Abstract: The invention provides a system for monitoring and controlling an exothermic reaction in an ion exchange process involving a liquid containing a composition capable of producing an exothermic reaction to control a continuous or a rapid evolution of heat and avoid the generation of excessive gaseous decomposition products which can produce pressure “bursting” forces within a closed container. The system has at least one ion exchange unit, temperature detecting units for reading the temperature of each of the ion exchange units and for providing a temperature signal when the temperature is in a preselected range and a quenching system which may be manually or automatically activated.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating a flushing solution from an ion exchanger used in electroplating operations by co-precipitating or selectively precipitating out metal hydroxides derived from metal ions from the structures being plated in the electroplating bath, metal ions from the electrodes use in the electroplating bath and metal ions from the plating metal used in the electroplating bath, and a pH raising agent having a cation with a valence of at least 2. After the metals are precipitated out of the flushing solution, the flushing solution is aerated with carbon dioxide to precipitate out the cation from the pH raising agent as a carbonate. The carbonate precipitate is removed from the flushing solution and the resulting solution consists essentially of water that may be recycled for use in the electroplating plant or safely discharged into the environment.

Abstract: An ion exchange system for use in purifying sweetener solutions manufactured in a corn wet milling plant and a method of operating the system. The sweetener solution is passed under pressure through a plurality of ion exchange unit pairs configured to operate in both a parallel and series configuration. This configuration and method of operation has resulted in increased hydraulic capacity, a reduction in system operating pressures, an increased efficiency of impurity adsorption and an increase in the time between regeneration cycles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing crosslinked ion exchangers with a homogeneous network structure based on unsaturated aliphatic nitrites in the presence of film-forming protective colloids.

Abstract: An amorphous potassium aluminosilicate filtration media which may be mixed with activated carbon filters water to remove oxygen, chlorines, hardness, alkalinity, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sodium sulfite and other contaminants. The particular sodium aluminosilicate is a porous amorphous material formed under ultraviolet light or sunlight to produce pore sizes of 60 Å to 250 Å at ambient temperatures (20° C.-35° C.) and low relative humidity (5%-20%). The media is initially formed as a microporous primarily amorphous gel containing Na2O, Al2O3, SiO2 and H2O. The sodium therein is displaced by potassium, whereby the filter removes impurities from water without introducing sodium. The potassium aluminosilicate may be a second stage filter to a first stage filter composed of a strong base anion media charged with potassium carbonate and/or bicarbonate.

Abstract: A monolithic structure having active material that includes at least inorganic ion exchange material, for purifying a liquid stream of contaminants such as heavy metals, chlorine, volatile organics, pesticides, herbicides, and/or parasites, etc. The structure has an inlet end and an outlet end and a multiplicity of cells extending from inlet to outlet end. The cells are separated from one another by porous walls that are alternatively plugged at each end such that a liquid stream that enters the structure, enters through the unplugged cells at the inlet end and passes through porous walls to be purified by the active material, and thereafter passes out of the structure through unplugged cells at the outlet end. One method of making the structure involves applying active material as a coating on an alternately plugged substrate. The average particle size of the active material after calcination is greater than the average cell wall pore size of the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing [F-18]-fluoride ion which comprises the step of bringing [O-18]-enriched water containing [F-18]-fluoride ion formed by proton irradiation of [O-18]-enriched water into contact with a strongly acidic cation exchange resin to remove impurity cations, the step of then bringing the [O-18]-enriched water containing [F-18]-fluoride ion treated above into contact with a weakly basic anion exchange resin to make [F-18]-fluoride ion adsorbed to the resin and, along therewith, to recover the [O-18]-enriched water which has passed through the resin, and the step of eluting and collecting the [F-18]-fluoride ion adsorbed to the weakly basic anion exchange resin.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention is a process for the purification of a virtually anhydrous organic liquid other than DMSO alone, in order to decrease its content of alkali and alkaline-earth metal and metal cations, characterized in that it consists essentially in placing this organic liquid in contact with one or more cation exchange resins and in then separating from the resin(s) the purified organic liquid, said resin or at least one of said resins being a sulphonic resin in --SO.sub.3 H or --SO.sub.3 NH.sub.4 form based on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer having a divinylbenzene content of from 50 to 60% by weight, without taking the sulphonic groups into account.

Abstract: A process based on ion exchange with separated beds is disclosed for the deionization of substances that are not stable in the presence of strongly acidic cation exchangers, wherein the solution to be deionized is contacted with a first bed consisting of a basic anion exchanger in the form of hydrogen carbonate and subsequently with a second bed, connected in series, consisting of a weakly acidic cation exchanger in hydrogen form.

Abstract: A system for the ultrapurification of organic solvents comprising (1) a membrane-based vapor permeation step for selective removal of water vapor from the solvent, wherein a countercurrent sweep stream is used that has a particular partial pressure of water vapor, (2) a filtration step for selective removal of particulates, and (3) an ion exchange step for selective removal of ionic species.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for inhibiting scaling in an electrodeionization system or in a combined reverse osmosis/electrodeionization system for water treatment and, more particularly, for increasing tolerance to hardness in the feed water to an electrodeionization unit to inhibit precipitation of metal cations contained in the feed water and for increasing efficiency of the electrodeionization system. Water to be purified is passed through a electrodeionization unit in which a concentrate stream recycling through concentrating compartments and anode and cathode compartments contains effective amounts of an antiscalant to inhibit precipitation of scale. One or more preliminary reverse osmosis units in series with the electrodeionization unit preferably receives a portion of the antiscalants in the concentrate stream. The antiscalant in the water fed to the reverse osmosis unit can be supplemented and adjusted.

Abstract: A method and system for treating and purifying water on site provides a cascade series of alternating cation and anion beds with flow control controlling flow of water in a first direction to flow through all beds in sequence, to purify the water, and controlling back flow through only like ion resin beds to regenerate the resins contained therein. The subject system removes impurities which are ionic and dissolved in the water.

Abstract: A process for producing a water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble, film forming novolak resin having low metal ions, made by the fractionation of a phenol formaldehyde condensation product, a process for producing a resin a photoresist composition of superior quality containing such novolak resin, and a method for producing a semiconductor device using such photoresist composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing pure water having a total organic carbon content of not more than 200 ppb instantly after start of the operation of a high purity water system, comprising using as an ion exchange resin a specific strongly basic anion exchange resin and passing raw water through the high purity water system at a space velocity of not less than 20. The produced pure water is capable of producing tasteless and odorless pure water instantly after start of the operation of the high purity water system.

Abstract: Wastewater discharge, which is generated in an ion exchange regeneration system having a cation exchange bed and an anion exchange bed, is minimized by circulating a displacement rinse through a cation exchange bed, saving an effluent of the displacement rinse to be used as a regenerant solution in a subsequent cycle, circulating the remaining rinse in the cation exchange bed through an anion exchange bed that has been exhausted by service flow, circulating a displacement rinse through the anion exchange bed, and circulating a final rinse through the cation and anion exchange beds. The volume of wastewater discharge can be reduced to a degree of approximately 80-90% of a typical conventional system, i.e., waste water discharge can be reduced to 1-2 bed volumes. Storage tanks, automation valves, etc. can be eliminated while high reduction of wastewater discharge is effected.

Abstract: A crown ether cesium ion extractant is disclosed as is its synthesis. The crown ether cesium ion extractant is useful for the selective purification of cesium ions from aqueous acidic media, and more particularly useful for the isolation of radioactive cesium-137 from nuclear waste streams. Processes for isolating cesium ions from aqueous acidic media using the crown ether cesium extractant are disclosed as are processes for recycling the crown ether cesium extractant and processes for recovering cesium from a crown ether cesium extractant solution.

Abstract: Processes for deionization and demineralization of a fluid containing ions comprising:(a) Loading an amine or ammonia buffer onto a first weakly acidic cation exchange resin to occupy cation exchange sites and to form a first bed comprising a first amine-buffered resin;(b) Passing said fluid containing ions through said first bed comprising said first amine-buffered resin and exchanging cations of said fluid for amine cations of said first amine-buffered resin to form a first effluent comprising an anion-buffer salt complex;(c) Passing said anion-buffer salt complex through a first weakly basic anion exchange resin where an anion portion of said anion-buffer salt complex is split from said anion-buffer salt complex by adsorption of said anion portion onto said weakly basic anion exchange resin to form a second effluent comprising buffer in free hydrated base form;(d) Passing said buffer in free hydrated base form to a second weakly acidic cation exchange resin where said buffer loads onto said second weakly a

Abstract: A process and apparatus for separating tritium from an aqueous solution that contains one or more additional dissolved radionuclides is disclosed. In accordance with the process the aqueous solution as a first liquid phase is contacted with each of three layers as a solid phase within a column. A first layer comprises particles having a plurality of pendent methylene diphosphonate groups. A second layer comprises strongly basic anion exchange particles, and a third layer comprises polymer particles free of ionically charged groups. The contact is maintained until a second liquid phase is formed that contains tritium as substantially the only radionuclide, and that second liquid phase is collected and can then be counted to determine the amount of tritium present. The column with its three layers constitutes the separation apparatus.

Abstract: A process for producing a solution of a basic or non-basic sulfonium compound (A) of formulae II-V: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 each independently represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group or an aryl group mono-, di- or tri-substituted with an alkyl, an alkylaryl, an aryl, a halogen, an alkoxy, a phenoxy, a thiophenol, a phenylsulfonyl or a phenylsulphenyl;Y represents (CH.sub.2).sub.n (wherein n is 0 or 1), O or S;R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, alkoxy or a halogen;R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 represent a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, alkoxy or a halogen;n is 5 or 6; andX.sub.2.sup.- represents a basic anion having a pK.sub.B value of -3 to +5; comprising the steps of:(a) dissolving a sulfonium salt (B) in a metal-ion free polar or non-polar solvent to form a solution, said sulfonium salt (B) being selected from said formulae II-V, wherein R.sup.5 to R.sup.11, Y and n of said sulfonium salt (B) have the sane meaning as above and X.sub.2.sup.

Abstract: A method for complex procesing of sea-water comprises the successive steps of mechanical filtration, calcium separation on modified zeolite, magnesium separation on weak-acid cation exchanger and processing of the resulting softened sea-water, regeneration of the modified zeolite and regeneration of the weak-acid cation exchanger. During the step of processing of the softened sea-water, its desalination it carried out so as to produce fresh water and simulatneously produce secondary brine having a concentration of salts at least as high as 100 g/l whereby the modified zeolite is regenerated. A plant for implemention of the method of complex processing of sea-water comprises a filter, two sorption columns for calcium separation connected in parallel with each other, a sorption unit for magnesium separation, a softened sea-water processing unit and a mixed concentrate processing unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for purification of hydroxylamine so as to have a substantial reduction of cations and anions. The method involves passing a solution of hydroxylamine through at least one strong acid ion exchange bed which has been pretreated with dilute hydrochloric acid and then through at least one strong base anion exchange resin bed.

Abstract: A powerful reducing agent such as hydrazine monohydrate is added to the standard eluent solutions such as NsOH-NaCN with or without alcohol. The kinetics of elution of gold or of silver are thus markedly enhanced.

Abstract: An improved ion exchange process for purifying and/or concentrating hydroxylamine from an aqueous solution comprising hydroxylammonium ion and counter anions wherein ion exchange process conditions including effluent pH, effluent conductivity, and ion exchange bed height can be monitored and used to identify when to switch from an ion exchange step feed to a water wash feed, and to switch from a desorbent step to a water rinse step.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a developer containing a surfactant which contains a very low level of metal ions.

Abstract: A process for producing a water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble, film forming novolak resin having low metal ions, made by the fractionation of a phenol formaldehyde condensation product, a process for producing a resin a photoresist composition of superior quality containing such novolak resin, and a method for producing a semiconductor device using such photoresist composition.

Abstract: A method of processing a cheese processing waste stream generated in a cheese-making process, comprising:i) contacting a cheese processing waste stream with an anion exchange resin under conditions to allow negatively charged materials to be absorbed onto said anion exchange resin;ii) removing said anion exchange resin from said cheese processing waste stream and eluting said anion exchange resin with an aqueous solution of a lithium salt to produce an eluent;iii) concentrating said eluent to form a solid comprising a lithium salt and a lithium salt of a cheese processing waste; andiv) washing said solid with an organic solvent, dissolving said lithium salt and leaving said lithium salt of a cheese processing waste as a solid.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed for treating swimming pool waters in order to remove one or more nutrients necessary for algal growth and to accelerate the breakdown of objectionable chloramines within chlorinated pool waters.The target nutrients of preference are those containing phosphorus or nitrogen. Phosphorus nutrients are preferably removed by ion-exchange with finely divided lanthanum carbonate, or by direct precipitation in the pool with liquid lanthanum chloride. Nitrogen nutrients (including, in particular, chloramines) may be removed (possibly with the aid of catalysts and in separate reactors). The same reagents used to scavenge phosphates are useful in this regard, the nitrogen being released from the pool water as a nitrogenous gas.To allow the fine lanthanum carbonates to be conveniently handled in the pool environment, they may be linked to larger carrier particles, such as those of diatomaceous earth, or they may be embedded within porous beads formed from polymers or gels.

Abstract: The invention is a process of removing metal ion contaminants from an organic solution, especially one having acid labile components. The process comprises modifying a cationic exchange resin by treatment with ammonia or amine and contacting said modified ion exchange resin with an organic solution containing metal ion contaminants. The process is especially useful for treating photoresist compositions.

Abstract: Processes for deionization and demineralization of a fluid containing ions comprising:(a) Loading an amine or ammonia buffer onto a first weakly acidic cation exchange resin to occupy cation exchange sites and to form a first bed comprising a first amine-buffered resin;(b) Passing said fluid containing ions through said first bed comprising said first amine-buffered resin and exchanging cations of said fluid for amine cations of said first amine-buffered resin to form a first effluent comprising an anion-buffer salt complex;(c) Passing said anion-buffer salt complex through a first weakly basic anion exchange resin where an anion portion of said anion-buffer salt complex is split from said anion-buffer salt complex by adsorption of said anion portion onto said weakly basic anion exchange resin to form a second effluent comprising buffer in free hydrated base form;(d) Passing said buffer in free hydrated base form to a second weakly acidic cation exchange resin where said buffer loads onto said second weakly a

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for producing water insoluble, aqueous alkali soluble novolak resins having consistent molecular weight and a very low level of metal ions, utilizing a solid acid condensation catalyst. A method is also provided for producing photoresist composition having a very low level of metal ions from such novolak resins and for producing semiconductor devices using such photoresist compositions.

Abstract: A process for removing lead from drinking water discharged from a drinking water outlet comprising:(a) directing the water through a first matrix comprising a calcium mineral of between 10 and 100 weight percent of a solid calcium phosphate mineral which is slightly soluble in water, the remaining portion being a solid calcium carbonate mineral which is slightly soluble in water, such that there is sufficient contacting between the water and the first matrix to introduce sufficient phosphate ions into the water to form lead precipitate and reduce the lead concentration in the water to below 15 parts per billion,(b) directing the lead depleted water from step (a) through a second matrix, the second matrix comprising a mineral that when in equilibrium with the water reduces the phosphate ion concentration to 60 mg/L or below.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for producing TPPA having low level of metal ions, utilizing treated ion exchange resins. A method is also provided for producing photoresist composition having a very low level of metal ions from such TPPA for producing semiconductor devices using such photoresist compositions.

Abstract: The emissions of nitrogen dioxide and ammonia from cooling towers in geothermal power plants are controlled by contacting the steam condensate used as make-up water for the cooling tower with a zeolite or other molecular sieve to remove ammonia and/or ammonium ions from the condensate before it is passed into the cooling tower.

Abstract: In the process for purifying an aqueous MDEA-solution the formate content of the MDEA-solution circulated in a main stream between the absorber and desorber of a hydrogen sulfide wash unit for gas produced by gasification of a carbonaceous material, e.g. coal, is measured. A partial stream of MDEA-solution is withdrawn from the main stream, passed over an ion exchange medium which removes some formate present to form a partially purified partial stream and subsequently the purified partial stream is returned to the main stream. The amount of the withdrawal from the main stream is controlled so that the formate content of the main stream is maintained between 10 and 30 g/l. Only from 0.5 to 0.08% by volume need be withdrawn from the main stream to form the partial stream. The ion exchange medium can be regenerated with a hydroxide-containing solution, which is subsequently fed to an ammonia separator column of a hydrogen sulfide wash apparatus.

Abstract: A water and energy recovery process for an ice rink is disclosed. The process includes softening and carbon filtering water for use as flood water on an ice rink. The water is then demineralized by reverse osmosis to produce flood water having a specific conductance of about 2 to 30 micromhos/cm. The demineralized water is heated to 90.degree. F. and utilized in a resurfacer to flood the surface of the ice rink. The ice shavings removed from the surface of the ice by the resurface are deposited into a holding means and melted by utilizing recovered heat from the ice rink's refrigeration unit. The melted water from the holding means is used as a coolant in the ice rink's refrigeration unit. The steps of the process are then repeated, utilizing the warmed water from the refrigeration unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and a process for removing contaminants such as CO.sub.2 and mobile cations and anions from aqueous solutions. The system and the process contemplate the use of thermally sterilizable aqueous polishing agents such as thermally sterilizable ion exchange resins and as a result, the need for chemical and/or mechanical microbial control or inhibition techniques is obviated. Therefore, the present invention will be especially useful in submarine and spacecraft applications where the need exists for reduced weight and volume water processing systems.

Abstract: A process for the purification of an organic solution containing an acid labile material. The process comprises contact of the organic solution with a combination of a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin. The cation exchange resin has weak acidic groups to reduce attack on the acid labile material within the organic solution. The anion exchange resin preferably has hydroxide exchange groups. The combination of exchange resins yields counter-ions that form water in the solution treated upon contact with the solution with the exchange resin mixture.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing metal oxides and colloidal material from high-resistivity water streams at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a highly ionized dual morphology ion exchange resin in a macroreticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. A water stream which is brought into contact with the resin is purified. The water stream may, optionally, also be contacted with both a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting ion exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of candidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial water streams.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing metal oxides and colloidal material from high-resistivity water streams at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a highly ionized dual morphology ion exchange resin in a macroreticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. A water stream which is brought into contact with the resin is purified. The water stream may, optionally, also be contacted with both a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting ion exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of candidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial water streams.

Abstract: A process for extracting metal values especially zinc values from aqueous solutions of metal salts which comprises contacting the aqueous solution with an organic phase comprising a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, independently, represents a substituted hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyloxy group or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together with the attached phosphorus atom and/or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the attached phosphorus atom form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring.

Abstract: A method of removing ionic impurities from a resist component, comprising the steps of:(a) dissolving said resist component in a solvent;(b) contacting said resist component solution with a fibrous ion exchange resin for a sufficient amount of time to remove at least a portion of said ionic impurities onto said fibrous ion exchange resin; and(c) separating said fibrous ion exchange resin bearing said ionic impurities from said resist component solution.

Abstract: A method for recovering iodine from a composition containing iodine and/or iodide in which any iodine present is first reduced to iodide, the iodide is then separated from solution by selective anion exchange absorption, the separated iodide is eluted from the exchanger, the iodide-containing eluate solution is treated with a cation exchanger, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 are then added to the remaining solution, and the resulting iodine is precipitated and may be separated out in crystalline form. The method is also particularly suitable for separating iodine from solutions which contain organic constituents such as nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

Abstract: In the preparation of poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) filaments, hydrogen chloride is removed from as-produced amide solution of poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) by contact with basic ion exchange resin.

Abstract: Spent nuclear reactor coolant system decontamination solutions are first processed to remove the radioactive burden and to separate metallic impurities using cation exchange resins. The cation-processed waste solution is then flowed through an anion exchange resin held between anion-permeable membranes within an electrochemical cell. The application of electric current to the electrochemical cell causes hydroxide ions to replace captured anions held on the ion exchange resin, thereby regenerating the anion exchange resin for subsequent processing. The displaced anions migrate into the anode compartment where they can be oxidized to carbon dioxide for simple disposal.

Abstract: A separation medium for use in protein separation comprising a water-insoluble matrix carrying a plurality of polyamine groupings, the polyamine groupings having at least three basic nitrogen atoms, the basic nitrogen atoms being separated from each other by a chain of at least two intervening carbon atoms, there being a total of 5 such intervening carbon atoms when there is a total of three nitrogen atoms in each polyamine group, which may be used for at least partially purifying factor VIII.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for removing heat stable salts which accumulate in alkanolamine gas purification process units. Surprisingly, it has been found that weakly acidic cationic exchange resins are dramatically more effective for removing heat stable salts from alkanolamine solutions than strongly acidic cationic exchange resins.Specifically, it has been found in accordance with the invention that ion exchange resins are useful for purifying used aqueous alkanolamine solutions, in the following order of preference: Weak Acid IX>Weak Base IX>Strong Acid IX>Strong Base IX.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the removal of heat stable salts from ethanolamine gas purification process units using ion-exchange resins and for regenerating said ion-exchange resins in-situ.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the quantitative removal and concentration of desired molecules or ions, such as gases, anions and amino acids, from a source solution which may contain larger concentrations of other molecules. The method comprises bringing the source solution into contact with a solid cation-ligand-matrix consisting of a cation complexed to a ligand molecule covalently bonded to a matrix consisting of an organic spacer bonded to a solid inorganic support through a silicon atom. The cation has an affinity for the desired molecules to form a complex between the desired molecules and the cation portion of the solid cation-ligand-matrix at binding sites initially held by H.sub.2 O or other weakly coordinated ligands or via ion pairing.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing transition metal oxides and soluble cation species from condensate at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a strongly acidic dual morphology cation exchange resin in a macroeticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. Condensate which is brought into contact with the resin when it is in a hydrogen form is purified. The condensate may, optionally, also be contacted with an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting cation exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of condidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial condensate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing potassium from polyol and alkoxylated alkyl phenol products and neutralizing soluble base catalysts which comprises using a partially spent ion exchange resin which no longer meets the purity requirements for the production of MTBE, ETBE or TAME, washing the catalyst, mixing it with the polyol or alkoxylated alkylphenol in an acid/base ratio of about 7/1 to 10/1, for a period of hours and removing the filtrate.