide, using ion exchange resin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the desulfurization of a gasoline fraction with high recovery of olefins and reduced loss of Research Octane Number (RON). A petroleum fraction is contacted with hydrogen and a commercially available hydrodesulfurization catalyst under mild conditions with to remove a first portion of the sulfur present, and is then contacted with an adsorbent for the removal of additional sulfur.

Abstract: A composition and process for removing sulfur from middle distillate petroleum hydrocarbon fuels. The composition includes an alumina component and a carbon component. The composition is present in an amount effective to adsorb sulfur compounds from the fuel. The alumina component and the carbon component preferably collectively comprise a composite material. The composition can further include a sulfur component, preferably a metal sulfide or sulfur oxide. The composition can also further include at least one compound having a Group VI or Group VIII metal from the periodic table.

Abstract: A process for upgrading crude oil fractions or other hydrocarbon oil feedstreams boiling in the range of 36° to 520° C., and preferably naphtha and gas oil fractions boiling in the range of 36° to 400° C., employs a solid adsorption material to lower sulfur and nitrogen content by contacting the hydrocarbon oil, and optionally a viscosity-reducing solvent, with one or more solid adsorbents such as silica gel or silica, silica alumina, alumina, attapulgus clay and activated carbon in a mixing vessel for a predetermined period of time; passing the resulting slurry to a membrane separation zone, optionally preceded by a primary filtration step (i.e.

Abstract: A process for upgrading hydrocarbon oil feedstreams employs a solid adsorption material to lower sulfur and nitrogen content by contacting the hydrocarbon oil, with a solid adsorbents in a mixing vessel; passing the slurry to a membrane separation zone to separate the solid adsorption material with the adsorbed sulfur and nitrogen compounds from the treated oil; recovering the upgraded hydrocarbon product having a significantly reduced nitrogen and sulfur content as the membrane permeate; mixing the solid adsorbent material with aromatic solvent to remove and stabilize the sulfur and nitrogen compounds; transferring the solvent mixture to a fractionation tower to recover the solvent, which can be recycled for use in the process; and recovering the hydrocarbons that are rich in sulfur and nitrogen for processing in a relatively small high-pressure hydrotreating unit or transferring them to a fuel oil pool for blending.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the desulfurization of a gasoline fraction with high recovery of olefins and reduced loss of Research Octane Number (RON). A petroleum fraction is contacted with hydrogen and a commercially available hydrodesulfurization catalyst under mild conditions with to remove a first portion of the sulfur present, and is then contacted with an adsorbent for the removal of additional sulfur.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying a compound selected from a compound represented by the following general formula [1] or [2], a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having no substituent, or kerosene: (R represents a halogen atom or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 5); (R is the same as above, p and q independently represent an integer of 0 to 4, with the proviso that at least one of p and q is not 0), comprising: removing a impurity contained in said compound by a first step comprising contacting said compound with ozone gas, and then a second step comprising contacting said compound with an adsorbent selected from zeolite or a basic adsorbent.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for removing one or more disulfide compounds from a caustic stream. The process can include passing the caustic stream, previously contacted with a hydrocarbon stream for removing one or more mercaptans, through a column to remove the one or more disulfide compounds downstream of a mercaptan oxidation zone.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment can be a process for reducing corrosion during removal of one or more sulfur-containing hydrocarbons from a gas. Generally, the process includes producing an effluent including a caustic, one or more hydrocarbons, one or more sulfur compounds, and a gas from an oxidation vessel; sending the effluent to a stack of a disulfide separator; passing the gas, including oxygen and one or more sulfur compounds, through the stack; and passing a stream including one or more hydrocarbons to the stack at a temperature of less than about 38° C. for absorbing the one or more sulfur compounds. Typically, the stack includes one or more walls surrounding a void and adapted to receive a fluid including one or more phases, a packed bed positioned within the void, and a distributor including one or more risers and one or more compartments coupled to a substantially horizontal member forming a plurality of apertures there-through.

Abstract: Processes and systems for removing contaminants from a paraffin containing feedstock are provided that include: providing a paraffin containing feedstock, passing the paraffin containing feedstock to an inlet of a guard bed that includes an adsorbent material, and contacting the paraffin containing feedstock with the adsorbent material in the guard bed to produce a treated paraffin containing feedstock. The processes and systems can also include removing the treated paraffin containing feedstock from an outlet of the guard bed, and passing the treated paraffin containing feedstock to a paraffin separation zone that separates normal paraffins from the treated paraffin containing feedstock.

Abstract: A whole crude oil desulfurization system and process includes a combination of an adsorption zone and a hydroprocessing zone. This combined process and system reduces the requisite throughput for the hydroprocessing unit, conventionally a very costly and process both in terms of energy expenditures and catalyst depletion. By first contacting the whole crude oil feedstock with an adsorbent for the sulfur-containing compounds, the adsorption effluent having a relatively lower sulfur content can be collected and provided to refiners without further treatment. The adsorbates, including adsorbed organosulfur compounds, are solvent desorbed resulting in a stream containing high levels of organosulfur compounds and a solvent. Following recovery of the solvent, the volume of the sulfur-containing feedstream that remains to be desulfurized in the hydroprocessing zone is substantially less than the original amount of whole crude oil feedstock.

Abstract: The disclosed sorbents are for adsorbing sulfur compounds, particularly sulfur-containing aromatic compounds, from liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, cracked gasoline, diesel, high sulfur liquid fossil fuels, ultra-low sulfur fuel (ULSF) in fuel cell applications, and mixtures thereof. The sorbent compositions comprise one or more silicates having one or more metal nitrates admixed together. The one or more metal nitrates include iron (II) or (III), zinc (II), cadmium (II) and mercury (II) nitrate. The method of preparing and using the sorbents is also provided.

Abstract: A method of desulfurizing/refining a hydrocarbon oil by which sulfur compounds are diminished to an extremely low concentration at a relatively low equipment cost and operating cost. The method of desulfurizing/refining a hydrocarbon oil comprises bringing a hydrocarbon oil containing at least one sulfur compound selected from the group consisting of thiophene compounds, benzothiophene compounds, and dibenzothiophene compounds and optionally further containing aromatic hydrocarbons into contact with a solid acid catalyst and/or an activated carbon having a transition metal oxide supported thereon to thereby desulfurize the oil. The solid acid catalyst preferably is a solid ultrastrong-acid catalyst selected among sulfuric acid radical/zirconia, sulfuric acid radical/alumina, sulfuric acid radical/tin oxide, sulfuric acid radical/iron oxide, tungstic acid/zirconia, and tungstic acid/tin oxide.

Abstract: An adsorbent having porosity expanded by contact with a first agent effecting such expansion and a pressurized second agent effecting transport of the first agent into the porosity, wherein the adsorbent subsequent to removal of the first and second agents retains expanded porosity. The adsorbent can be made by an associated method in which materials such as water, ethers, alcohols, organic solvent media, or inorganic solvent media can be utilized as the first agent for swelling of the porosity, and helium, argon, krypton, xenon, neon, or other inert gases can be employed as the pressurized second agent for transport of both agents into the porosity of the adsorbent, subsequent to which the agents can be removed to yield an adsorbent of increased capacity for sorbable fluids, e.g., organometallic compounds, hydrides, halides and acid gases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems for removing polar molecule contaminants from a refinery stream in connection with the processing of hydrocarbon fluids, chemicals, whole crude oils, blends and fractions in refineries and chemical plants that include adding high surface energy and/or high surface area nanoparticle compounds to a refinery stream to remove the polar molecule contaminants.

Abstract: The process of the present invention is directed to the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon stream with a membrane contactor, where sulfur compounds are concentrated in a sulfur-rich stream on a permeate side of the membrane using an extractive liquid, and a sulfur-lean stream is recovered as a retentate. The sulfur-rich stream, which has a small volume relative to the original hydrocarbon stream, is conveyed to a recovery zone to recover extractive liquid, and the remaining hydrocarbon stream having an increased concentration of sulfur compounds is passed to a downstream desulfurization apparatus or system, such as a hydrotreating system, to recover the hydrocarbons associated with the organosulfur compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for desulfurizing bitumen and other heavy oils such as low API gravity, high viscosity crudes, tar sands bitumen, or shale oils with alkali metal compounds under conditions to promote in-situ regeneration of the alkali metal compounds. The present invention employs the use of superheated water and hydrogen under conditions to improve the desulfurization and alkali metal hydroxide regeneration kinetics at sub-critical temperatures.

Abstract: A separation process for separating two or more immiscible liquids using contactors utilizing high surface area vertical hanging fibers is disclosed. This separation process is especially useful in the separation of disulfide oil formed during the oxidation of spent caustic solution that was used to remove sulfur contaminates from light hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon desulfurization system that circulates fluidizable solid particles through a fluidized bed reactor, a fluidized bed regenerator, and a fluidized bed reducer to thereby provide for substantially continuous desulfurization of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream and substantially continuous regeneration of the solid particles. A novel transport system is employed for transporting the solid particles between the reactor, the regenerator, and the reducer. The transport system uses close-coupled vessels and gravity flow between various vessels to minimize equipment cost and particle attrition.

Abstract: The process for the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon mixture, such as a full-range, hydrotreated diesel oil, is accomplished with an aqueous oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst and a co-catalyst, and thereafter selectively removing the oxidized compounds by solvent extraction. Optionally, the foregoing steps are followed by solvent stripping and recovery, and a final polishing step.

Abstract: A composition and process for removing sulfur from middle distillate petroleum hydrocarbon fuels. The composition includes an alumina component and a carbon component. The composition is present in an amount effective to adsorb sulfur compounds from the fuel. The alumina component and the carbon component preferably collectively comprise a composite material. The composition can further include a sulfur component, preferably a metal sulfide or sulfur oxide. The composition can also further include at least one compound having a Group VI or Group VIII metal from the periodic table.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a sorbent composition including an adsorbent support; and a metal component comprising a transition metal, wherein the metal component is impregnated on a surface of the adsorbent support; and wherein the metal component effects the removal of sulfur and vanadium from a hydrocarbon fuel. Also disclosed herein is a sorbent composition comprising an adsorbent support, wherein a surface of the adsorbent support has been chemically modified to comprise functional groups; and wherein the adsorbent support effects the removal of sulfur and vanadium from a hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: A crude oil feedstream is treated to remove or reduce the content of known undesired heteroatomic and polynuclear aromatic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur by contacting the feedstream with one or more solid adsorbent materials selected from attapulgus clay, alumina, silica gel and activated carbon in a mixing vessel for a time that is sufficient to optimize the adsorption of the undesired compounds from the crude oil, subjecting the mixture to atmospheric flash distillation and then to vacuum flash distillation to recover presorbed boiling ranges of products having a lowered content of the undesired compounds, and preferably regenerating at least a portion of the solid adsorbent material for reuse in the process.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for the adsorption of sulfur-containing compounds from a hydrocarbon feedstream, and in particular, an olefin feedstream. The method comprises contacting the sulfur-containing compound with a copper oxide/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide catalyst optionally promoted with a metal.

Abstract: Disclosed are fuel filters and processes for removing sulfur-containing compounds from a post refinery fuel system. The fuel filter comprises an adsorbent comprising a surface modified inorganic oxide, wherein the surface modified inorganic oxide comprises a surface modifier disposed on an inorganic oxide substrate and the inorganic oxide substrate has a surface acidity characterized by a pKa of less than or equal to ?3. The process comprises passing a post refinery liquid fuel through the fuel filter.

Abstract: The invention is a method of purifying an ultralow sulfur diesel fuel which contains polycyclic aromatic color bodies. The method comprises contacting the ULSD fuel in the liquid phase with a coal-based activated carbon adsorbent having a surface area ranging from 800 to 1500 m2/g and containing pores having pore size greater than 20 ?, and recovering a purified diesel product having a decreased color bodies content.

Abstract: A multiphase multifunctional reactor, system and method is described which has the capacity to effect extractive oxidation of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and unstable unsaturated compounds that are present in raw hydrocarbon streams, in such a way that the reaction conditions are adjusted and avoid losses of yield of the treated hydrocarbon in the stages of the extraction and/or absorption. The objective is achieved by means of the conception of a reactor which comprises a column divided into five sections which can be classified as two reaction sections (1, 2) two decantation sections (3, 4) and an inert gas section (5) under pressure.

Abstract: A system which circulates fluidizable solid particles through a fluidized bed reactor, a fluidized bed regenerator, and a fluidized bed reducer to thereby provide for substantially continuous desulfurization of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream and substantially continuous regeneration of the solid particles is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for upgrading crude oil fractions or other hydrocarbon oil feedstreams boiling in the range of 36° to 520° C., and preferably naphtha and gas oil fractions boiling in the range of 36° to 400° C., employs a solid adsorption material to lower sulfur and nitrogen content by contacting the hydrocarbon oil, and optionally a viscosity-reducing solvent, with one or more solid adsorbents such as silica gel or silica, silica alumina, alumina, attapulgus clay and activated carbon in a mixing vessel for a predetermined period of time; passing the resulting slurry to a membrane separation zone, optionally preceded by a primary filtration step (i.e.

Abstract: The mercaptan-laden natural gas is contacted with a mercaptan-adsorbing sieve T1. The mercaptan-rich gaseous effluent obtained upon regeneration of sieve T2 is then contacted with an olefin-containing liquid feed in the presence of an acid catalyst. Under suitable conditions, the mercaptans are absorbed in the liquid feed and they react with the olefins so as to form solvent-soluble sulfides. A solvent regeneration stage allows the capture agent to be recycled.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon desulfurization system that circulates fluidizable solid particles through a fluidized bed reactor, a fluidized bed regenerator, and a fluidized bed reducer to thereby provide for substantially continuous desulfurization of a hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream and substantially continuous regeneration of the solid particles. A novel transport system is employed for transporting the solid particles between the reactor, the regenerator, and the reducer. The transport system uses close-coupled vessels and gravity flow between various vessels to minimize equipment cost and particle attrition.

Abstract: A continuous process for upgrading sour crude oil by treating the sour crude oil in a two step process that includes a hydro-demetallization section and a hydro-desulfurization section, both of which are constructed in a permutable fashion so as to optimize the operating conditions and catalyst lifespan to produce a high value crude oil having low sulfur and low organometallic impurities.

Abstract: A crude oil feedstream is treated to remove or reduce the content of known undesired heteroatomic and polynuclear aromatic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur by contacting the feedstream with one or more solid adsorbent materials selected from attapulgus clay, alumina, silica gel and activated carbon in a mixing vessel for a time that is sufficient to optimize the adsorption of the undesired compounds from the crude oil, subjecting the mixture to atmospheric flash distillation and then to vacuum flash distillation to recover presorbed boiling ranges of products having a lowered content of the undesired compounds, and preferably regenerating at least a portion of the solid adsorbent material for reuse in the process.

Abstract: A process for producing gasoline having reduced sulfur content while maintaining or improving octane rating is provided. A gasoline fraction having a substantial amount of olefinic and sulfur compounds produced from fluidized catalytic cracking or coking is contacted first with an adsorbent to selectively remove alkylated thiophenic, benzothiophene, and alkylated benzothiophenic sulfur compounds. The adsorptively treated gasoline fraction is then introduced into a conventional hydrodesulphurizing catalyst bed with hydrogen for further removal of sulfur compounds. Adsorbent containing alkylated thiophenic, benzothiophene, and alkylated benzothiophenic compounds are regenerated through washing with a hydrocarbon solvent and subsequent drying-out by warming.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing sulfur from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream wherein desulfurization is enhanced by improving the contacting of the hydrocarbon-containing fluid stream and sulfur-sorbing solid particulates in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A desulfurization system is operated in a manner which optimizes sulfur removal and octane retention. When the desulfurization reactor is operated at a specific ratio of total pressure to hydrogen partial pressure (PT/PH) and/or within a specific temperature range, optimum sulfur removal and octane retention are realized. The desulfurization reactor can be maintained at these optimized operating conditions by automatically adjusting one or more operating parameters of the desulfurization reactor in order to maintain a substantially constant hydrogen partial pressure (PH) in the reactor. Maintaining a relatively constant hydrogen partial pressure (PH) in the desulfurization reactor helps ensure a relatively consistent degree of desulfurization.

Abstract: A process for the removal of sulfur-oxidated compounds from a hydrocarbonaceous stream containing sulfur-oxidated compounds wherein the hydrocarbonaceous stream containing sulfur-oxidated compounds is contacted with an adsorbent which selectively adsorbs sulfur-oxidated compounds from the hydrocarbonaceous stream to produce an adsorbent having adsorbed sulfur-oxidated compounds. The loaded adsorbent containing sulfur-oxidated compounds is contacted with a desorbent to produce a desorbent containing sulfur-oxidated compounds and an adsorbent having a reduced content of sulfur-oxidated compounds. The regenerated adsorbent is then used to remove additional sulfur-oxidated compounds.