Abstract: Described herein are attached growth reactor systems which increase nitrifying bacteria biomass through a variety of means during warm weather. As a consequence, the attached growth reactor system contains sufficient nitrifying bacteria biomass to remove ammonia from wastewater in cold to moderate climates. In one example, there are two attached growth reactors into which wastewater is distributed discontinuously. Specifically, wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactor for a first period of time and then is transferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period of time during warm weather which effectively doubles the nitrifying bacteria biomass in the system. During cold weather, approximately half of the wastewater is applied to each reactor simultaneously.

Abstract: Devices and methods for sterilizing an enclosed space using ozone are disclosed herein. Various embodiments of the devices and methods also provide for accelerated degradation of the ozone upon sterilization. In some embodiments, a disclosed sterilization unit includes a first housing defining an ozone generation cavity, an ozone generator disposed within the ozone generation cavity, a second housing defining an ozone degradation cavity, and an ozone degrader disposed within the ozone degradation cavity. The sterilization unit of various embodiments is configured to cycle air between the enclosed space and the ozone generation cavity during an ozone generation cycle to sterilize the enclosed space; similarly, the unit is further configured to cycle air between the enclosed space and the ozone degradation cavity during an ozone degradation cycle to return the air within the enclosed space to safe ozone levels.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus is disclosed. In an embodiment, a substrate processing apparatus includes a plurality of polishing units including discharge valves that can discharge water at a predetermined flow rate, a plurality of cleaning units including discharge valves that discharges water at a predetermined flow rate, and a controller that controls opening and closing of the discharge valve of each of the plurality of polishing units and the plurality of cleaning units, and the controller controls opening and closing of the discharge valves of the plurality of polishing units and the plurality of cleaning units based on predetermined priority orders allocated to the plurality of polishing units and the plurality of cleaning units, so that the total discharge flow rate from the plurality of polishing units and the plurality of cleaning units is a predetermined flow rate or less.

Abstract: The disclosed subject matter is directed to a fluid treating system comprising a housing configured with at least one fluid inlet port and at least one fluid outlet port, with at least one fluid treating chamber disposed between and being in flow communication with the at least one fluid inlet port and at least one fluid outlet port, and at least one intermediate chamber disposed between at least one inlet port and at least one of the fluid treating chamber and outlet port. The at least one intermediate chamber is vented to the atmosphere or coupleable to a vacuum source.

Abstract: A cartridge assembly for modifying a surface. The cartridge assembly has a body and a base, the body defines a reservoir having a standpipe. The reservoir contains a treatment composition pressure element. Between the treatment composition pressure element and the standpipe is the head space, and within the head space there is a treatment composition dispersing device. The cartridge assembly can be used in a device for analyzing and treating tonal imperfections on human skin. The device, or apparatus has an applicator comprising a head and one or more nozzles, preferably the nozzles are arranged in an array and are associated with the cartridge assembly for dispensing a treatment composition therefrom.

Abstract: A filtration apparatus (10) with a rotatable carousel (18) including five equispaced cylindrical chambers (22). Beneath the chambers (22) a kidney shaped filter plate (40) is provided, and also a downwardly extending opening (36). The chambers (22) are selectively moveable to be located over the filter (40), or over the opening (36), in which latter position material can be ejected from the respective chamber (22) by a piston and cylinder (34) located spaced above the opening (36).

Abstract: A system for extracting bitumen from oil sands includes an extractor tank having a reaction chamber. An input port is provided at the upper end of the extractor tank for the purpose of introducing oil sand into the reaction chamber. A liquid extractant is heated and then pumped, under pressure, into the reaction chamber through a plurality of jet inlets to suspend the oil sand in the extractant, as a fluidized bed inside the reaction chamber. After reactions, an extract that contains both extractant (solvent) and bitumen, is separated from the sand. A vibratory centrifuge is connected to an outflow port of the extractor tank to receive the sand and remove any residual extractant from the sand. An evaporator and distillation column are provided to remove the extract from the reaction chamber and separate the extractant from the bitumen.

Abstract: There is disclosed a liquid filter system that includes a liquid filter apparatus configured to self-clean without removal of the filter apparatus from the filter system. The filter apparatus uses both a filter media for filtering solids as well as a spin motion imparted to fluid being filtered so that centrifugal force can remove solids from the liquid being filtered. The liquid filter system also includes a gas pulse nozzle in fluid communication with the liquid filter apparatus and is configured to flow gas into the filter media to expel water and debris trapped in the filter media without removing the filter media from the filter system.

Abstract: The water treatment system, particularly reverse-osmosis system, comprising a water line with a plurality of filter stages, is characterized in that before and after at least one filter stage a respective line branches off from the water line, which is provided with a valve adapted to be switched by a control device and leads to a pressure sensor device.

Abstract: A mobile station and methods are disclosed for diagnosing and modeling site specific effluent treatment facility requirements to arrive at a treatment regimen and/or proposed commercial plant model idealized for the particular water/site requirements. The station includes a mobile platform having power intake, effluent intake and fluid outflow facilities and first and second suites of selectably actuatable effluent pre-treatment apparatus. An effluent polishing treatment array is housed at the station and includes at least one of nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and ion-exchange stages. A suite of selectively actuatable post-treatment apparatus is housed at the station. Controls are connected at the station for process control, monitoring and data accumulation. A plurality of improved water treatment technologies is also disclosed.

Abstract: A compact and portable liquid concentrator and contaminant scrubber includes a gas inlet, a gas exit and a flow corridor connecting the gas inlet and the gas exit, wherein the flow corridor includes a narrowed portion that accelerates the gas through the flow corridor. A liquid inlet injects liquid into the gas stream at a point prior to the narrowed portion so that the gas-liquid mixture is thoroughly mixed within the flow corridor, causing a portion of the liquid to be evaporated. A demister or fluid scrubber downstream of the narrowed portion removes entrained liquid droplets from the gas stream and re-circulates the removed liquid to the liquid inlet through a re-circulating circuit. A reagent may be mixed with the liquid to react with contaminants in the liquid.

Abstract: A chromatography system for separation of a biopolymer is described, comprising at least one feed tank, at least one hold tank, at least one elution buffer tank, at least one eluate tank, at least two packed bed chromatography columns and at least one pump and at least one outlet detector both fluidically connected to said each packed bed chromatography column, wherein the feed tank, the hold tank(s), the elution buffer tank and the eluate tank are each fluidically connected to the packed bed chromatography columns via a system of valves.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system or method for the remediation of wastewater with a treatment media in tandem with an electrocoagulation system. The system and method also include cleaning elements for cleaning distribution lines within the system and for cleaning the electrocoagulation system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the washing and processing of biological fluid/biological cells are disclosed. The systems and methods utilize a disposable fluid circuit including a spinning membrane separation device to wash the biological cells.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system is provided having a pretreatment tank which receives wastewater from a wastewater source, and an aeration tank which is in fluid communication with the pretreatment tank. A recirculation pump is carried in the aeration tank and returns wastewater from the aeration tank to the pretreatment tank. The recirculation pump returns the wastewater according to a recirculation ratio R:I where R is the volumetric flow rate of wastewater through the recirculation pump and I is average volumetric flow rate of wastewater entering the pretreatment tank. A control panel cycles the recirculation pump on and off according to the recirculation ratio.

Abstract: A method and a modular system for performing a sterilising treatment of ballast waters (12) onboard of a ship (10), for reducing and/or removing the contents of invasive living micro-organisms. A water loading pump (13) and a water preliminary filtering stage (14) are operatively connected to a plurality of ballast water storing tanks (11); a UV sterilising apparatus (18) for the ballast water is submerged into the ballast water in each water storing tank (11), and is operatively connected to a local control unit (QE). Each UV sterilising apparatus (18) comprises a UV radiation source (28). The ballast water (12) inside each storing tank (11) is recirculated although the UV radiation source (28), for a required time and mixed with the ballast water inside the water storage tank (11) to enable the living micro-organisms to be substantially reduced or eliminated, during the navigation.

Abstract: The blood purification system includes a plurality of monitoring devices (1) with a dialyzer (5) to perform a blood purification treatment on a patient. A dialysate supplying device (2) supplies a dialysate to each of the monitoring devices (1). The plurality of monitoring devices (1) and the dialysate supplying device (2) are connected to each other by a LAN cable a. Predetermined information can be transmitted from the dialysate supplying device (2) to a specified monitoring device (1), out of the plurality of monitoring devices (1). The specified monitoring device (1) can perform an individual operation.

Abstract: A hand-held microfluidic testing device is provided. The testing device includes a housing having at least one cartridge receiving port and at least one cartridge for inputting to the cartridge receiving port, and an optical detection system in the housing, where the optical detection system is disposed to analyze at least one sample in the in at least one detection channel of the cartridge. The cartridge includes at least one sample inlet and sample outlet, at least one buffer inlet and buffer outlet, at least one detection material inlet and outlet, at least one calibration standard inlet and calibration standard outlet and a detection window disposed above a detection region of a channel, where the analysis cartridge is surrounded by a protective shell, that holds the analysis chip base, a chip lid, a sealing gasket, and protective film cover.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for treating wastewater onboard small marine vessels. A pre-determined volume of wastewater generated onboard the vessel is mixed with a larger volume of seawater. This mixture is disinfected and subjected to further oxidation. The excess oxidants are neutralized and the treated effluent is discharged overboard the vessel.

Abstract: A rotary filter is provided with greatly expanded filter media area within the flow stream of material to be filtered due to use of a series of cylindrical filter cartridges consisting of a core and cylindrical filter media that are attached to and within a rotary disc, thus providing much greater filter area within the size constraints of the rotary disc and the flow channel. This allows removal of contaminating material in the flow stream. The retaining methods used for these cartridges restrains their movement within the flow stream thus allowing backflushing by reversing flow direction and venting the backflush material. The attachment and construction further allows easy removal and replacement of filter media and cartridges.

Abstract: A water treatment system is provided that includes first and second water treatment control valves. Each control valve includes orifices and a piston. Movement of the piston is operative to change the flow of water through the orifices. The inlet and outlet ports of the second control valve are reversed relative to locations of the inlet and outlet ports on the first control valve. Each control valve is in operative connection with a respective brine tank and a resin tank. A manifold is in operative connection with the inlet and outlet ports of the first and second control valves. The manifold includes an inlet and an outlet port and a three way valve. A controller is configured to selectively operate the three way valve to direct water from the inlet port of the manifold to one of the inlet ports of the first and second control valves.

Abstract: A method of integrating individual water treatment assemblies into a seamless water treatment control system. A Reverse Osmosis assembly contains a controller wherein all other pretreatment and post-treatment assemblies are electrical coupled thereto. The controller is preprogrammed for use in recognizing the coupling of the pretreatment and/or post treatment assemblies wherein and for receiving all control commands for operation thereof. The controller employs cells that allows and installer to interconnect assemblies by coupling low voltage control signal wiring having predefined inputs, set up as PnP, or by use of a personal wireless network.

Abstract: A method for priming a hemodialysis treatment includes: providing a sorbent cartridge for cleaning spent dialysate fluid returning from a dialyzer; preparing a batch of dialysate in a quantity commensurate with being recycled through the sorbent cartridge multiple times; priming a dialysate circuit in fluid communication with the dialyzer using the batch of dialysate; and priming a blood circuit in fluid communication with the dialyzer using the batch of dialysate.

Abstract: System and process for the purification of water The water produced is treated with a selective oxidant obtained from the air without contaminants. The water obtained, together with the selective oxidant, is treated through a chemical process, denominated batch process, in a pressurized primary sterilization vessel. The reaction dwell time, and the analytical control, ensure purification; by means of a system of circulation pump and adsorption chamber specific for the chemical treatment realized, the purified water is deposited in a vessel for water for consumption, which water may be prepared with minerals and/or vitamins and/or carbohydrates with the objective of satisfying the full requirements of the population. Furthermore, an electronic unit monitors and controls the movements required to ensure excellent purification and, moreover, that the entire system is sterile at all times.

Abstract: A dialysis system includes a first fluid heater, a second fluid heater, a supplemental power source and a logic implementer. The logic implementer is configured to use the supplemental power source such that when the first and second heaters are powered simultaneously, a collective current draw does not exceed a maximum allowable current draw of a branch power source powering the system.

Abstract: A modular water filter system includes a plurality of media filter tank modules including an underdrain disposed within the filter tank module at the bottom side of the filter tank module, a controller, and a plurality of back flush valves associated with corresponding ones of the plurality of media filter tank modules, respectively.

Abstract: A package of water treatment pellets includes a first container and a second container. The first container is fabricated from a water-dissolvable sheet material and the first container is filled with and encases the water treatment pellets. The second container is fabricated from a non-water-dissolvable, porous material and is sized and adapted to receive the first container filled with and encasing the water treatment pellets. A water treatment feeder device includes a hollow, box-shaped magazine body defining an internal magazine chamber and a plurality of porous holders disposed in the internal magazine chamber. Each one of the plurality of porous holders retains a respective one of the packages of water treatment pellets. A water treatment feeder system for a structure operative to circulate water thereabout incorporates the water treatment feeder device and the package of water treatment pellets.

Abstract: An immersed membrane filtration system is operated in view of an electricity pricing programs in which the price of electricity varies over time. Examples of such programs include time of use pricing, critical peak pricing and critical peak rebate programs. Alternatively, the filtration system may be operated, for example as part of a smart grid, in view of requests or demands by an electrical utility for time limited reductions in energy use. During a high energy cost period of time, one or more membrane units are shut down. Preferably, aeration of the still operating membrane units is not increased. The flux of the still operating trains may be increased towards a pre-determined maximum permitted flux, or towards a maximum flux that is calculated in view of operational parameters such as water temperature or viscosity. Optionally, during a low energy cost period of time, one or more additional membrane units may be turned on.

Abstract: An organic waste processing system and method for producing a slurry for the production of bio-gas, transportation fuels and chemical products, and a residual sad.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for conveying a fluid to a filter unit of a medical treatment apparatus, in particular for conveying a dialysing fluid to a treatment unit, in particular a dialyser or filter of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus. The device comprises a balancing unit and a recirculation unit, which comprises one or more chambers. With the balancing unit, it is possible to supply fresh fluid continuously to the recirculation circuit and to discharge used fluid from the recirculation circuit. The supply and discharge of fresh and used dialysing fluid can take place at a flow rate other than the flow rate at which the fluid circulates in the recirculation circuit via the filter unit.

Abstract: A rotary filter is provided with greatly expanded filter media area within the flow stream of material to be filtered due to use of a series of cylindrical filter cartridges consisting of a core and cylindrical filter media that are attached to and within a rotary disc, thus providing much greater filter area within the size constraints of the rotary disc and the flow channel. This allows removal of contaminating material in the flow stream. The retaining methods used for these cartridges restrains their movement within the flow stream thus allowing backflushing by reversing flow direction and venting the backflush material. The attachment and construction further allows easy removal and replacement of filter media and cartridges.

Abstract: A device (1) for subjecting a liquid to a purifying process comprises an assembly of a first container (10) and a second container (20) for receiving and containing a liquid, wherein means (11) for performing a purifying action on the liquid are arranged in the first container (10), wherein the second container (20) is arranged for receiving an overflow from the first container (10), and wherein a liquid passage (15) is present between the first container (10) and the second container (20). Furthermore, the device (1) comprises means (16) which are associated with the liquid passage (15) between the first container (10) and the second container (20), and which are adapted to assume various states, including a state for blocking the liquid passage (15), and a state for deblocking the liquid passage (15), wherein the device (1) may also be equipped with means (17) for controlling the blocking/deblocking means (16).

Abstract: A hemodialysis apparatus includes a dialyzer, a quantitative vessel including a displaceable partition wall which partitions the inside of the quantitative vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, a storage vessel which stores a dialysate, a dialysate exchange circuit which supplies the dialysate to the first chamber, and discharges a waste dialysate in the second chamber to the outside by the consequent displacement of the partition wall to the second chamber side, a dialysate supply circuit which supplies the dialysate in the first chamber to the dialyzer, and discharges the waste dialysate from the dialyzer to the second chamber by the displacement of the partition wall to the first chamber side, and a dialysate storage circuit which supplies the dialysate in the first chamber to the storage vessel by the displacement of the partition wall to the first chamber side.

Abstract: A method and device for controlling an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus, which can be operated as a hemodialysis apparatus, hemofiltration apparatus or hemodiafiltration apparatus, are disclosed. The method and device make provision, apart from balancing the fluids as a function of the weights of the containers, for the measurement of the weight reduction or increase of at least one of the containers in the time interval in which the pump assigned to the respective container performs a preset number of revolutions or pump strokes. The change in the weight of the container for a half or one pump revolution can be determined. The delivery rate of the respective pump is ascertained from the measured weight reduction or increase in the specific time interval, thereby permitting the precise determination of the actual delivery rate of one or more pumps. The actual delivery rates of all the pumps are preferably monitored.

Abstract: A dialysis system includes a first fluid heater, a second fluid heater, a supplemental power source and a logic implementer. The logic implementer is configured to use the supplemental power source such that when the first and second heaters are powered simultaneously, a collective current draw does not exceed a maximum allowable current draw of a branch power source powering the system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a magnetic separation apparatus for continuous separating and recovering magnetic solid particles from a solid-liquid mixture. The apparatus includes at least one magnetic separation unit and each unit includes: an outer cylindrical vessel having a material inlet, a first outlet, and a second outlet; an inner cylindrical vessel, at least part of which extends along the axis inside the first cylindrical vessel without contacting with the inner surface of the outer cylindrical vessel; and a magnet, rendering the bottom of the inner cylindrical vessel magnetism during the first period and making the part of the surface lose its magnetism during a second period. When the solid-liquid mixture flows through the magnetic surface of the inner cylindrical vessel in the passage, the magnetic solids are absorbed and separated from the mixture.

Abstract: A dialysis system includes: a water purification unit; a dialysate generation unit configured to use water purified by the water purification unit; a dialysate delivery unit configured to deliver dialysate prepared by the dialysate generation unit; a supplemental power source; and electronic circuitry including: (i) a first electrical connection configured to electrically connect a branch power source with at least one of the water purification unit, the dialysate generation unit and the dialysate delivery unit, and (ii) a second electrical connection configured to electrically connect a supplemental power source with at least one of the water purification unit, the dialysate generation unit and the dialysate delivery unit.

Abstract: A liquid treatment plant has sets of membrane trains and processing trains with flow between them through channels. Means of withdrawing permeate and sludge from the trains are described. Cyclic aeration is provided to the membrane trains. Methods of foam control, backwashing and chemical cleaning are described. Single membrane trains or process trains may be isolated for various functions. An isolated membrane train may be used to thicken sludge.

Abstract: A centralized supply system for electrolyzed oxidizing water comprises a water softener (1), several parallel electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2) connected, liquid storage tanks (3, 4) and delivery pumps (5, 6). A central controller (10) implements independent control over the several parallel electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2). Liquid level sensors (9) are mounted in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) and are connected with the central controller (10) via data collection cables (12). With the detection, determination and calculation for the liquid level signal in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) using the central controller (10), the volume magnitude and the rate of change of the volume for the liquid in the liquid storage tanks (3, 4) can be exactly obtained in time. The electrolyzed oxidizing water generators (2) are effectively controlled based on above data. An intelligent control method for the system is also provided.

Abstract: A stackable modular ultra pure water machine has at least one water tank module, at least one terminal processing module, at least one purification module, at least one water outlet module and a control module that connected together in a stack. The control module has an LED display and a faceplate. Therefore, it is convenient to add or remove modules with different functions to form a customizable ultra pure water machine.

Abstract: A dialysis system includes: a water purification unit; a dialysate generation unit configured to use water purified by the water purification unit; a dialysate delivery unit configured to deliver dialysate prepared by the dialysate generation unit; a supplemental power source; a first electrical connection configured to electrically connect a branch power source with at least one of the water purification unit, the dialysate generation unit and the dialysate delivery unit; and a second electrical connection configured to electrically connect the supplemental power source with at least one of the water purification unit, the dialysate generation unit and the dialysate delivery unit.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for treating wastewater onboard small marine vessels. A pre-determined volume of wastewater generated onboard the vessel is mixed with a larger volume of seawater. This mixture is disinfected and subjected to further oxidation. The excess oxidants are neutralized and the treated effluent is discharged overboard the vessel.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for separating fractions of a mixture to be separated, in a device (1) comprising: several chromatography columns (21, 22, 23,) mounted in series; an open separation loop comprising in input a point for injecting (6) eluent in one of the columns and in output a point for drawing (8) a fraction of the mixture. The method includes the following steps: batch injection of the mixture to be separated in the open separation loop (4); collecting at least two fractions; offsetting at least one column of the eluent injecting and fraction drawing points (6, 8) of the separation loop (4). The invention also concerns a device for separating fractions of a mixture to be separated.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a system and method for treating wastewater in a filter media apparatus having a draft tube system. The filter media may be walnut shell media.

Abstract: A water treatment system is provided having an encapsulate manifold with a reverse osmosis cartridge and one or more filter cartridges. The filter cartridge includes a detent for being received within a slot in the manifold head for secure locking engagement. The water treatment system further includes a single probe conductivity monitoring system for monitoring the performance of a reverse osmosis membrane. The water treatment system is also provided in a modular arrangement wherein manifold heads are physically and fluidly coupled together via a clip which interfaces with the modular manifold heads. The water treatment system also allows for a retrofit application to include a permeate pump. The cartridges are also designed to provide a minimum annular inlet gap to minimize spillage during changing of the cartridges.

Abstract: A solvent filtration and recovery system for filtration and recovery of a solvent-based liquid used in dry cleaning includes filtration tank having filter chamber with motor-driven spin filters which are selectively operated. A valve and conduit arrangement allows the liquid from dry cleaning to enter the filter chamber for filtering and flows out as filtered liquid while the spin filters are not rotating. The arrangement allows initial at least partial draining of the solvent-based liquid in the filter chamber after such filtration procedure. A recovery tank is in communication with the filtration tank through a main drain. A motor drives the spin filters during a recovery procedure, in which centrifugal force caused by the rotating spin filters for a predetermined amount of time removes by-product from the spin filters, which is drained off from the filtration tank. A reservoir stores the solvent-based liquid and receives the liquid from both the recovery tank and the filtration tank.

Abstract: A portable water treatment system and apparatus is disclosed that can effectively and efficiently treat aqueous fluids by quickly and reliably adjusting and controlling the free residual level of disinfectants, contaminants or additives through the addition of one or more treating agents such as oxidizing chemicals and/or other special-purpose additives, and that can continuously store, log, retrieve and report the related fluid composition data and other operating parameters on a real-time basis at either the use site or a remote location. A preferred use for the subject system and apparatus is managing the chemistry of disinfectant, contaminant and/or additive levels in aqueous fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations, and controlling the free residual levels of the disinfectant or contaminants within the fluids, including fluids maintained in frac tanks during temporary cessation of a hydraulic fracturing operation.

Abstract: System for treating waste water with intermittent aeration and low energy consumption, which comprises: a pump sump or a sump controlled by a PLC in order to achieve control of pumping, level and flow of liquid; the liquid is pumped to the aerobic treatment device or to the UASB device, which aerobic treatment comprises an air diffusion unit or fine-bubble diffusers (1) operating intermittently and diagonally, there being a high density of diffusers in the aerobic zone, where it would be an option for said region to be deeper than the other zones, an agitator (8), not only the agitator but also the blower being controlled on the basis of time using a PLC, the agitator then operating after the diffusers have stopped, and also energy is applied to prevent sedimentation of sludges inside the aeration tank.

Abstract: A portable water purifier having a shell, a solar cell, a power storage system, a micro booster pump, and a membrane module. The solar cell is disposed on the shell. The power storage system, the micro booster pump, and the membrane module are disposed integratedly in the shell. The solar cell is connected to the power storage system and the combination thereof provides power for the micro booster pump. The micro booster pump is connected to the membrane module. A method of purifying water with the portable water purifier is also taught. The portable water purifier can produce instant safe, and healthy drinking water even when power supply is lacking.

Abstract: A dialysis system includes a first fluid heater, a second fluid heater, and a logic implementer configured to synchronize the duty cycles of the first and second heaters so that (i) power is not supplied to the first heater when power is supplied to the second heater and (ii) power is not supplied to the second heater when power is supplied to the first heater.