Abstract: Provided here are systems and methods to determine the flow rate of fluids that have magnetizable components. One such flow rate measurement apparatus contains a magnetization unit that magnetizes fractions of magnetizable components present in the fluid; a magnetic field detector with a probe to detect the magnetic field associated with the magnetized fractions of the fluid; and a processing circuitry to determine velocity of the fluid from time taken for the magnetized fractions to travel from the magnetization unit to the magnetic field detector and the distance between the magnetization unit and the magnetic field detector. Flow rate of the fluid is then subsequently determined from the velocity and the cross-sectional area of the conduit of the flow measurement apparatus. Various other embodiments may be disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: Electromagnetic processing of fluid materials is disclosed. Separation of one or more ionic components of a fluid, and combination of one or more ionic components in a fluid, are discussed.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a stream of contaminated water having an elevated concentration of at least one of light metals, heavy metals, sulfates that includes at least one process fluid inlet communicating with a process conduit; at least one electrode reaction vessel in fluid communication with the process conduit, the reaction vessel having an interior chamber and at least one electrode positioned in the reaction chamber, the electrode powered by a alternating current source; and at least one magnetic field reaction vessel in fluid communication with the process conduit, the magnetic field reaction vessel having an outwardly oriented surface and an opposed inwardly oriented surface, the magnetic field reaction vessel having at least one magnet in contact with the inwardly oriented surface of the magnetic field reaction vessel.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing and inhibiting scale formation in water conduits is disclosed. The scale reducing apparatus has at least two stages, each stage containing one or more conduits therein surrounded by magnets. The magnets form a strong, substantially uniform magnetic field in the conduit(s) which is substantially perpendicular to the flow of water therein. Dissolved ions in the water interact with the magnetic field and may as a result be forced into contact with one another to form one or more non-dissolvable solids. The reduction in dissolved ions reduces and/or inhibits the formation of scale in the water supply lines of a structure, thus increasing the life of the conduits, appliances, and other structures where scale may form.

Abstract: An assay to determine anticoagulants in a blood or blood plasma sample, wherein the assay comprises analyses with at least two wet chemistry prothrombine time (PT) methods. The assay comprises measuring PT in a first reaction mixture with a first PT method and measuring PT in a second reaction mixture with a second PT method, wherein the concentration of blood or blood plasma in the second reaction mixture differs from the concentration of blood or blood plasma in the first reaction mixture. The PT methods are calibrated to give the same or approximately the same PT results for reference samples which lack anticoagulants of interest for the assay. Further, calculating a difference in PT from the measurements, wherein if the difference in PT is 1) significant, this is indicative of a presence of anticoagulants in the sample, or 2) non-significant, this is indicative of an absence of anti-coagulants above detectable level in the sample.

Abstract: An electronic device with a magnetically attached electronic component is described herein. An electronic device includes a housing and an electronic component. The electronic component is positioned within the housing and magnetically attached to an internal surface of the housing via a magnetic force between the electronic component and the internal surface of the housing. During manufacturing, the electronic component can be magnetically attached to the internal surface of the housing by aligning one or more magnetic attachment points of the electronic component within magnetic proximity to one or more corresponding magnetic attachment points of the internal surface of the housing of the electronic device to magnetically attach the electronic component to the internal surface of the housing.

Abstract: A method for retrieving magnetic components from a sample solution includes obtaining an array plate with a sample surface that includes a plurality of sample regions and a surrounding region. A first solution is located on a sample region of the plurality of sample regions. The first solution includes a plurality of magnetic components. A separation layer that includes one or more protrusions is placed so that at least a respective protrusion of the one or more protrusions is at least partially immersed in the first solution. A first magnetic device is placed within the respective protrusion. At least a portion of the plurality of magnetic components is retrieved from the first solution by concurrently moving the separation layer and the magnetic device so that the respective protrusion ceases to be at least partially immersed in the first solution on the sample region.

Abstract: A magnetic particle manipulation method for magnetic particle comprises the steps of; subjecting magnetic particles and a magnetic solid having a larger particle diameter than said magnetic particles to existing together in a liquid layer, and moving said magnetic solid and said magnetic particles in said liquid layer by a magnetic field manipulation. According to one aspect of the present invention; a manipulation method for magnetic particles comprising the steps of; moving magnetic particles in a first liquid layer into a gelled medium layer by a magnetic field manipulation in a device, wherein gelled medium layers and liquid layers are in-place alternately in a container, moving said magnetic particles present in the gelled medium into a second liquid layer by the magnetic field manipulation; and moving said magnetic particles along with said magnetic solid in the second liquid layer.

Abstract: A magnetic separation device for immunoassay using a two-sided plate for multi-well microplate separation via a flat side containing a magnetic block and a back side of magnetic microplate structure containing a matrix of permanent magnets. The present invention relates to a multi-purpose magnetic separation device that has two sides of magnetic separation function. The flat side of magnetic separation device includes magnetic block, metal or plastic sheet surface top and a pin to secure the assay plate. The back side of magnetic separation device is a multi-well structure that includes a plurality of permanent magnets placed in the spaces between the adjacent wells. There are different magnetic configurations for the multi-well structure, which ensures that each well is pulled by at least one strong permanent magnet.

Abstract: A status monitoring system includes a filter cap operatively connected to a filter housing having an inlet port and an outlet port. A magnet is affixed to the bottom side of the filter cap and extends down into the filter housing. A first thermistor is embedded in the magnet and physically isolated from the fluid for measuring the lagging temperature of the fluid due to the insulating effect of the filtered magnetite surrounding the magnet, while a second thermistor is placed inside the filter housing for measuring the temperature of the fluid. A difference between the measured temperatures, ?t, is then determined. When the ?t reaches a pre-determined point, the status monitoring system would send notification to its user and inform the user to perform the maintenance work on the magnetic filters.

Abstract: A novel method for determining the amount of an analyte in a sample comprising an initial purification step, occurring in a first container, comprising the following steps of mixing the sample, a delipidation agent and magnetic particles coated with first analyte binding partners in the first container, incubating the mix, removing the unbound reagents from the mix, and eluting the bound analyte in an elution solution; a transferring step consisting transferring in a volume of the elution solution comprising the analyte from the first container to a second container; and a quantification step, occurring in the second container, consisting of quantifying the analyte in said elution solution.

Abstract: A method of monitoring an immunoassay comprises determining the shape of the flow edge of fluid across an immunoassay region. This allows, for example, early detection of possible errors in the test. The above methods may also be used to provide methods to improve the run conditions of a test during its development. The method may be applied to a competitive assay.

Abstract: In a method of detecting a test substance, a test substance is detected using a sample analysis cartridge supplied with a sample. The sample analysis cartridge includes: a passage part having a gas-phase space; and liquid containers communicating with the passage part through openings. The liquid containers include: a first liquid container containing a first liquid containing magnetic particles; and a second liquid container containing a second liquid containing a labeled substance. The magnetic particles are sequentially transported to the liquid containers through the gas-phase space in the passage part. Thus, the magnetic particles carry a complex of the test substance and the labeled substance. The test substance is detected based on the labeled substance in the complex.

Abstract: A magnetic filter (10) for a central heating system is disclosed, the filter (10) including a connection assembly (12), a canister (14), and a magnetic element (16), the connection assembly (12) including an inlet (24) and an outlet (26) for connection to a central heating circuit; the canister (14) having an interior separation chamber which is fluidly connected with the inlet (24) and outlet (26) for allowing fluid to flow into the inlet (24), through the separation chamber, and out of the outlet (26); and the magnetic element (16) being removably positionable on the outside of the canister (14), the canister (14) and the connection assembly (12) forming a sealed flow path comprising the inlet (24), the interior separation chamber and the outlet (26), and the connection assembly (12) further including a closable drain outlet (28b) for draining fluid and magnetic particles from within the canister (14), internally of the magnetic element (16).

Abstract: A device and method are proved for transferring a target from a first location to a second location. The target is bound to solid phase substrate to form a target bound solid phase substrate. The device includes transfer surface for receiving the target bound solid phase substrate thereon for transfer. The transfer surface movable between a first position wherein the transfer surface is aligned with the first location and spaced therefrom by a distance and a second position wherein the transfer surface is aligned with the second location. An alignment structure aligns the transfer surface with respect to the second location, with the transfer surface in the second position. A force is movable between an attraction position wherein the target bound solid phase substrate are drawn toward the transfer surface and a discharge position wherein the target bound solid phase substrate are free of the force.

Abstract: A method for processing particles contained in a liquid biological sample is presented. The method uses a rotatable vessel for processing particles contained in a liquid biological sample. The rotatable vessel has a longitudinal axis about which the vessel is rotatable, an upper portion having a top opening for receiving the liquid comprising the particles, a lower portion for holding the liquid while the rotatable vessel is resting, the lower portion having a bottom, and an intermediate portion located between the upper portion and the lower portion, the intermediate portion having a lateral collection chamber for holding the liquid while the rotatable vessel is rotating. The method employs dedicated acceleration and deceleration profiles for sedimentation and re-suspension of the particles of interest.

Abstract: A magnetic testing apparatus includes a magnet assembly with a sample path extending through the magnet assembly. The magnetic field produced by the magnet assembly defines a known, varying magnetic field profile along the sample path. A sample is moved along sample path such that the sample portion is subjected to a predetermined magnetic field ramp or magnetic field profile during a measurement period. A measurement arrangement is also provided to measure one or more properties of the sample during the measurement period, in order to test sample properties at a plurality of different magnetic fields. The apparatus may be particularly suited to magneto-optical measurements, including Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect measurements. The apparatus may be used for testing of hard disk platters.

Abstract: Filter media, including those suitable for hydraulic and/or other applications, and related filter elements and methods associated therewith, are provided. In some embodiments, a filter media described herein may include a layer (e.g., a non-woven layer) comprising a blend of glass fibers and polymeric fibers. The polymeric fibers may comprise a plurality of charged particles at least partially embedded within the polymeric fibers. In some embodiments, the layer comprising the fiber blend may result in an increased air permeability, dust holding capacity, and/or hydraulic gamma (a high ratio of air permeability to efficiency), as compared to filter media that do not include such charged particles.

Abstract: Devices and systems for electromagnetic treatment of fluids are provided. In various embodiments, an electromagnetic fluid treatment apparatus comprises a first rod spacer, a second rod spacer, and at least one conductive rod. In various embodiments, the first rod spacer comprises a fluid pipe aperture and at least one rod aperture, and the second rod spacer comprises a fluid pipe aperture and at least one rod aperture wherein the rod aperture of the first rod spacer and the rod aperture of the second rod spacer are circumferentially aligned about a centerline axis. In various embodiments, the conductive rod comprises a first attachment portion and a second attachment portion, wherein the first attachment portion is disposed in the rod aperture of the first rod spacer, the second attachment portion is disposed in the rod aperture of the second rod spacer, and the conductive rod extends therebetween.

Abstract: Briefly, the invention provides a method for magnetically assisting demulsification of extraction phases, the method having the steps of contacting a first solution of a first solvent and a solvated paramagnetic metal ion with a second solvent, where the second solvent is immiscible with the first solvent; mixing the first and second solutions to create an emulsion having a first phase of the first solvent and second phase comprising the second solvent where the phases of the emulsion contain different concentrations of the paramagnetic metal ion; and applying a magnetic field gradient to the first and second phases of the emulsion to accelerate separation of the first phase from the second phase. Also provided is a system for demulsifying phases used in the extraction of paramagnetic moieties from solution having a lumen with an interior region, an interior surface, and exterior surface; and a magnetic field gradient present within the interior region.

Abstract: Provided is a recovery method of useful resources in seawater and brine, and more particularly, a recovery method of useful resources in seawater and brine capable of improving adsorption efficiency and recovery efficiency of trace amounts of useful resources such as strontium, lithium, boron, or the like, present in brine at low cost by using a magnetic adsorbent composite and a solid-liquid separation process which uses magnetic force.

Abstract: Provided are magnetic sensors, which include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) magnetoresistive element, a first electrode contacting at least a portion of a surface of the MTJ magnetoresistive element and extending beyond an edge of the surface of the MTJ magnetoresistive element, and a second electrode contacting at least a portion of an opposing surface of the MTJ magnetoresistive element and extending beyond an edge of the opposing surface of the MTJ magnetoresistive element, where facing surfaces of the extending portions of the first and second electrodes are non-overlapping. Also provided are devices, systems and methods in which the subject magnetic sensors find use.

Abstract: A hemofilter system. In one embodiment, the hemofilter system includes a container having a first surface, a second surface, and one or more wall surfaces, the first surface, the second surface and the one or more wall surfaces defining a volume; an input port in fluid communication with the first surface; an output port in fluid communication with the second surface; a filter bed comprising a plurality of planar magnetic meshes stacked in close juxtaposition and positioned within the container volume and coplanar with the first and second surfaces; a first magnet positioned on a first surface of the container; a second magnet positioned on the second surface of the container; a first input conduit in fluid communication with the input port; and a first output conduit in fluid communication with the output port. In another embodiment, the hemofilter system includes a pump in the input conduit.

Abstract: A method of forming a sensor array comprising a series connection of parallel GMR sensor stripes that provides a sensitive mechanism for detecting the presence of magnetized particles bonded to biological molecules that are affixed to a substrate. The adverse effect of hysteresis on the maintenance of a stable bias point for the magnetic moment of the sensor free layer is eliminated by a combination of biasing the sensor along its longitudinal direction rather than the usual transverse direction and by using the overcoat stress and magnetostriction of magnetic layers to create a compensatory transverse magnetic anisotropy. By making the spaces between the stripes narrower than the dimension of the magnetized particle and by making the width of the stripes equal to the dimension of the particle, the sensitivity of the sensor array is enhanced.

Abstract: The present invention provides an immunoassay leading to the rapid and simultaneous detection of antibodies to a wide range of infectious pathogens in biological fluids of infected patients. This immunoassay involves the covalent and oriented coupling of fusion proteins comprising an AGT enzyme and a viral antigen on an identifiable solid support (e.g. fluorescent microspheres). The thus obtained antigen-coupled microspheres show enhanced capture of specific antibodies as compared to antigen-coupled microspheres produced by standard amine coupling procedures.

Abstract: A high capacity magnetic filter for separating magnetic and non-magnetic contaminants from contaminated liquid streams includes a housing having (i) an interior region between the inlet and outlet for a process stream, (ii) a plurality of vertically oriented, elongated non-magnetic holder sleeves positioned within the interior region (iii) paramagnetic metal packing material that is randomly distributed in the interior region to form a packed compartment that has a void volume which is above 95 percent, and (iv) a device to generate a magnetic field within the interior region. Generation of a uniform magnetic field within the packed compartment magnetizes the holder sleeves and matrix of packing materials. The holder sleeves and matrix create a large surface area for collecting the contaminants.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for removing magnetic particles from suspensions are described. One embodiment of the apparatus is called a magnetic needle.

Abstract: An improved liquid processing system including a first catalyst chamber with an inlet and an outlet where the outlet receives liquid to be processed, the liquid passing along the first catalyst chamber and exiting the outlet. Tubes are radially displaced within the first catalyst chamber such that the liquid flows around and over the tubes and where the tubes are filled with at least one magnet. A second catalyst chamber of like configuration is provided. The inlet of the second catalyst chamber is connected with the outlet of the first catalyst chamber A pump is connected with the liquid processing system such that liquid at the inlet of the first catalyst chamber is sucked into the first catalyst chamber at a first PSI and velocity and pushed into the second catalyst chamber at a second PSI and velocity.

Abstract: A high capacity magnetic filter for separating magnetic and non-magnetic contaminants from contaminated liquid streams includes a housing having (i) an interior region between the inlet and outlet for a process stream, (ii) a plurality of vertically oriented, elongated non-magnetic holder sleeves positioned within the interior region (iii) paramagnetic metal packing material that is randomly distributed in the interior region to form a packed compartment that has a void volume which is above 95 percent, and (iv) a device to generate a magnetic field within the interior region. Generation of a uniform magnetic field within the packed compartment magnetizes the holder sleeves and matrix of packing materials. The holder sleeves and matrix create a large surface area for collecting the contaminants.

Abstract: A cup/lid combination includes a sleeve disposed about an exterior surface of an open-top container for movement relative to the container. A first magnet is disposed adjacent to the open top for movement relative to the container. A link assembly coupled to the sleeve and to the first magnet causes the movement of the sleeve and the movement of the first magnet to be in opposing directions. A drinking lid disposed on the open top has a gravity-controlled closure element and a second magnet coupled to the closure element. The first and second magnets are positioned for magnetic interaction to thereby fix a position of the closure element when the sleeve is only subject to the force of gravity. The first and second magnets are positioned for no magnetic interaction when the movement of the sleeve opposes the force of gravity.

Abstract: To provide matrix for magnetic separator capable of sorting magnetic and non-magnetic particles highly accurately and efficiently and enabling previous simulative recognition of correct magnetic force distribution in matrix space, and magnetic separator.

Abstract: A ring structure for chip packaging comprises a frame portion adaptable to bond to a substrate and at least one corner portion. The frame portion surrounds a semiconductor chip and defines an inside opening, and the inside opening exposes a portion of a surface of the substrate. The at least one corner portion extends from a corner of the frame portion toward the chip, and the corner portion is free of a sharp corner.

Abstract: A pump arrangement, in particular a magnetic clutch pump arrangement, is provided. The pump arrangement includes a pump housing containing an impeller shaft, a containment shell which seals an enclosed chamber within the inner chamber of the pump housing, an impeller mounted on one end of the impeller shaft, an inner rotor mounted on the other end of the impeller shaft, a drive motor, a drive shaft that can be driven by the drive motor, and an outer rotor which is mounted on the drive shaft and co-operates with the inner rotor. The outer rotor has a hub and a first support element, and a hollow cylindrical portion between the hub and the first support element.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention relates to a device for detecting an analyte in a sample. The device comprises a fluidic network and an integrated circuitry component. The fluidic network comprises a sample zone, a cleaning zone and a detection zone. The fluidic network contains a magnetic particle and/or a signal particle. A sample containing an analyte is introduced, and the analyte interacts with the magnetic particle and/or the signal particle through affinity agents. A microcoil array or a mechanically movable permanent magnet is functionally coupled to the fluidic network, which are activatable to generate a magnetic field within a portion of the fluidic network, and move the magnetic particle from the sample zone to the detection zone. A detection element is present which detects optical or electrical signals from the signal particle, thus indicating the presence of the analyte.

Abstract: An electrical isolator packaging structure and a manufacturing method of an electrical isolator are provided. The electrical isolator packaging structure includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a coil, and a magnetic field (MF) sensor. The coil is disposed on the first substrate. The MF sensor is disposed on the second substrate. The position of the coil is arranged according to the position of the MF sensor such that the coil transmits a signal to the MF sensor. Thus, the electrical isolator can be implemented by magnetic coupling with the coil and the MF sensor.

Abstract: A pipeline magnetic separator (10) having a magnet 20 including a length (24) that is to extend transverse of the separator chamber (19) to collect metal from flow passing in the direction (13) through the separator (10). The end surface (26) of the magnet (20) is hemispherical and is transverse of a longitudinal axis (33) of the magnet (20). Upstream of the magnet (20) is a flow diverter (25, 29).

Abstract: The invention relates to a torque sensor assembly with an upper rotor mounted on an upper shaft axially disposed about a rotational axis, an outer lower rotor axially disposed about the rotational axis, an inner lower rotor axially disposed about the rotational axis between the upper rotor and the outer lower rotor, and at least one probe positioned between the outer lower rotor and the inner lower rotor, the at least one probe measures flux generated by the upper rotor and directed by the outer lower rotor and the inner lower rotor.

Abstract: A method for providing magnetic fluid treatment in which at least one electrical conductor comprising at least one length of an electrical conducting material having a first conductor lead and a second conductor lead is energized. The electrical conductor is coiled with at least one turn to form at least one uninterrupted coil of electrical conductor encircling at least a section of an outer surface of a conduit. Energizing the at least one electrical conductor establishes a magnetic field having lines of flux directed along the flow path and concentrated in a non-magnetically conductive region located between two magnetically conductive regions. A fluid is directed through the conduit past the non-magnetically conductive region to provide magnetic fluid treatment to the fluid.

Abstract: Plasma discharges and electromagnetic fields may be applied to a liquid, such as water, to treat unwanted material in the liquid.

Abstract: A filter medium for removing metallic particles, in particular for liquid filtration, is provided. The filter medium is comprised of a substrate, an adhesive layer containing magnetic particles applied onto the substrate, and at least one nanofiber layer arranged on the adhesive layer.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention relates to a device for detecting an analyte in a sample. The device comprises a fluidic network and an integrated circuitry component. The fluidic network comprises multiple zones such as a sample zone, a cleaning zone and a detection zone. The fluidic network contains a magnetic particle and/or a signal particle. A sample containing an analyte is introduced, and the analyte interacts with the magnetic particle and/or the signal particle through affinity agents. A microcoil array or a mechanically movable permanent magnet is functionally coupled to the fluidic network, which are activatable to generate a magnetic field within a portion of the fluidic network, and move the magnetic particle from the sample zone to the detection zone. A detection element is present which detects optical or electrical signals from the signal particle, thus indicating the presence of the analyte.

Abstract: There is provided an aggregate of radioactive material removing particles in which two or more radioactive material removing particles having magnetic particles and a radioactive material adsorption component are assembled, wherein a pore volume in the aggregate is 0.5 mL/g or more and 5.0 mL/g or less, and the pore volume means a cumulative value obtained by a mercury press-in method.

Abstract: A magnetic rack includes a bottom plate; a top plate mounted onto the bottom plate, the top plate having therein a first plurality of tube holes for retaining one or more tubes, each tube hole having an opening and a supporting wall extending from the opening between the top plate and the bottom plate; and a second plurality of magnetic assemblies distributed between at least a portion of the first plurality of tube holes, each magnetic assembly being configured to produce a magnetic field in one or more tube holes adjacent thereto.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing a deionization chamber having a plurality of electrodes corresponding to a plurality of register levels thereby forming a gradient of electrical amplitudes and frequencies within the deionization chamber.

Abstract: A fluid conditioning control system for driving one or more coils in a fluid conditioning system with a target load current to generate an alternating magnetic field directed at a fluid, the control system comprising a controller, a switch mode power supply circuit and a push pull AC drive circuit, wherein the controller is arranged to develop a first variable output having a frequency range that sweeps between a minimum frequency and a maximum frequency, and further arranged to develop a second variable output in the form of a duty cycle controlled signal, wherein the switch mode power supply circuit is arranged to develop a variable supply voltage to the AC drive circuit in response to the second variable output and a current sense circuit, and the AC drive circuit is arranged to develop a drive signal for developing a target load current in response to the first variable output and the variable supply voltage, thereby forming a current feedback loop.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for encapsulating particles of a water-insoluble material within a capsule of a water-insoluble polymer, comprising (a) dispersing particles of the water-insoluble material or a solution containing the water-insoluble material in a first aqueous phase containing a first surfactant to obtain a first dispersion; (b) collecting the particles of the water-insoluble material coated with the first surfactant; (c) washing the collected particles; (d) adding the washed surfactant-coated water-insoluble material particles to a polymer solution containing the water-insoluble polymer of the capsule to obtain a polymer mixture; and (e) dispersing the polymer mixture in a second aqueous phase containing a second surfactant to obtain a second dispersion comprising the particles of the water-insoluble material encapsulated within the capsule of the water-insoluble polymer.

Abstract: A fluid filtration system is disclosed herein. The filtration system includes a main tubular housing defining an interior chamber and having an outlet opening at a top end thereof and an inlet opening at a bottom thereof. A tubular inlet housing extends vertically into the interior chamber of the main housing through the inlet opening of the main housing. The tubular inlet housing has a hollow interior filled with shards of permanent magnets, a plurality of outlet portals located in the interior chamber proximate the bottom of the main housing, and an inlet opening at a bottom thereof. An inlet conduit is connected to the inlet opening of the tubular inlet housing. An adjustable fluid pump and can force the fluid from a supply of fluid to be filtered upwards through the inlet conduit at varying speeds. A permeable but compact horizontal layer of medium capable of trapping particulates is provided in the interior chamber of the main tubular housing adjacent the tubular inlet housing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuel injector configuration that treats a dielectric fluid such as gasoline fuel with strong electric and, optionally, magnetic fields to form a homogeneous charged fuel or fuel/air mixture for combustion in an internal combustion engine. The electric field is supplied by a triboelectric dipole and the magnetic field is supplied by permanent magnets. Small charged fuel particles are produced and combust more readily than untreated particles. Fuel efficiency is increased and emissions are reduced.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for processing magnetic particles, which selectively interact with a substance present in a liquid medium. The particles are collected with a probe (2) comprising a hollow shield (4) and a probe magnet (3) moveable up and down. The lower end of the probe with the collected particles is placed on a release location (7) of a plate (6), below which release location there is a release magnet (8). The surface of the release location is dry or has a liquid film or a drop on it. In accordance with the invention, very high concentration ratios can be achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus of creating multi-vibrational, frequency-based, electromagnetic fields, which are independent but may work simultaneously can be used in many applications, especially in industrial applications such as cooling towers and related pipes and plumbing. The apparatus eliminates calcium based hard water deposits and prohibits bacteria build-up in cooling towers. The apparatus also helps reduce soap usage in industrial laundry, reduce salt usage in water softeners, reduce chemical use in pools, inhibit algae growth and increase water clarity. The apparatus restructures calcium carbonate and other mineral deposits to prevent mineral buildup. The apparatus may be formed from a plurality of coil assemblies staggered within a circular pipe or undulated within a flat plate and connected to a power supply. The plurality of coil assemblies may be encased in flexible epoxy coating. As a result of the apparatus, waste water is reduced, water costs is kept low, and water is conserved.