Abstract: A pressure pipe for transporting corrosive material, such as ozonated water, is formed with a pipe joint that is resistant to ozone. An intermediate portion of the pressure pipe is formed from a low-carbon steel cylinder with inner and outer concrete layers and prestressing wire. A stainless steel slip joint member is attached to an end of the low-carbon steel cylinder to facilitate joining adjacent pipe sections. The stainless steel slip joint members resist the corrosive effects of ozone, while the inner concrete layer protects the low-carbon steel cylinders of the intermediate portion. In one aspect of the invention, a water treatment system constructed from pressure pipe as described above is connected as a bypass loop to a primary pipe run from a water source to a treatment plant. Ozone is introduced to water diverted through the bypass loop. The water decomposes prior to being reintroduced back into the primary pipe run.

Abstract: A system for treating recovered fluids off-line, the system including an ozone assembly and a reactor vessel operatively coupled to the ozone generator and having a reaction compartment and a settling compartment, wherein the reaction compartment is fluidly connected to a recovered hydrocarbons storage vessel and the settling compartment is fluidly connected to a treated oil tank is disclosed. Also disclosed is a method of treating recovered hydrocarbons off-line, the method including flowing recovered hydrocarbons from a storage vessel into a reactor vessel having a reaction compartment and a settling compartment, and injecting ozone from an ozone generator into the recovered hydrocarbons in the reaction compartment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of sanitizing drinking water to be dispensed from a water dispenser having a reservoir includes the steps of providing the ozone gas generator that generates an ozone gas stream, transmitting the ozone gas stream from the generator to the water dispenser reservoir, mechanically breaking up the ozone gas stream inside the reservoir to produce ozone gas bubbles, and using the ozone gas bubbles to disinfect water in the reservoir. The ozone gas stream can be mechanically broken up using a pump such as, for example, an impeller type pump.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a sterilisation system, especially for sterilising drinking water and water for industrial use. The precious metal surface of a base material containing precious metal is initially oxidised in an acidic solution and subsequently treated in an aqueous saline solution. The invention also relates to a sterilisation system and use thereof.

Abstract: A biofilm resistant fluid handling system is provided having at least one structural component adapted to retain or deliver fluid. The at least one structural component is formed from a biofilm resistant material comprising polymeric resin and an inorganic carrier conjugated with a biocidal metal ion. When a surface of the at least one structural component is exposed to a continuous or intermittent aqueous solution environment the formation of active biofilm on the surface is prevented and planktonic bacteria in proximity of said surface is killed. Additionally, methods for extending the biocidal properties of a biofilm resistant fluid handling system are provided.

Abstract: A method and system of ozone treatment diverts a portion of water from a flow of water in a conduit; injects an ozone-containing gas into the portion to provide an ozonated portion; recombines the ozonated portion with the flow of water in the conduit; and regulates the diverted portion to provide a minimum diverted portion flow rate according to flow in the conduit and proportion of ozone in the injected gas.

Abstract: An automated system of the present invention adds electrolyte into a pool. The automated system includes a sanitizer generator, a circulation system, and an electrolytic solution delivery system. The circulation system, which includes the sanitizer generator, has a suction line and a discharge line that delivers water from the pool through a circulation path. The delivery system controls the introduction of electrolyte into the water.

Abstract: A water purification apparatus, comprising a water pump, wherein the water pump inlet port receives water from an external source, a nonreturn valve in fluid communication with the water pump outlet port, and an ionizer chamber in fluid communication with the nonreturn valve output end, wherein the ionizer chamber doses a bacteriacide into water contained in the ionizer chamber. The apparatus also includes a filter, wherein the input end of the filter is in fluid communication with the output end of the ionizer chamber.

Abstract: Conversion of an untreated liquid to a clean harmless treated liquid through microbe removal, characterized in that a mechanical treatment for damaging microbes present in a liquid to thereby effect extinction thereof and sterilization, combined with a chlorination in which a chlorine-containing substance is formed from a liquid and injected into a liquid to thereby effect microbe extinction and sterilization, is applied to a liquid. There is further provided an electrolytic circulation system comprising applying a detoxification treatment for extinction of microbes in seawater and sterilization by means of detoxification facilities on land or on the sea to seawater introduced through a seawater introduction channel and accommodating the seawater having been thus treated in a ballast water tank. As a result, facility and operating costs can be reduced. Extinction of microbes of unlimited size and sterilization can be securely achieved without any strength drop on the side of treated liquid accommodation body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying water by dissolving one or more soluble metal salts in the water to provide corresponding metal ions, by dissolving hypohalite into the water, and by regulating the residence time, and thus hypohalite concentration in the device using a venturi nozzle disposed between the metal generator and the hypohalite generator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a three in one method and equipment for treating drinking water. The method comprises procedures of: pre-treatment, mixing active oxygen with water, photochemical oxidation and de-oxidation, ceramic membrane ultra filtering, and back flushing. The present invention advantageously makes use of combination of the active oxygen, UV rays, argil and other substances in nature to treat water so as to obtain the naturally purified drinking water.

Abstract: A large amount of a medium containing a volatile chlorinated organic compound (VOC) with a low concentration is passed through an adsorber filled with an adsorbent which adsorb and desorb the VOC to collect the VOC in the medium in the adsorber; a gas containing water vapor is then brought into contact with the adsorbent to desorb and discharge the VOC from the adsorber; the desorbed gas is cooled to condense the VOC and water; a small amount of the VOC with a high concentration vaporized from the condensate is further irradiated with light in the presence of chlorine to decompose the VOC; and the decomposed product is subsequently treated. This constitution can allow a large amount of the VOC with a low concentration to be irradiated with light in the presence of chlorine to efficiently treat the VOC.

Abstract: An electrolytic device and method for generating a disinfecting solution is powered by a circuit preferably comprising a voltage adjustment circuit and rechargeable battery that can be recharged by a variety of devices including a solar panel. The disinfectant device can be utilized with a water filter and a storage device such as a carafe to produce potable water meeting drinking water requirements.

Abstract: In a water treatment system with a function of filtering raw water, a filter can be securely and efficiently sterilized without using dangerous chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A bromine generator apparatus is provided for producing bromine from a bromide salt. The apparatus includes an electrical power unit, a housing, and first and second electrodes. The housing has inlet and outlet openings constructed and arranged for permitting the passage of water containing a bromide salt into the housing and water containing bromine out of the housing, respectively. The first and second electrodes electrically are connectable to the electrical power unit and have first and second contact regions, respectively, in the housing for contacting water passing through the housing and converting the bromine salt to the corresponding free bromine. The first and/or second contact regions are made of non-woven extruded graphite.

Abstract: A system for sanitizing a potable water station includes a pair of conduits providing a fluid connection between the potable water station and the system. It also includes a pump operable for circulating water from the potable water station through one of the conduits to the system and through the other of the conduits from the system to the potable water station. Further, the system includes an ozone generator for injecting ozone into the circulating water to destroy bacterial contamination. A method for sanitizing a potable water station includes the step of circulating water from the potable water station and back to the potable water station. It also includes the step of generating ozone with an ozone generator. Further, the method includes the step of injecting ozone into the water circulating from and back to the potable water station.

Abstract: A water disinfection system using simultaneous multiple disinfectants includes a completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a contact basin or clearwell acting as a plug flow reactor (PFR). The CSTR receives ammoniated water and free chlorine, and generates multiple disinfectants in primary disinfection water within the CSTR. The contact basin or clearwell receives primary disinfected water from the CSTR, the primary disinfected water containing the disinfectants. A method for water disinfection including mixing the non-disinfected treated water with ammonia to form ammoniated water, mixing the ammoniated water with free chlorine to form a primary disinfection water including multiple disinfectants, and maintaining the disinfectants in the primary disinfection water.

Abstract: A system and method for control of a gas and/or chemical for treatment of a fluid, and for monitoring the operation of such a system. In one embodiment, the system comprises a reactor for receipt of the fluid and the gas and/or chemical for dissolving, mixing, diffusing, or infusing the gas and/or chemical into the fluid, and a controller to control the flow of the fluid and the gas and/or chemical into the reactor, and to monitor the operation of the system in accordance with predetermined operating conditions. In another embodiment, the system also comprises a gas/chemical generation system for generation of the gas and/or chemical to be introduced into the reactor. The present invention permits for the control of the system based on numerous dynamic conditions to optimize operation and to minimize safety hazards.

Abstract: The inventive technology relates, in various embodiments, to novel wastewater heat systems, novel wastewater dosing systems, novel gas bubbling systems, novel flow control systems, novel disinfection systems, novel wastewater conveyance systems, and novel portable wastewater treatment systems, each of which may enhance the wastewater treatment process and its applicability.

Abstract: A system for sanitizing and refilling a potable water system onboard a transport vehicle includes a potable water supply conduit, a potable water feed conduit, a potable water return conduit, a drain conduit, and a sanitizing and refilling station wherein the system is operable in a self-flush mode, a sanitizing mode using ozone, and a fill mode. A method of sanitizing and refilling a potable water system onboard a transport vehicle includes the steps of purging stagnant water from a sanitizing and refilling station, draining stagnant water from the transport's potable water system, sanitizing the transport's potable water system using ozone, draining the transport's potable water system, and filling the transport's potable water system by delivering fresh water.

Abstract: A water treatment system has a battery rechargeable by a manual generator, thus eliminating the need for an external power source. The water treatment system uses the rechargeable battery to power a pump and a UV lamp. After the water passes through a filter, the UV lamp treats the water being pumped through the apparatus. The system optionally includes a flashlight, also powered by the rechargeable battery.

Abstract: An ultraviolet fluid purification apparatus is to embed an ultraviolet lamp inside a tube that has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe on the body, and the ultraviolet lamp is powered by direct current; or to embed an element that emits the ultraviolet light inside a tube that has an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe on the body. The said element is a LED ultraviolet lamp, and an acceleration structure, which comprises more than one conduit, is installed at the port of the inlet pipe. Furthermore, total transection dimensions of the conduit outlets are smaller than those of the conduit inlets. The foregoing features can assure the ultraviolet fluid purification apparatus with safe use, competitive cost and maximized purification.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a module for processing foaming wastewater containing organic compounds. The UV/ozone oxidation removal module mainly includes an ozone generator, an ozone injector, an ozone dissolution tank, a gas-liquid separator, an ozone destruct unit, a UV reaction tank, a recycling pipeline. The gas-liquid separator contains a stainless tank with an adsorbent inside, preferably activated carbon, for removing foams and a portion of ozone, so that foams are prevented from entering and adversely affecting the ozone destruct unit, and thus a foaming organic wastewater can be treated with the UV/ozone oxidation removal module of the present invention.

Abstract: A target biokill of species for water to be discharged from a ballast tank of a sea faring vessel is determined. A diverted portion of sea water is regulated prior to charging the water into the ballast tank. Regulation of the diverted portion of water and a rate of injection of the ozone into the portion are adjusted to attain the target biokill. Then ozone at the determined rate into the regulated diverted portion to attain the target biokill when the portion is recombined into the water for charging to the ballast tank.

Abstract: Presented is a liquid filtering apparatus and method that overcomes the disadvantages encountered with prior bed filtration systems by providing a filtering apparatus that incorporates a super-buoyant filter medium having a specific gravity very substantially lower than that of the process liquid being filtered. This feature enables a majority of the medium to float on top of the process liquid. Due to the significant differences in specific gravity between the media and the process liquid, super-buoyant media produce a highly advantageous means of naturally, gravimetrically separating both clean and contaminated filter media and process liquid into separate “phases”. Under normal filtering operation, the filter media is contained within a filter housing by a bed support near the top of the filter housing, and particulate material is filtered from a process liquid that passes through the housing.

Abstract: A water purifier system is provided including a housing having a first, upper reservoir and a second, lower reservoir. A filter cartridge is arranged to be received within the housing, the filter cartridge having at least one inlet for receiving water from the first reservoir and at least one outlet for dispensing water into the second reservoir. A UV source is disposed within the second reservoir for purifying the water contained therein, and a control interface is removably connected to the housing for controlling the operation of the UV source.

Abstract: A device for treating liquid medium has an ultrasound emitter located relative to a compartment of a container holding a liquid medium and a microbubble emitter located relative to the compartment. The ultrasound emitter emits high-frequency ultrasound between about 200 KHz and 10 MHz. The microbubble emitter emits bubbles with an average diameter of less than 1 mm.

Abstract: A lamp assembly for use in a water treatment system. The lamp assembly includes a bulb assembly, a reflector assembly and a conduit carring liquid, such as water, through the lamp assembly. The reflector assembly is configured to reflect and focus light emitted from the bulb assembly on the conduit, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the lamp assembly. The reflector assembly can include reflectors including one or more diminishing radii of curvature, which terminate and form a peak near a bulb of the bulb assembly and/or conduit.

Abstract: A system for elimination of unwanted species from contaminated ship ballast water. The apparatus comprises an electrolytic cell containing at least one pair of electrodes, electric alternating current, and parallel perforated electrodes, for providing an effective and safe method to render ballast water or other conductive bodies of water free of aquatic invasive species and/or unwanted biologics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying water by forming in an electrolytic cell molecular halogen, hypohalic acid, hypohalite ions or combinations thereof, from halide ions dissolved in the water; and dissolving one or more soluble metal salts in the water to provide corresponding metal ions. The invention also relates to a system for purifying water, having an electrolytic cell comprising a plurality of electrodes sufficient to electrolytically convert halide ion in the water into molecular halogen, hypohalic acid, or hypohalite ions, or combinations thereof; and a metal generator, which provides concentrations of one or more metals to the water.

Abstract: Portable personal water purifier with a microdischarge array sealed with a radiation emitter, preferably Xel, slightly above atmospheric or water pressure in a closely-configured treatment chamber. Each array is a polyimide film separating a copper layer or mesh cathode surface from a conductor pattern of nickel anodes at UV pixel via sites, juxtaposed in effective purifying range of all the water. In a canteen embodiment, the array is presented as a divider in the water chamber, or at its sides. In a continuous-flow embodiment, the array is presented as a spiral flow-through packet between input and output connections axial to a cylindrical water jacket. Battery or plug power is provided, along with any desired input filter. Two microdischarge arrays are preferably sealed in a twin-pack about a set of stiffener rods, extending outward for re-assembly in sockets after cleaning. Other separation assurance devices are spiral and chain separators.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an electric jar pot with ozone disinfection function. The device includes a jar pot with an ozone generator and an ozone conveying device. By the power source connected with the device, the ozone generator produce the ozone gas while the device boils water. Through the ozone conveying device, the ozone gas is delivered to the bottom of the jar pot and is released, dissolved in water to form ozone water. Thus the germs inside the water are eliminated, the water is sterilized and purified.

Abstract: A water treatment system for treating coal-bed-methane (CBM) water. The CBM water treatment system includes a pump system for pumping CBM water from one or many CBM wells into a common reservoir and a solid-based sulfurous generator that produces aqueous sulfurous acid to treat the CBM water and an injection system that increases the amount of calcium contained in CBM water. In one embodiment, the injection system is a gypsum injector that injects soluble gypsum into the CBM water. Moreover, in one embodiment, the solid-based sulfurous generator includes a hydraulic air inlet shut off valve safety system for automatically reducing the combustion air to the sulfurous generator when water is not delivered to the solid-based sulfurous generator.

Abstract: Water sanitizing apparatus is provided for pools, spas hot tubs and other similar bathing facilities that integrates an ozone generator and a chlorine generator in one unit, in addition to exposing a flow of water to be purified to ultraviolet radiation from the ozone generator for advanced oxidation reactions. In one embodiment, a mixing venturi allows for mixing various substances together prior to insertion into the motive flow. In another embodiment the venturi is constructed as inserts that allow tuning of the venturi for individual systems. In other embodiments, salt is added to a portion of the water flow as a concentrated brine from which chlorine is generated, or the salt may be simply be added to the water of the facility at a much lower concentration and chlorine generated from the flow of water through the apparatus.

Abstract: A water treatment system for treating water. The water treatment system includes a primary water treatment station and a solid-based sulfurous generator downstream from the primary water treatment station for producing aqueous sulfurous acid for further treatment of the water. In one embodiment, the solid-based sulfurous generator includes a hydraulic air inlet shut off valve safety system for automatically reducing the combustion air to the sulfurous generator when water is not delivered to the solid-based sulfurous generator. Also, in one embodiment, the water treatment system includes a control system that monitors the pH of the treated water to control the water flow rate through the solid-based sulfurous generator to achieve the desired concentration of sulfurous acid in the water being treated.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating a waste stream in a waste treatment system involve performing a unit process of the waste treatment system by contacting the waste stream with oxyhydrogen-rich gas generated on-site by an oxyhydrogen gas generator that implements water dissociation technology. In a preferred embodiment, the oxyhydrogen gas generator involves applying a pulsed electrical signal to a series of closely-spaced electrodes that are submerged in the waste stream to produce oxyhydrogen-rich gas from a water component of the waste stream. Operation of the oxyhydrogen gas generator in the waste stream may accomplish one or more unit processes for waste treatment, such as conditioning, stabilization, thickening, and dewatering, among others. At least a portion of the oxyhydrogen-rich gas can be conveyed for a second use in the waste treatment system, such as a source of combustible fuel for incineration or power generation, for example.

Abstract: The apparatus and methods of the present invention enable efficient and appropriate treatment of Urban Water Runoff, so that the treated Urban water Runoff can be can be introduced into public waterways without contaminating such waterways. The system apparatus utilizes adsorptive Organoclay media, mechanical filtration and ultraviolet sterilization. The methods and apparatus of the present invention remove contaminants from Urban Water Runoff to a level which enable the resulting effluent to meet appropriate standards for introducing the treated Urban water Runoff in to public waterways. The method and apparatus of water treatment of the present invention does not utilize chlorine containing compounds which, when combined with organic compounds can produce THM's that can become problematic when re-introduced to the downstream environment. The systems of the present invention can be made sufficiently compact so as to enable their use in remote locations.

Abstract: Contaminated water is disinfected by admixture of a highly reactive gas stream containing ions of oxygen and nitrogen, formed by exposure of air to short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation, and of chlorine, formed by electrolysis of a brine solution. Solids removal can be accomplished by electrophoresis in the same unit employed for electrolysis of brine to release chlorine, or in a separate unit.

Abstract: A type of magnesium alloy that is capable of producing negative potential, characterized in that it contains 8 wt %˜9.1 wt % of aluminum (Al), 0.1 wt %˜1.0 wt % of zinc (Zn), 0.1 wt %˜1.0 wt % of manganese (Mn), 0.05 wt % or less of silicone (Si), 0.002 or less of iron (Fe), 0.0012 wt % or less of copper (Cu), 0.0009 wt % or less of nickel (Ni) and 0.0008 wt % or less of beryllium (Be), the negative potential magnesium alloy binds with calcium ions and magnesium ions to show a pH value of water quality on the alkaline side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying water by dissolving one or more soluble metal salts in the water to provide corresponding metal ions, by dissolving hypohalite into the water, and by regulating the residence time, and thus hypohalite concentration in the device using a venturi nozzle disposed between the metal generator and the hypohalite generator.

Abstract: An apparatus to separate solids from drilling slurry, having an inlet positioned over an outlet of a concentration tank to displace water that would otherwise enter the down-stream centrifuges. Baffles are provided to direct solids to the outlet and minimize the time that solids spend in the concentration tank. Fluids having solids removed therefrom are removed from the apparatus at a location remote from the outlet.

Abstract: There is disclosed a device adapted to provide water purified to human consumption level, and arranged for connection to a water supply. The device comprises a water purifier, a container for purified water and connections between the water purifier and the purified water container, The water purifier includes a filtering system that removes particles present in water to be purified as well as any undesirable adsorbable material, The filtering system is in fluid communication with the water supply on the one hand, and the container, on the other hand. The device also includes an ozone generator and a venturi for injecting ozone into filtered water downstream of the filtering system, but before introduction of the purified water into the container. A pump is arranged to draw water from the water supply, to feed same to the filtering system, and thereafter to the container.

Abstract: A water purifying apparatus is constructed having a plurality of vertical, water-carrying tubes circumferentially arranged so as to form a hollow central region enclosed by the tubes. A top cap and bottom cap are configured so as to channel water through the tubes in serial relation and alternately in upward and downward directions. The hollow central region forms a last water-carrying chamber, and houses a bubble separator and ozone generator. A venturi mixes ozone at an inlet to the first water-carrying tube. The ozone generator is constructed having an ultraviolet-transmissive tube sealed from the water in the hollow central region, and contains an ultraviolet lamp that in addition to generating ozone, provides ultraviolet light to kill pathogens that survive the ozone treatment and also disassociates ozone. A closed loop system may be implemented by providing gas from the bubble separator back to the venturi.

Abstract: A purifying device comprising a purifying tank (1) having an ultraviolet radiating tube (2) installed within the middle thereof and a submersible pump (3) mounted in the upper region thereof. The purifying tank is held 5 to 100 cm below the water level by floats (7a). A partition (6) divides the region adjacent to the water level into upper and lower levels, wherein only the water on the upper side of the partition (6) is sucked in by the submersible pump (3) for purification in the purifying tank (1), whereby water-bloom, algae or the like floating on water is rapidly collected and decomposed for removal.

Abstract: A water cooler/water purification station that is portable, and small in size that is capable of cooling and purifying about 8 to 15 liters of water per hour between 3 to 10° C. The water cooler/water purification station is equipped with an ultraviolet lamp which serves to kill bacteria in stagnant water. A removable kit is positioned in the top of the housing. The Kit includes various sensors, as well as, the UV lamp and an exit passageway 70 for treated water.

Abstract: A method and system flows water through a water system in proximity to an ion generation device and to a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that combines photochemistry principles, heavy metal toxicity, and UV light radiation to form a highly effective combined water disinfection process. Using ion generation and UV irradiation, the method and system synergistically improves the disinfection and bactericidal effects of ion generation or UV radiation working individually by making ion-exposed microorganisms more susceptible and less resistant to the bactericidal effects of UV radiation. The combined method and system of the present invention may include control means such that the method and system can be configured for single pass through, dual pass through or for recirculation such that the order of exposure to the ion generation and UV radiation aspects can be varied or altered.

Abstract: A portable battery-powered ozone generator, or ozonator, contained in a waterproof housing with an air intake and an ozone discharge conduit diffuses ozone directly into a body of water in a pool, pond or tank. The ozone generator and housing can be part of (1) a buoyant floating platform that is also equipped with solar power collector panels to provide a recharging current for the battery; (2) a robotic, self-propelled pool cleaner; or (3) a skimmer filter assembly that can include a solar panel under a solar transmissive cover that is flush mounted in the walk area alongside the pool.

Abstract: A process for reaction and separation which comprises inputting a process material into at least one column of a plurality of columns wherein each column has at least one inlet for accepting flow from another column or group of columns, an external feed stream, an external eluent stream or a combination thereof, and each column has at least one outlet for connecting to another column, a group of columns, an external product stream or a combination thereof. Each column is independently operable in an up-flow or down-flow mode and connected independently to one of the group comprising another column, an external feed stream, an external eluent stream, an external product stream and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Continuous breakpoint halogenation with hydroxyl free radical species is used to increase the rate of sanitization a water system and maintain a high rate of oxidation in the bulk water of the pool, spas, and other water systems despite the presence of accumulated demand. Undesirable compounds can be eliminated by maintaining a level of desired oxidation potential. The feedrate and ratio of halogen donor and free radical species can be optimized to sustain the desired ppm range of halogen and sustain an ORP of, for example, 780 mV-820 mV. Sustaining these parameters can prevent or even reverse the accumulation of combined halogen and other halogenated volatile compounds, which can contaminate the air and water of water facilities such as indoor swimming pools.

Abstract: An apparatus for irradiating fluids with UV including a reactor vessel (10) having a fluid inleT (12), a fluid outlet (14) and a reaction chamber (16); a plurality of UV lamps (18a–d) extending across the reaction chamber (16) and substantially perpendicularly to an axis (A) extending between the fluid inlet (12) and the fluid outlet (14); an upper fluid diverter (22) and a lower fluid diverter (24) extending across the reaction chamber (16) substantially parallel to the lamps (19a–d) and positioned downstream of at least one upstream UV lamp (18a, b), wherein the upper and lower fluid diverters (22, 24) are positioned to direct fluids toward at least one UV lamp (18c, d) downstream of the upstream UV lamp (18a, b).