Abstract: An apparatus for humidifying a flow of pressurised, breathable air includes varying a first pressure of the flow of breathable gas to vary a level of thermal engagement between the conductive portion of the reservoir and the heater plate, varying a height of the variable portion varies a level of thermal engagement between the conductive portion of the reservoir and the heater plate, use of a humidifier reservoir base component with a maximum water capacity substantially equal to the predetermined maximum volume of water of the humidifier reservoir or the use of intersecting inlet and outlet axes.

Abstract: According to at least one aspect, the invention provides a filter assembly (100) comprising a tubular housing and a filter device (70) locatable to extend longitudinally within the housing. The filter device (70) comprises a lattice structure of crossing internal and external elongated elements (18, 20). The lattice structure comprises an arrangement of pores (22), and the external elongated elements (20) are presented outwardly of the filter device (70) with respect to the plane of the pores, thereby to provide ribs on the exterior of the lattice which define a shaped channel that will act as a first level filter for larger particles. The external elongated elements are shaped and arranged to provide one or more additional filter levels for smaller particles in advance of said pores, through which yet even smaller particles may pass.

Abstract: Beverage filtration device including a lid body having an internal housing configured to hold an ion exchange resin-filed cartridge therein having a connection end and a top end having an opening therein, and, stem body having a cap region, collar, beverage conduit and stem air tube. The cap region couples to the connection end of the lid body to form a liquid-tight seal coupling there-between. A collar wall first portion fits inside a beverage mouth container and a second portion located outside of the mouth. The beverage conduit spans the collar, a first conduit opening open to the coupling between the cap region and the connection end and a second conduit open to a container interior. The stem body air tube extends through the collar, a proximal opening of the stem body air tube opens to an air vent hole located in the second portion of the collar wall, and, a distal opening of the stem body air tube opens to the container interior.

Abstract: A liquid storage bottle includes a bottle main body having a first cylindrical portion formed of a resin and a nozzle and has a second cylindrical portion formed of a resin and welded to the first cylindrical portion on an outer peripheral side of the first cylindrical portion. The first cylindrical portion includes an outer peripheral surface and a first annular surface extending radially outward from an axial end portion of the outer peripheral surface, the second cylindrical portion includes an inner peripheral surface facing the outer peripheral surface of the first cylindrical portion and a second annular surface which extends radially outward from an axial end portion of the inner peripheral surface and faces the first annular surface of the first cylindrical portion, and a peripheral wall portion extending in an axial direction is formed radially outside the second annular surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed is a filter attachment that removably couples with a faucet or other vessel. The attachment includes a flexible cover holding the filter on the vessel and that acts as a pressure relief mechanism if the water pressure of the faucet is above a predetermined threshold. Another flexible cover may be located on the opposite side of the attachment to allow reversible use and cleaning by backwashing. The attachment may further include a removable cap on one side that includes a flexible cover and that couples to the remainder of the attachment in a removable manner so as to allow other fitments to couple to the attachment.

Abstract: Method for isolating microorganism from a sample likely contaminated by microorganism, including: (a) device for isolating microorganisms including a bottom waterproof layer, a nutritional layer, which is placed on the bottom layer and includes a dehydrated culture medium, an isolation layer which is pervious to elements included in the nutritional layer and is capable of retaining the bacteria on the surface and covering all or part of the nutritional layer, and a top protective layer; (b) depositing a volume of the sample on the isolation layer; (c) isolating the microorganisms by impoverishing or layering the sample using an isolating device; (d) incubating the device for an amount of time at a temperature to enable growth of microorganisms, method including at least one step of rehydrating the culture medium using a volume of liquid before or with step b) and/or c) and/or d), before or simultaneously with step b) and/or c).

Abstract: The mobile water treatment cartridge is connectable into a water treatment circuit and includes fluid connectors and power and data connection ports. The cartridge includes an outer shell having an upper opening that can be hermetically sealed by a lid, and an inner shell having an opening at the top and delimiting an internal volume of the cartridge, in which all the technical equipment for operation of the cartridge is placed. The inner shell is secured to at least one structure that can be inserted into the interior volume through the opening. There is a device for handling the cartridge secured to the outer shell and a device for rendering the cartridge mobile.

Abstract: The present invention discloses systems and methods for purifying non-potable water. For some embodiments, the system comprises a chemical filter placed at an outlet where potable water exits the system.

Abstract: In one example, a core cover includes an inner wall that defines a fluid passageway configured to communicate with an interior of a filter core when the core cover is engaged with the filter core. As well, the core cover includes an outer wall spaced apart from the inner wall, and a complementary structure located on the outer wall and configured to engage a corresponding complementary structure of a filter core. Finally, the core cover includes one or more indicia that indicate a flow rate, or range of flow rates, associated with the core cover.

Abstract: A cup lid with an integrated container that can be coupled to a beverage cup has a continuous outer coupling ring which circumscribes a footprint of the lid, and a drink-hole planar surface above the coupling ring and within the lid footprint. An annular surface above the coupling ring, within and non-concentric with the lid footprint, is connected to the drink-hole planar surface. A food container has a container inner wall extending downward from the annular surface, and a bottom connected to the container inner wall and coplanar with or below the coupling ring. A drink hole for drinking a liquid in the cup extends through the drink-hole surface at a position outside of the annular surface, and a cover is removably attached to the annular surface and encloses the food container.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein provide a method for producing primary roasted coffee beans where green coffee beans are roasted only until the point where the beans have reached the end of the primary roasting phase, where the beans are then quenched to stop the roasting process. In some embodiments, the end of the primary roasting phase is marked by the beans reaching the first crack stage. A disposable package containing primary roasted beans is also disclosed. A device for roasting and brewing ground coffee beans is also disclosed, the device having a porous container which accepts the ground coffee beans; a roasting container which accepts the porous container and has a sidewall containing an aperture; a fan and heating element positioned to force hot air through the aperture; a water containment vessel and heating subassembly positioned above the roasting container; and a water release valve assembly positioned between the water containment vessel and the roasting container.

Abstract: Extension for a cylinder of a vibration damper comprising a base and a tube portion adjoining the latter. The base and the tube portion are formed in one piece. The tube portion has a circumferential bend pleat with respect to the base.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and systems for a reusable water filter cartridge that includes a top portion with a pair of spaced apart bores for receiving an elongate member that is inserted through the bores, and a bottom portion selectively secured to the top portion and including a cavity. A filter element is contained within the cavity.

Abstract: There is provided a bioreactor which is provided with a lid (13) that facilitates access to the incubation cavity. Specifically the end wall of the incubation cavity is constituted by the lid (13) so that removal of the cap renders the incubation cavity fully accessible.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for facilitating maintenance of water treatment apparatus at multiple locations and which include multiple components designed with an operational life that is greater than an apparatus exchange duration. The system includes tracking the usage of each component and determining an exchange date for an existing apparatus. A refurbished apparatus is sent to the location when the existing apparatus is at or near its exchange date. The operational life remaining for each component in the existing apparatus is determined based on the usage of the component. Each component that has operational life remaining that is less than the exchange duration for use as a refurbished apparatus is removed and replaced or refurbished so as to create a refurbished unit.

Abstract: A receptacle assembly disclosed herein includes a receptacle housing, a liner assembly having a base member and an insertion member, wherein the insertion member is situated above the base member in either a rejection position or an acceptance position. When the insertion member is placed in its acceptance position with respect to the base member, the receptacle assembly can hold a drape over portion of another liner between the insertion member and the receptacle housing.

Abstract: The filtration membrane (102) includes an ozone producing circuit (120) having a plurality of electrically conductive lines (122, 124) disposed directly upon an active surface (102a) of the filtration membrane (102). The electrically conductive lines (122, 124) form spaced-apart and interleaved anodes (122) and cathodes (124). Ozone and other mixed oxidants coming from the ozone producing circuit (120) will prevent and/or remove biofilm formations on the active surface (102a) without the need of an outside source of gas. They can also remove at least some undesirable dissolved gases from the liquid being purified.

Abstract: A device for retaining solid portions of a food product that contains solid and liquid components. The device comprises an opening, angled side walls, and an angled bottom surface that acts as a bottom surface. The device fits into a liquid container, such as a soup cup. The angled sidewalk cause a wedging effect that keeps the invention from dropping down to the bottom of the liquid container. The bottom surface contains a perforated region that allows the liquid element of the food product to flow through to the bottom of the liquid container, but retaining the solid portions. By retaining the solid portions of the food product proximate the mouth of the liquid container, the user is able to consume the solid portions of the food product without a utensil. In addition, the design of the invention forces the solid elements into the user's mouth.

Abstract: Disclosed is a clean water filter of a refrigerator, comprising: a clean water filter allowing water flowed into the refrigerator to be cleaned; a filter head to which the clean water filter is detachably coupled; a rotation cover rotatably coupled to the filter head and provided to receive at least a portion of the clean water filter and filter head; and a rotation part formed on a side of the filter head and allowing the rotation cover to be rotated with respect to the filter head, wherein the rotation cover rotates centering on a shaft parallel to the length direction of the clean water filter. With the present embodiment, the radius of rotation of the rotation cover is formed to be small, making it possible to minimize interference between the rotation cover and the stored goods.

Abstract: Disclosed is a preparation method of weakly basic, ionized, mineralized and healthy drinking water including purifying the tap water by precipitation, filtration and other conventional methods to obtain clean water; and getting the said clean water through reverse osmosis (RO) membrane to obtain RO pure water; heating the said RO pure water to 35-100 degrees celsius by magnetic oscillation or by heating, and then making the RO pure water through weak alkaline, ionized, and mineralization composition, and then filtering the RO pure water by coconut carbon cartridge and PP cotton filter element in turn. The water prepared by the method of the present invention is beneficial to the health of human body and suitable for long-term consumption.

Abstract: A container lid with a food compartment is provided. The lid may be constructed in three parts: an outer food container shell, an inner food container shell and a food compartment cover. The outer food container shell is constructed to fit tightly on a beverage container and has at least one beverage transfer hole that allows the beverage to travel into the outer food container shell. When the inner food container shell is nested into the outer food container shell, a beverage conduit is formed that allows the beverage to travel from the beverage container, through the at least one beverage transfer hole, into the beverage conduit and to a sip hole. Thermoforming may be used to create each of the three parts, and the parts may snap-fit together. Different materials may be used for the parts including black opaque plastic, white opaque plastic and clear plastic.

Abstract: A side access tank facility including an enclosure for containing water therein. The enclosure has an opening disposed in a side wall thereof. A cover covers the opening in a water sealing engagement with the enclosure. The side access tank facility further comprises an in-tank equipment holding structure for holding in-tank equipment at a predetermined position inside the enclosure. A moving mechanism is provided for moving the in-tank equipment holding structure between a position inside the enclosure and a position outside the enclosure.

Abstract: The present invention is uniquely engineered and provides water treatment devices for treatment of water in a small community or individual who are out of reach of access to safe water for domestic use, reach of adequate resources and reside in rural setting. Water treatment device of the invention are flexible, light weight and have high capacity.

Abstract: A water treatment device includes a control module communicating with a feed line; an energy pipe communicating with the control module; a light wave pipe assembly communicating with the energy pipe; and magnetizing pipe communicating with the light wave pipe assembly through the second manifold then with an exit line. The light wave pipe assembly communicates with the light wave generator so that the wave guide tube grants the light wave energy to the water liquid. The magnetic energy of magnets of the magnetizing pipe magnetizes the water liquid. Furthermore, with the use of multiple loops which refine molecules of the water liquid, the energy of the water liquid increases to allow the water liquid to be easily absorbed by human body.

Abstract: A water filtering device includes a filter element and telescopically interconnected inner and outer cylinder units. Each of the inner and outer cylinder units has an open inner end and a closed outer end. A first space is formed in the inner cylinder unit. The filter element is disposed within the inner cylinder unit, and is adjacent to the inner end of the inner cylinder unit so as to define a second space between the filter element and the outer cylinder unit. The outer cylinder unit is movable on the inner cylinder unit, such that the outer ends of the inner and outer cylinder units are moved toward each other, thereby forcing water to flow from the second space into the first space through the filter element.

Abstract: A water purification device includes a container, at least a filtration unit, and a trailing cable connected to the container or the filtration unit. The container has therein a chamber and at least a first opening in communication with the chamber. The filtration unit is disposed in the first opening to admit sewer water and thus remove most impurities therefrom. Accordingly, the water purification device sinks spontaneously into the sewer water to be filtered so as, to filter the external sewer water by means of water pressure and thus produce drinking water.

Abstract: A separator (1a) under the invention for the taking of blood serum or blood plasma contained in a blood sample from a separating strip comprises a top part (3), a bottom part (4) and a joint (5). Said top part (3) and bottom part (4) are linked by the joint (5) in a pivoting way. Bottom part (4) is designed to support the separating strip. At least one nose (7a, 7b) is provided at the bottom part (4) and/or underside of top part (3) which can exert local pressure on the separating strip once top part (3) and bottom part (4) are folded together thus pressing blood serum or blood plasma out of the rear end of the separating strip.

Abstract: A strainer for installation on a drain outlet of a container, such as an ice chest, has a housing including a backing plate and a cover, and a tubular drain engagement member releasably connected to the backing plate. The housing may be installed either by connecting the drain engagement member to the backing plate and fitting the tubular drain engagement member into the drain outlet, or by removing the tubular drain engagement member from the backing plate, securing the backing plate over the drain outlet with a nut, and installing the cover onto the backing plate to cover the drain outlet. The housing has a plurality of apertures formed therethrough in communication with the interior of the housing that allow liquid to pass through the drain outlet, while effectively preventing various sizes, shapes and types of debris from entering and clogging the drain outlet.

Abstract: A bottle, a system and a method sterilize a liquid. The bottle has an interior to hold the liquid and an ultraviolet light emitting lamp that extends into the interior. A cord may be attached to the bottle so that pulling the cord may power the ultraviolet light emitting lamp and/or charge a battery used to power the ultraviolet light emitting lamp. The bottle may have a status light that indicates that the ultraviolet light emitting lamp may have an amount of power equal to or greater than a threshold value, such as, for example, an amount of power necessary for the ultraviolet light emitting lamp to operate for ninety seconds. The bottle may have a removable lid located opposite to the ultraviolet light emitting lamp.

Abstract: A water bottle with filter is disclosed. The portable water bottle has removable top and disposable filter with integrated pressurized hand pump to provide water filtration and delivery to the user.

Abstract: A portable vessel for fluids has an integrated filtration system. A pressing assembly fitted to the vessel includes a stopper, a rod having a top end and a filtration assembly. A vessel top receives the pressing assembly such that the rod of the pressing assembly is slidably attached to a bearing of the vessel top. A gasket attached to the filtration element maintains a seal between the inner surface of the vessel and an outer perimeter of the filtration assembly and the orientation of the rod is maintained by the gasket and the bearing. In use, pressure applied to the pressing assembly drives the filtration assembly through the vessel causing water to be filtered as it passes through the filter element.

Abstract: A liquid filter, with a housing inlet port and outlet port arranged at the bottom of the liquid filter. The liquid filter may also be configured with an inward projecting domed top cover and/or an eccentric septum plate supporting a desired filter element and/or filter basket. The inward projecting domed top cover configurable with respect to the septum plate to retain the desired filter element and/or filter basket in place when in a closed position.

Abstract: A portable vessel for fluids has an integrated filtration system. A pressing assembly fitted to the vessel includes a stopper, a rod having a top end and a filtration assembly. A vessel top receives the pressing assembly such that the rod of the pressing assembly is slidably attached to a bearing of the vessel top. A gasket attached to the filtration element maintains a seal between the inner surface of the vessel and an outer perimeter of the filtration assembly and the orientation of the rod is maintained by the gasket and the bearing. In use, pressure applied to the pressing assembly drives the filtration assembly through the vessel causing water to be filtered as it passes through the filter element.

Abstract: A portable water filter is disclosed. A portable water filter may filter water that enters through a first opening disposed toward a first end of the filter, where the water may pass through a filter element and exit the filter through a second opening disposed at or toward the first end of the filter. The first opening may be defined in a surface of the filter that is free of openings toward a second end of the filter. As such, when the filter is inserted into an opening or outlet of a bottle, more of the water in the bottle may be filtered and drained with reduced aeration as the first opening in the filter is disposed toward the opening or outlet in the bottle. The portable water filter may enable the flow of water through the filter element to be more uniform across the length of the filter element.

Abstract: A bottle, a system and a method sterilize a liquid. The bottle has an interior to hold the liquid and an ultraviolet light emitting lamp that extends into the interior. A cord may be attached to the bottle so that pulling the cord may power the ultraviolet light emitting lamp and/or charge a battery used to power the ultraviolet light emitting lamp. The bottle may have a status light that indicates that the ultraviolet light emitting lamp may have an amount of power equal to or greater than a threshold value, such as, for example, an amount of power necessary for the ultraviolet light emitting lamp to operate for ninety seconds. The bottle may have a removable lid located opposite to the ultraviolet light emitting lamp.

Abstract: End-of-life apparatus for use in water purification cartridges are disclosed. The apparatus includes a water-disintegrable tablet configured to disintegrate a predetermined amount after contacting a predetermined volume of water flow. The tablet prevents the stoppage of water until the tablet has been contacted by the predetermined amount of water. The various end-of-life apparatus use different means to stop the water flow when the tablet has disintegrated a predetermined amount.

Abstract: Liquid filter assemblies, features, components and methods are described. In general, a liquid filter cartridge is provided which includes features that help ensure that when the assembly is serviced, the cartridge positioned within the assembly is a proper one, in proper sealing orientation, for appropriate use. Features that can be used to provide for this include: a seal on the filter cartridge that defines a seal pattern non-orthogonal to a plane perpendicular to a central axis of the filter cartridge; and, a member of a projection/receiver arrangement on the filter cartridge which is orientated to engage a portion of a liquid filter assembly, for example a liquid flow collar, to allow sealing when the cartridge is a properly positioned cartridge and a properly configured cartridge. Assembly features are described. Also, a flexible radial projection arrangement providing snap-fit interaction between a cartridge and housing is provided. Methods of assembly and use as described.

Abstract: A liquid container with an upper opening and a tube-shaped withdrawal chimney is disclosed. The withdrawal chimney extends into the container through the upper opening which has a liquid-permeable zone in the form of a finely-porous flow resistance element in its lower end region such that liquid exchange can take place between the withdrawal chimney and the container inner space which surrounds it via the flow resistance element. A venting groove formed by a radial recess of the casing wall of the withdrawal chimney in its upper region may be provided to ensure adequate venting of the space above the liquid level.

Abstract: A portable fluid dispenser for transporting and optionally filtering a stored quantity of fluid as it is expelled from the dispenser is provided herein as having a dispenser body with a port and an aperture in communication with a fluid storage chamber with the aperture being disposed in a substantially rigid region of the dispenser body and at least partially covered by a depressable region that may be depressed to at least partially reduce the volume in the fluid storage chamber to force fluid stored in the fluid storage chamber out the port.

Abstract: A disposable and recyclable water bottle formed of a non-toxic plastic composition includes a flexible sidewall, a neck with an open top and cap, and an open bottom end. A filter cartridge is received within the open bottom and contains activated carbon sandwiched between 0.7 to 50 microns filtration membranes, all contained between upper and lower perforated plates. A lower portion of the filtration cartridge provides a filling chamber for receiving a flow of unfiltered water on to the lower perforated plates for passage through the filter. An arrangement of slots in the walls of the filling chamber allows a portion of the flowing water to bypass the filter in order to prevent overflow when filling the bottle. A cap containing internal screw threads attaches to the external screw threads of the open bottom end, sealing the interior of the bottle. Once sealed, the contained water is allowed to move around in a fluid motion between the interior of the bottle and the filling chamber.

Abstract: A portable, personal apparatus for treating drinking water comprises a generally tubular or cylindrical filter housing containing filtration media and water-permeable screen or mesh or felt or membrane or netting layer at the top and bottom ends of the filter. The design of the apparatus involves the bottle exterior and interior contouring to the filter and enables the efficient and rapid gravity flow of water in through the filter. The apparatus may be configured such that water is first passed through a top reservoir designed to receive water, followed by a porous mesh, followed by granular filtration and antimicrobial media agitated by turbulent motion of influent water, followed by a porous mesh before reaching a durable and reusable water containment vessel.

Abstract: The invention describes an apparatus for the filtration of liquids and an associated filter cartridge 100, the correct seating of which is ensured and can be established by the user. The apparatus is characterized in that the inlet funnel 10 has at least one first fixing means 30 below the receiving opening 13, and in that the filter cartridge 100 has at least one second fixing means 130 below and at a distance from the sealing rim 160, which second fixing means, when the filter cartridge 100 is being fitted into the receiving opening 13, interacts with the first fixing means 30.

Abstract: Water can be transported and/or treated using a system or container in which a collapsible framework is attached to a membrane. A collapsible water container defining a volume for receiving, transporting, and delivering water can include: a membrane of material substantially impermeable to water, the membrane having a substantially cylindrical expanded configuration with a central axis and substantially contracted configuration; wherein the membrane configured to rotatably expand about the axis when water is placed within the volume defined by the collapsible water container and rotatably contract about the axis when water is removed from the volume defined by the collapsible water container.

Abstract: A water-cleaner includes a bowl, a tank, a tube, a filtering unit, at least one sleeve, a cover, an exhaust unit and a valve. The tank includes an aperture defined in a lower portion. The tank is located on the bowl. The tube includes apertures transversely defined therein. The tube is inserted in the tank. The filtering unit includes filtering bags stacked on one another and located around the tube. Each of the filtering unit includes an exit in communication with related ones of the apertures of the tube. The sleeve is located around the tank and movable between first and second positions. In the first position, the sleeve and the tank together define a space for containing raw water. The cover is located on the sleeve. The exhaust unit is arranged between the sleeve and the cover. The valve is located in the aperture of the tank.

Abstract: A pressure filter type water kettle includes a kettle body for holding water, a pressure device holder mounted in the kettle body to close the top open side of the kettle body, a filter fastened to the bottom side of the pressure device holder and dipped in water in the kettle body, and a pressure device mounted in the pressure device holder and operable to apply compressed air to force filled water through a series of filter layers in the filter so that water is filtered into a drinkable condition.

Abstract: A tank for use in a system that outputs a liquid at a user defined constant temperature in order to regulate the temperature of a piece of equipment includes a body of material defining a chamber for receiving and storing the liquid. The top wall has a fill port and one of the other walls includes an outlet port. An auxiliary port and fluid return port are also included. The body further includes a well, sized to accommodate a deionizer cartridge, extending down into the chamber from an opening in top wall that can be removed. A flow velocity reducer is disposed in the auxiliary port for reducing the velocity of the liquid entering the auxiliary port from the return fluid port and then passing into the fill port so that the liquid does not spray or splash onto the walls of the fill port.

Abstract: The invention describes an apparatus for the filtration of liquids and an associated filter cartridge 100, the correct seating of which is ensured and can be established by the user. The apparatus is characterized in that the inlet funnel 10 has at least one first fixing means 30 below the receiving opening 13, and in that the filter cartridge 100 has at least one second fixing means 130 below and at a distance from the sealing rim 160, which second fixing means, when the filter cartridge 100 is being fitted into the receiving opening 13, interacts with the first fixing means 30.

Abstract: A lattice structure for the passage of a first medium against a second medium with transverse webs and longitudinal webs, lattice openings with a clear width of ?300 ?m being arranged between the transverse webs and the longitudinal webs. On at least one side of the lattice structure, the transverse webs and/or the longitudinal webs have a rib arrangement of ribs projecting vertically to the lattice plane, at least one first group and a second group of ribs being arranged which differ from one another at least by their heights H1, H2 with H1>H2. A vessel with at least one water inlet window and an air outlet window, both windows being provided with the lattice structures.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for in-situ measurement of soluble contaminant flux rates from sediments in which an inverted desorption chamber containing a sorbent system is filled with water and placed over an area of sediment, whereby the interior of the chamber is isolated from the exterior of the chamber above the sediment. Soluble contaminants released from the sediment are sorbed onto the surface of a sorbent material disposed within a plurality of semipermeable membrane bags disposed within the chamber. Each semipermeable membrane bag is removed from the chamber in a pre-defined sequence over a period of time and the sorbent material in each bag is analyzed to determine an amount of the soluble contaminant sorbed by the sorbent material. From the results of the analyses, the mass of the soluble contaminant removed from the sediment over time can be calculated.

Abstract: A container for the filtration of liquid is described, which has a cup and a cover mounted on the cup. The cup is at least partly filled with a filter material and has at least one outlet window for the liquid. The cover has at least one inlet window and at least one outlet window for air, wherein at least the windows have lattice-like structures with lattice openings. The air outlet window has at least one recess extending inward from the plane of the window, which is provided at least partially with at least one lattice structure.