Abstract: A water-treating agent comprising a ternary copolymer of conjugated dienesulfonic acid/(meth)acrylic acid/2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, or a ternary copolymer of conjugated dienesulfonic acid/(meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylamido-2-methylalkanesulfonic acid ternary copolymer, is effective against scaling and fouling in water systems and a method for treating water with the water-treating agent. When combined with a corrosion inhibitor, the water-treating agent exhibits an excellent anti corrosion effect.

Abstract: Water to be utilized is reacted with soda ash and lime to produce a less corrosive and foulant water. Reaction sludges are fed to a desulfurization unit, where SO.sub.x, NO.sub.x and CO.sub.2 abatement occurs; other industrial waste sludges and/or waters and/or gases can also be utilized in such connection. FIG. 1 is one of the possible process schemes of present invention.

Abstract: An ultra-fine coal particle fraction forms a coal product with particles that are dilatant due to the mechanical stripping of the clay contaminates from the coal surface and the subdividing of the clay to clay platelets which are peptized to maintain discreetness in an aqueous slurry. The coal particles are unflocculated and can produce an aqueously permeable barrier on a sieve. The ultrafine coal product has an increase of 100-150 BTU per pound and when combusted reduced Nox production of 20-40% is realized. In a 15.times.0 micron coal fraction, the sulphur content is significantly reduced.

Abstract: In the evaporation of process wastewater comprising a mixture of different types of wastewater, problems arise due to the formation of reaction products, so-called incrustations, which are difficult to separate. These incrustations clog up the evaporator, thus necessitating frequent stoppages for chemical and mechanical cleaning of the evaporator. The invention concerns an improved method for concentrating process wastewater by evaporation. In this method, one acid process flow and one alkaline process flow are evaporated alternately in one and the same evaporator. With this method, precipitates that are difficult to separate are dissolved in the evaporator during the respective evaporations. As a result, stoppages motivated by the need to clean the evaporator may be avoided to the utmost possible extent, while less and cheaper processing equipment is required.

Abstract: A water treatment system for submersion in a body of water to be treated comprises a water-soluble glass treatment agent and a water-insoluble retaining means for the water-soluble glass treatment agent. The retaining means is adapted, in use, to retain water in contact with the water-soluble glass and may be a hollow container for the water-soluble glass or a moisture penetrable polymer composition which can be used as a matrix containing particulate water soluble glass. The water-treatment system may be immersed in water to act over an extended period of time in preventing or reducing problems caused by corrosion, scaling and/or fouling.

Abstract: The invention is a water-soluble N,N-diallyl-N-alkyl-N-(sulfoalkyl) ammonium betaine containing copolymer, wherein said copolymer is formed from the polymerization of an N,N-diallyl-N-alkyl-N-(sulfoalkyl) ammonium betaine of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl groups, and R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, aryl groups, and alkylaryl groups, and an anionic monomer.The invention is also a method of inhibiting the precipitation and deposition of scale on metal surfaces in contact with industrial cooling waters comprising the addition of an effective, scale-inhibiting amount of a water-soluble N,N-diallyl-N-alkyl-N-(sulfoalkyl) ammonium betaine containing copolymer, wherein said copolymer is formed from the polymerization of a betaine of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl groups, and R.sub.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the precipitation and deposition of calcium oxalate scale in an aqueous system is disclosed, in which an effective amount of a combination of a high molecular weight lignosulfonate compound and a phosphate compound is added to the system.

Abstract: An improved method for treating over-sprayed, solvent-based paints which comprises adding an effective amount of a chelating agent to the circulating water of a paint spray booth, thereby improving the dispersibillty of solvent-based paints, particularly in high-hardness waters.

Abstract: A water-treating agent comprising a ternary copolymer of conjugated dienesulfonic acid/(meth)acrylic acid/2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, or a ternary copolymer of conjugated dienesulfonic acid/(meth)acrylic acid/(meth)acrylamido-2-methylalkanesulfonic acid ternary copolymer, is effective against scaling and fouling in water systems and a method for treating water with the water-treating agent. When combined with a corrosion inhibitor, the water-treating agent exhibits an excellent anti corrosion effect.

Abstract: Water to be utilized is reacted with soda ash and lime to produce a less corrosive and foulant water. Reaction sludges are fed to a desulfurization unit, where SO.sub.x, NO.sub.x and CO.sub.2 abatement occurs; other industrial waste sludges and/or waters and/or gases can also be utilized in such connection. FIG. 1 is one of the possible process schemes of the present invention.

Abstract: A method and a system is disclosed for the suppression of foams during the processing of streams containing waste materials. An additive is introduced into a waste stream and the waste stream is processed for a period of time at an elevated temperature and substantially atmospheric pressure. The tendency toward foam formation is suppressed by particles from the additive becoming suspended in the waste stream. The waste materials containing a substantial reduction of foam are removed from the processing system without the usual spattering and formation of sticky residue which causes fowling and frequent shutdowns of the processing system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for inhibiting the formation of metal sulfate scale in an aqueous system. Metal sulfate scale formation is inhibited by adding an effective amount of one or more poly(amino acids) and one or more inorganic phosphates to the aqueous system. The poly(amino acids) are a reaction product formed from at least one compound selected from amino acids, amic acids, ammonium salts of monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, and ammonium salts of hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the formation of metal sulfate scale by adding an effective amount of a poly(amino acid) which contains tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine or combinations thereof.

Abstract: A method and compounds for inhibiting the formation of scale, e.g., barium scale, and controlling corrosion is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting or preventing corrosion of ferrous-based metals in contact with the aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a compound of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl; Z is O, S, NH or NR, where R is as described above; n is a positive integer greater than 1; f is a positive integer; and M is hydrogen, a water soluble cation (e.g., NH.sub.4.sup.+, alkali metal), or a C.sub.1-3 alkyl group.

Abstract: A method for simultaneously controlling the deposition of scale and the formation of corrosion in a cooling water system consisting of adding to the system a water soluble copolymer having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl, F is H.sub.2 or O, M is a water soluble cation, R.sub.2 is (CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n, ##STR2## or mixture of both, n is an integer of from 1 to about 40, R.sub.3 is H, lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or an acetate.

Abstract: The invention is an improved process for denaturing and coagulating paint in an aqueous medium in which denatured and coagulated paint must remain in a dispersion in the aqueous medium. The aqueous medium contains a coagulant and the aqueous medium is maintained at an alkaline earth metal ion equivalent of less than 1.0 mmole/liter.

Abstract: Copolymers of polyaspartic acid which are suitable for the inhibition of scale deposition were obtained by reacting maleic acid, an additional polycarboxylic acid and ammonia in a stoichiometric excess, at 120.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 180.degree.-300.degree. C., to provide copolymers of polysuccinimide. In a second embodiment, a polyamine was added to the reaction mix. These intermediate polysuccinimide copolymers could then be converted to the salts of copolymers of polyaspartic acid by hydrolysis with a hydroxide.Such copolymers are useful in preventing deposition of scale from water and find applications in treating water. Other applications include scale prevention additives for detergents. In addition, such copolymers inhibit dental tartar and plaque formation.

Abstract: A water soluble isopropenylphosphonic acid copolymer composition and method of use thereof are disclosed. The copolymer comprises repeat units (a) of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X=OH or OM, wherein M is a cation, and repeat units (b) of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-10 linear or branched alkyl, phenyl or alkyl substituted phenyl. The copolymers are effective in inhibiting the precipitation of scale forming salts and also act to inhibit corrosion in boiler water systems.

Abstract: Polymers of maleic, fumaric or malic acids or maleic, fumaric or malic acid and ammonia with amino acids are prepared by heating at 180.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 200.degree.-300.degree. C. The polymer formed may be converted to a salt by hydrolysis with a metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: A dispersant, such as sodium silicate, is added to the process water of the hot water extraction process which recovers bitumen from oil sands. The dispersant disperses the ultrafine (less than 300 nm) particles, to reduce the formation of flocs and sludge in the tailings pond. The volume of the pond is such that the retention time of process water is sufficiently short (less than 6 weeks when using sodium silicate) to avoid reforming flocs from the dispersed ultrafines. The ultrafines content in the process water builds up as the water is repeatedly recycled from the pond to the extraction process. The ultrafines content stabilizes at a steady state concentration as some ultrafines are continuously removed from the process water when the tailings are delivered onto the "beach" of the pond and become trapped in the sand.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for preparing polyaspartic acid by thermal condensation of L-aspartic acid in a novel catalyst which shortens the reaction time and increases the molecular weight of the polymer. The novel catalyst is a catalytically effective methylenephosphonic acid. Typical catalysts are 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid and aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid). The methylenephosphonic acid is blended with the amino acid in a molar ratio of amino acid to catalyst in the range of from about 1:1 to 40:1.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting scale formation in acidic aqueous systems where metal ions such as Al.sup.+3 and Fe.sup.+3 are present by employing a polyepoxysuccinic acid in combination with a metal ion binding material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process and apparatus for purifying a low polluted water containing concurrently or selectively inadequate matters including heavy metals such as iron contents and manganese, and fine suspended matters, which comprises adding a reactant primarily containing a colloidal silica from a reactant charger to the polluted water stored in a primary tank to emulsify the inadequate matters; adding a coagulant primarily containing chitosan into the polluted water from a coagulant charger; feeding external air under high pressure by a pump into the polluted water, and separating the air from the polluted water, followed by dissolution of the air under pressure in the polluted water using a water separator; injecting the thus treated polluted water into a polluted water stored preliminarily in a secondary tank to generate very fine bubbles in polluted water stored in the secondary tank under releasing of the pressure; allowing the inadequate matters emulsified and flocculated to float up onto the water surf

Abstract: The tendency of aqueous solutions of urea and other NH-containing compositions to force instability of hardness factors has been found to be detrimental to processes and apparatus employing them. The reliability of these processes and apparatus is improved by the inclusion of hardness-suppressing compositions, which preferably include both a water-soluble polymer and a phosphonate. In particular, agricultural and NO.sub.x -reducing applications are improved, especially for solutions containing urea hydrolysis products and the salts of them.

Abstract: A method and composition for inhibiting silica and silicate deposition on metal surfaces in contact with aqueous systems is disclosed.

Abstract: A chemical feed system for use in industrial fluid systems is disclosed. The system comprises a fluid source, containers for storing additives, pumps for proportionally dispensing the additives, and a filter to remove unwanted matter from the fluid stream. The invention is partially applicable to poultry drinking water systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dewatering an aqueous coal slurry includes imparting high shear forces to the aqueous coal slurry in the presence of a peptizing agent to render coal particles hydrophobic by stripping clay from the coal particles and peptizing the clay in the aqueous medium of the slurry. The slurry is separating to recover coal particles and the aqueous medium is draining medium from the hydrophobic surface of the coal particles.

Abstract: An aqueous scale inhibitor product is corrosive to the elongated feed lines of a geothermal well due to the length of such feed lines, extended residence time of the product therein, and/or the elevated internal temperatures reached therein, and such corrosivity of aqueous scale inhibitor products is reduced when the scale inhibitor actives are no more than about 10 weight percent of the aqueous solution, when the pH of such aqueous solution is raised to the range of from about 5.5, or 8, to about 12, when carbohydrazide is added to such product, and by combinations of such factors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to operation of residential or commercial evaporative coolers, more specifically, its subject matter is conservation of water needed to cool down ambient air in their operation.

Abstract: A method and polymers for inhibiting the formation of scale is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting the formation and deposition of calcium scales in circulating aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a polymer of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl; Z is O, S, NH, or NR, where R is as described above; n is a positive integer greater than 1; f is a positive integer; and M is hydrogen, a water soluble cation (e.g., NH.sub.4.sup.+, alkali metal), or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl group.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the pitting corrosion rate of carbon steel in a cooling tower system comprising adding to a cooling tower water an effective amount of a corrosion inhibiting composition containing from about 1 to about 10 ppm of a water soluble molybdate, calculated as molybdate and from about 5 to about 25 ppm of a stabilized phosphate, calculated as phosphate, the corrosion inhibiting composition being substantially free of active zinc, and circulating the water in the system.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting scale formation in acidic aqueous systems where metal ions such as A1.sup.+3 or Fe.sup.+3 are present by employing a polyepoxysuccinic acid in combination with a metal ion binding material.

Abstract: A method and composition for inhibiting silica and silicate deposition on metal surfaces in contact with aqueous systems is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting corrosion of iron and steel alloys in contact with industrial waters is claimed. The method comprises treating said waters with an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of a water soluble polymer having an average molecular weight ranging from about 2,000 to about 50,000, said polymer containing at least four mole percent of a hydroxamic acid mer unit.

Abstract: A method for improving the dispersibility of over-sprayed, solvent-based paints in aqueous systems which comprises adding an effective amount of a chelating agent to an aqueous system containing solvent-based paints, particularly in high-hardness waters.

Abstract: A novel terpolymer particularly useful as a scale inhibitor for aqueous systems is provided. The terpolymer preferably is derived from monomers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, vinyl acetate and/or vinyl alcohol, and sodium-1-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonate.

Abstract: A method for controlling the deposition of silica on the structural surfaces of steam generating systems comprising the use of a water soluble polymer having the structure ##STR1## wherein E is the repeat unit remaining after polymerization of an alpha, beta ethylenically unsaturated compound.This polymer may also be used in concert with topping agents such as phosphoric acids, phosphonic acids, polyvalent metal salts, metal chelating agents and oxygen scavengers.

Abstract: A method of dispensing scaling inhibitors into a flow of low pressure water by modifying the use of available air lubricators. Mechanical modifications to an air lubricator results in an apparatus capable of dispensing a scaling inhibitor into a water flow of only 0.24 liters per minute.

Abstract: A method for controlling the deposition of scale imparting species on the structural surfaces of steam generating systems comprising the use of a water soluble polymer having the structure ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl, R.sub.2 is (CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n, ##STR2## or a mixture of both, and n is an integer of from about 1 to about 40, R.sub.3 is H, lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or an acetate. This polymer may also be used in concert with topping agents such as phosphoric acids, phosphonic acids, amines, metal chelating agents and oxygen scavengers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dewatering an aqueous coal slurry includes imparting high shear forces to the aqueous coal slurry in the presence of a peptizing agent to render coal particles hydrophobic by stripping clay from the coal particles and peptizing the clay in the aqueous medium of the slurry. The slurry is separating to recover coal particles and the aqueous medium is draining medium from the hydrophobic surface of the coal particles.

Abstract: An orthophosphate salt and sodium silicate, when used in a 3:1 ratio by weight, and in a concentration of 0.1 to 100 mg/L, are found to have a synergistic effect in controlling the corrosion of carbon steel in an aqueous system, e.g., a municipal water supply system. The synergistic combination is also useful in reducing lead solubility and leaching, and in stabilizing soluble iron and manganese and their reaction products.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the pitting corrosion rate of carbon steel in a cooling tower system comprising adding to a cooling tower water an effective amount of a corrosion inhibiting composition containing from about 1 to about 10 ppm of a water soluble molybdate, calculated as molybdate and from about 5 to about 25 ppm of a stabilized phosphate, calculated as phosphate, the corrosion inhibiting composition being substantially free of active zinc, and circulating the water in the system.

Abstract: Methods for utilizing transition metals as tracers in aqueous liquid systems are provided by this invention. Transition metals with low background levels in system waters are identified as preferred when soluble in said aqueous liquid systems. The transition metals show low levels of deposition on equipment scale and provide reliable information as to the process history of the liquid systems.

Abstract: A corrosion inhibitor treatment composition for cooling water systems at elevated temperatures in which no chromate is used is disclosed, comprising a combination of a localized corrosion inhibitor in the form of a salt of molybdenum, vanadium, or tungsten, a reduced level of a general corrosion and scale inhibitor comprising zinc, nickel or a combination thereof, orthophosphate, an organic phosphonate, and a stabilizing agent.

Abstract: A process for preventing or removing calcium and rust scale deposits from surfaces which are in contact with aqueous systems comprising adding to the aqueous system 3,5-bis(di-N,N-(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid in an amount effective to remove the scale and rust deposits.

Abstract: Monofluorophosphate salts, especially sodium monofluorophosphate (Na.sub.2 PO.sub.3 F), when added to various industrial water systems in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 50 mg/L, significantly reduce the amount of calcium carbonate scale which is formed on heat exchange and other metallic surfaces of such systems.Monofluorophosphate salts, especially sodium monofluorophosphate, when added to various water systems in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 50 mg/L also stabilizes soluble manganese ion and its reaction products, i.e., primarily MnO.sub.2, in desirable forms and reduced particle sizes.Monofluorophosphate salts, especially sodium monofluorophosphate, when added to various water systems in concentrations between 1 mg/L and 500 mg/L also stabilizes soluble iron ion and its reaction products, i.e., primarily Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3.

Abstract: A method for controlling the deposition of scale imparting species on the structural surfaces of steam generating systems comprising the use of a water soluble polymer having the structure ##STR1## wherein E is the repeat unit remaining after polymerization of an alpha, beta ethylenically unsaturated compound.This polymer may also be used in concert with topping agents such as phosphoric acids, phosphonic acids, polyvalent metal salts, metal chelating agents and oxygen scavengers.

Abstract: This invention discloses an in-situ process or method for cleaning the interior surfaces of a swimming pool or the like for removing stains, scale, calcium deposits, and the like, and without the need for draining the pool. The chlorine content of the pool is initially tested, and chlorine is added to bring it up to a level sufficient to prevent algae growth for a period of up to 10 days without filtering. Water is added to the pool to insure all water line marks are sufficiently immersed so as to benefit from the cleaning operation. An acid wash solution, including a mixture of hydrochloric acid and a strong metal chelating agent, is then applied in-situ or as close to the surfaces to be cleaned as possible. As the stains, scale, and deposits dissolve, a strong organic acid such as oxalic acid is added to precipitate out the undesirable materials and cause them to settle down to the bottom of the pool for subsequent vacumming.

Abstract: A process for stabilizing manganese ions in aqueous solutions is disclosed. The process comprises adding to an aqueous solution containing manganese ions a polymer or copolymer of unsaturated carboxylic compounds such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid and maleic anhydride and an orthophosphate. The ratio of polymer to orthophosphate is preferably about 2 to 1.

Abstract: Monofluorophosphate salts, especially sodium monofluorophosphate (Na.sub.2 PO.sub.3 F), when added to potable water sources in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 500 mg/L, significantly reduces lead (Pb) leaching into said water, producing the double benefit of reducing lead solubility and thus content in drinking water, while at the same time adding fluoride to that drinking water, with the anticaries benefit that fluoridation provides.

Abstract: A process is provided for controlling the emission of hydrogen sulfide from, and the growth of living organisms in, steam condensate cooling towers and catch basins used in conjunction with steam and condensate of steam derived from hydrogen sulfide-containing geothermal brine. The process comprises contacting the condensate, in a substantially continuous manner, with a small, substantially less-than-stoichiometric amount of an oxidizing biocide, such as trichloro-isocyanuric acid or oxidizing biocide, such as trichloro-isocyanuric acid or 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin, which results in the oxidation of such hydrogen sulfide precursors as ammonium bisulfide in the condensate to a water-soluble sulfite and/or sulfate, and which slows the growth of organisms in the cooling tower and catch basin.