Abstract: This invention discloses an in-situ process or method for cleaning the interior surfaces of a swimming pool or the like for removing stains, scale, calcium deposits, and the like, and without the need for draining the pool. The chlorine content of the pool is initially tested, and chlorine is added to bring it up to a level sufficient to prevent algae growth for a period of up to 10 days without filtering. Water is added to the pool to insure all water line marks are sufficiently immersed so as to benefit from the cleaning operation. An acid wash solution, including a mixture of hydrochloric acid and a strong metal chelating agent, is then applied in-situ or as close to the surfaces to be cleaned as possible. As the stains, scale, and deposits dissolve, a strong organic acid such as oxalic acid is added to precipitate out the undesirable materials and cause them to settle down to the bottom of the pool for subsequent vacumming.

Abstract: A process for stabilizing manganese ions in aqueous solutions is disclosed. The process comprises adding to an aqueous solution containing manganese ions a polymer or copolymer of unsaturated carboxylic compounds such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid and maleic anhydride and an orthophosphate. The ratio of polymer to orthophosphate is preferably about 2 to 1.

Abstract: A method for controlling zebra mussels in aqueous systems comprising treating aqueous systems which contain zebra mussels or which are prone to zebra mussel infestation with an effective amount of a composition comprising a) a water-soluble dialkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium polymer (polyquat); and b) didecyl dimethyl ammonium halide. A preferred polymer is a poly(quaternary ammonium) compound having the recurring structure [DMDAAX.sup.- ] resulting from the polymerization of monomeric dimethyl diallyl ammonium X.sup.-, wherein X.sup.- is any suitable anion.

Abstract: A combination product containing (a) dihydroxyacetone, (b) hydroquinone, and (c) a volatile amine that is capable of removing oxygen and neutralizing carbon dioxide in industrial waters, particularly boiler waters, including boiler feed waters, internal boiling waters, condensate waters, and return waters. The combination product preferably contains weight ratios of ingredients (a):(b):(c) ranging from 1:0.01:0.1 to about 1:1:100, and may additionally contain a filming amine.

Abstract: Polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides, preferably triiodides, and use of polymeric quaternary ammonium trihalides to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in aquatic systems, to disinfect or sanitize surfaces and to disinfect the skin of animals, including humans.

Abstract: A relatively high molecular weight polyvinyl sulfonate and a process for inhibiting scale deposition, particularly inorganic sulfate such as barium sulfate, wherein an aqueous fluid present in or produced from a subterranean formation is contacted with an aqueous solution having a relatively high molecular weight polyvinyl sulfonate dissolved therein. The aqueous fluid has a pH equal to or less than 6.0 and the polyvinyl sulfonate has a molecular weight of from about 9,000 to about 30,000.

Abstract: Barium sulfate scale is dissolved by contacting the scale with an aqueous solvent having a pH of about 8 to about 14, containing a chelating agent comprising a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid or salt of such an acid, and a synergist anion. The aqueous solvent containing the dissolved scale is regenerated by first acidifying the aqueous solvent sufficiently to generate free alkaline earth metal ions. The aqueous solvent is then mixed with a liquid membrane emulsion enveloped around droplets of an internal aqueous phase containing an anion that forms an insoluble precipitate with the free alkaline earth metal ions. The scale-free aqueous solvent is separated from the emulsion by gravity and recovered for reuse.In another embodiment, the internal aqueous phase may contain a chelating agent to remove the free alkaline earth metal ions by forming a stable complex with the ions.

Abstract: Alkaline earth metal scales, especially barium sulfate scale deposits are removed from oilfield pipe and other tubular goods with a scale-removing composition comprising an aqueous alkaline solution having a pH of about 8 to about 14, preferably about 11 to 13, of a polyaminopolycarboxylic acid, preferably EDTA or DTPA and a catalyst or synergist comprising a monocarboxylic acid, preferably a substituted acetic acid such as mercaptoacetic, hydroxyacetic acid or aminoacetic acid or an aromatic acid such as salicylic acid. When the scale-removing solution is contacted with a surface containing a scale deposit, substantially more scale is dissolved at a faster rate than is possible without the synergist.

Abstract: A composition and method for controlling corrosion of steel in aqueous systems such as cooling and boiler systems. The combination of a nonionic surfactant and an anionic oxygen containing group such as one or more alkali metal salts of borate, molybdate and nitrate/nitrite provide improved corrosion inhibition of steel in aqueous systems. The magnetite layers formed in the presence of this combination exhibit decreased porosity and increased corrosion resistance to acidic solutions. This combination also inhibits entry of hydrogen into steel when exposed to acidic solutions thereby inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement. The preferred nonionic surfactant is phenol/polyethylene oxide nonionic surfactant and the preferred alkali metal salt is Na.sub.2 MoO.sub.4.

Abstract: Carbohydrazide is an effective material for preventing hydrogen blistering and corrosion in the refinery overhead condensate systems of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers of maleic acid useful as water treatment agents are prepared by copolymerizing(a) from 99 to 80% by weight of maleic anhydride and(b) from 1 to 20% by weight of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer copolymerizable therewith and, facultatively,(c) up to 10% by weight of a crosslinker, at from 60.degree. to 200.degree. C. in an aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of peroxyesters derived from saturated or monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and hydrolyzing the anhydride groups of the copolymers following the polymerization.

Abstract: The deposition of metal-containing scale, such as iron silicate scale, from a hot aqueous geothermal brine, or the like, is controlled by blending into the brine sufficient reducing agent effective for reducing trivalent iron and manganese cations in a high temperature brine solution to divalent ions to cause an overall decrease in scale deposition, especially of iron silicate scale. Preferably, from 2 to 7 times the stoichiometric amount of reducing agent is used to effect a 70 to 90 percent reduction in the formation of iron silicate scale.

Abstract: A method of treating water to inhibit the formation of scale is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting the formation and deposition of calcium and barium scales in circulating aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a polyepoxysuccinic acid of the general formula ##STR1## where n ranges from about 2 to about 11, M is hydrogen or a water soluble cation such as Na.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+, or K.sup.+ and R is hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl.

Abstract: A method for controlling zebra mussels in aqueous systems comprising treating aqueous systems which contain zebra mussels or which are prone to zebra mussel infestation with an effective amount of a didecyl demethyl ammonium halide.

Abstract: A method of treating Bayer process red mud slurries to improve or facilitate the handling thereof, comprising adding to such a slurry a minor porportion of humic acids or humates effective to reduce the viscosity of the slurry.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for controlling the formation of scale deposits in aqueous systems by adding an effective amount, preferably at least 0.1 ppm, of a maleic anhydride/quaternary ammonium-type polymer to the aqueous system being treated.

Abstract: A method for controlling zebra mussels in aqueous systems comprising treating aqueous systems which contain zebra mussels or which are prone to zebra mussel infestation with an effective amount of a water-soluble dialkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium polymer (polyquat). A preferred polymer is a poly(quaternary ammonium) compound having the recurring structure [DMDAAX.sup.- ] resulting from the polymerization of monomeric dimethyl diallyl ammonium X.sup.-, wherein X.sup.- is any suitable anion.

Abstract: A method of treating and removing volatile organic contaminants from ground water by treating the water with effective amounts of a water-soluble polymeric sequesterant comprising polymers derived from acrylic acid or organic acid, followed by the addition of a biocide, e.g., chlorine, and then subsequently passing the treated water through a packed column or air stripper wherein the volatile organic contaminants are removed by passing air in a counter-direction to the flow of water at temperatures ranging from about 40.degree. to about 200.degree. F.

Abstract: A surfactant stabilizer and method for aqueous boiler treatments is disclosed. The method includes using the combination of one or more lower alkyl or substituted amines or phosphoric acid with nonionic surfactant boiler water treatments. The addition of one or more lower alkyl or substituted amines or phosphoric acid stabilizes the nonionic surfactant boiler water treatments by increasing high temperature stability and/or high salt concentration tolerance.

Abstract: A method is shown of treating an aqueous system comprising adding to the system a water-soluble tri-copolymer having the formula I:(A).sub.x (B).sub.y (C).sub.z Ior a salt thereof, wherein A is a group having the formula: ##STR1## or a hydrolysed (dicarboxylic acid or salt) form of this group; B is a group having the formula:--CH.sub.2 --C(R.sub.1)(CO.sub.2 R.sub.2)--wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen or methyl, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 straight- or branched chain alkyl, preferably methyl or ether, or R.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 straight- or branched chain alkyl substituted by a group --OR.sub.3 wherein R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a group of formula --[CH.sub.2 CH(R.sub.4)O].sub.n H wherein R.sub.4 is hydrogen or methyl and n is an integer from 1 to 10; C is a group having the formula:--CH(R.sub.5)--C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7)--wherein R.sub.5 is hydrogen, phenyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight- or branched chain alkyl, preferably hydrogen and R.sub.6 and R.sub.7, independently, are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.

Abstract: A process for stabilizing manganese ions in aqueous solutions is disclosed. The process comprises adding to an aqueous solution containing maganese ions a polymer or copolymer of unsaturated carboxylic compounds such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid and maleic anhydride and an orthophosphate. The ratio of polymer to orthophosphate is preferrably about 2 to 1.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating aqueous systems to reduce or prevent the deposition of barium sulphate and other insoluble sulphates therein, comprising the addition to the water of an effective amount of an interpolymer of an ethylenically polymerizable carboxylic acid, and at least one of an ethylenically polymerizable dicarboxylic acid or other copolymerizable comonomer. The polymers are particularly effective in preventing scale precipitate at high levels of barium (e.g. 700 ppm) and under low pH conditions.

Abstract: A composition for treatment of boiler waters is disclosed. The composition comprises a synergetic combination of a methacrylic acid-containing polymer with a strongly interacting nonionic surfactant, together with a chelant and/or a phosphate-generating species. The composition is particularly effective when the surfactant is an alkoxylated alkylphenol or an alkoxylated alkylphenol ether.

Abstract: Methods of using novel water soluble polymers to inhibit corrosion and control the formation and deposition of scale imparting compounds in boiler water systems are disclosed. The polymers are comprised of repeat units formed from .gamma., .beta. ethylenically unsaturated compounds, and repeat units formed from allylalkylene ether monomers.

Abstract: Methods for controlling the formation of proteinaceous fouling deposits in high temperature evaporators and concentrators as employed in processing steepwater in the wet milling of corn. The methods comprise adding a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant to the steepwater. Particularly effective surfactants are oxyalkylated sorbitan R surfactants where R is monooleate, trioleate, monostearate, tristearate, monopalmitate and monolaurate.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting the corrosion of the metal surfaces of beer pasteurizing units in contact with halogenated water vapor which comprise treating these halogenated waters with at least 1/4 ppm sulfamic acid for each ppm of halogen present in these waters.

Abstract: A process for inhibiting the formation of scale in process equipment and conduits that form because of the presence of scale forming salts present in process fluids flowing therein is provided. In this process a scale inhibiting effective amount of an inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of polymeric sulfates, polymeric sulfonates and mixtures thereof is added to the process fluid.

Abstract: Water supplies are treated to inhibit the formation of scale deposits of alkaline earth phosphates, phosphonates, sulphates and carbonates using various hydrocarbon polymers which contain an amido functionality and which have been prepared by post-polymerization derivatization.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process of dissolving and removing silicate scale and particularly magnesium silicate scale and sludge from various aqueous systems, particularly boiler water and desalination systems by adding to the water effective amounts of at least one water-soluble phosphinocarboxylic acid. These polyphosphinocarboxylic acids and the salts thereof are added to the water in the aqueous system in amounts ranging up to about 50 thousand parts by weight per million and preferably in amounts ranging up to about 2000 parts by weight per million parts by weight of water either alone or in combination with at least one organic dispersant selected from the group consisting of nonionic and anionic dispersants.

Abstract: A method of controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates, such as mollusks, in aqueous systems which comprises adding to the system an effective controlling amount of a water-soluble alkyl guanidine salt wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 18 carbons.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of inhibiting deposition or precipitation of iron salts in aqueous systems which comprises adding a urea salt to said systems.

Abstract: The soluble manganese species can be maintained in aqueous systems in the presence of halogen species by treating the waters with certain water-soluble, nitrogen containing compositions.

Abstract: Water soluble corrosion inhibitors which exhibit low hydrocarbon carryunder are prepared by reaction of alkylenepolyamines and formaldehyde.

Abstract: A method of treating a tooth so as to inhibit deposition of a mineral thereon, which comprises contacting the tooth with a mineral deposition inhibitory effective amount of a poly-amino acid compound which has the structure:poly(X).sub.n poly(Y).sub.mwhere each X is a residue independently selected from the group consisting of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phosphoserine, phosphohomoserine, phosphotyrosine, and phosphothreonine,each Y is independently a residue selected from the group consisting of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and glycine,n is 2 to 60,m is 2 to 60, andn+m<5,and wherein poly (X).sub.n may contain up to 10% of the Y residues and poly (Y).sub.m may contain up to 10% of the X residues, and salts thereof,in combination with an orally acceptable vehicle compatible with said compound.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen induced stepwise cracking in a metal (e.g. pipeline steel) that comprises contacting the metal at a pH of 5.3 or below with an effective inhibiting amount of a glycolipid-containing product obtained from a fermentation using Torulopsis bombicola.

Abstract: A method of controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates, such as mollusks, in aqueous systems which comprises adding to the system an effective controlling amount of a water-soluble alkyl guanidine salt wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 18 carbons.

Abstract: Water-soluble zinc:polymer complexes of nitrogen-containing polymers are useful in preventing corrosion in aqueous recirculating systems operating within the pH range of 7.0-9.5, when combined with orthophosphate ion sources.

Abstract: Treatment of water-containing reservoirs with a cleaning composition including a water-dissipatable polyester polymer, the polyester polymer concentration in the reservoir being in an amount effective to capture heavy metal ions, thereby inhibiting staining. In a preferred embodiment, the polyester complexes a perfume, the perfume being released in dilute solution as in the reservoir, whereby a fragrance bloom is provided to the environment.

Abstract: A process which is especially useful for effecting magnetic separation of magnetically attractable impurities from an aqueous clay slurry or suspension includes passing the suspension through a porous, ferromagnetic matrix while applying a magnetic field to the matrix, on which impurities are collected, and thereafter regenerating the matrix by flushing collected impurities therefrom with a flush liquid, e.g., water. The improvement comprises, after discontinuing the passage of the suspension through the matrix, but before passing flush liquid therethrough, admitting a pressurized gas, e.g., compressed air, into the separator to displace suspension retained therein, and recovering the displaced suspension. In addition, flush liquid retained in the matrix after the flushing step may be displaced therefrom by the compressed air. By displacing the retained suspension from the matrix with, e.g., compressed air, instead of a flush liquid, e.g.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cyclic continuous process and composition for the removal of NO and SO.sub.2 from a variety of fluid streams. A fluid stream containing NO and SO.sub.2 is contacted with an aqueous solution of water-soluble organic polymeric chelate containing a polyvalent metal, e.g., Fe (II). The NO is catalytically absorbed and in the presence of SO.sub.2, the imidodisulfonate is formed. Optionally, a reducing agent, such as sodium hydrogen sulfide, is added to maintain the polyvalent metal in the reduced state. The process next includes removal of the imidodisulfonate formed. The separation of water and low molecular weight materials and products, e.g. molecular weight below 500, usually occurs by ultrafiltration or dialysis, with recycle and re-use of the polyvalent metal chelate.

Abstract: A method of treating an aqueous system is disclosed which comprises adding thereto a water-soluble zinc salt, a chelant and either a product containing at least one phosphorous-containing acid group and at least one carboxylic acid group or an acrylic, vinyl or allyl carboxylic acid polymer.

Abstract: A water soluble or swellable polymer gel is dispersed into a liquid phase to form a fluid composition and is worked while in that composition. The liquid phase is an aqueous solution of an equilibrating agent that substantially prevents aggregation of the particles or dissolution of the polymer during the working. The working may be, for instance, milling, extraction of impurities, extraction of water, transportation or chemical modification. Preferred equilibrating agents are sodium polyacrylate and polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.

Abstract: For water-treatment in swimming pools, cooling towers, hot tubs, and other systems, it is desired to feed various chemicals in small quantities but at optimum rates into the system. In several embodiments of the invention the water is recirculated through the system which usually includes a filter. It has been discovered that the chemicals can be fed by enclosing them in generally spherical plastic capsules suggestive of table tennis balls, but about the size of a base ball. The rate of feeding depends upon the size and number of small holes which are provided, or the user pokes through the shell of the capsule, upon the solubility of the chemical, and upon the flow rate of the water through a strainer, skimmer, or other chamber in the system into which the capsule is introduced. The random orientation of the capsule tends to average out variations.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting scale, generally and specifically and preferably calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate scale, which is found on metal surfaces in contact with industrial cooling waters, boiler waters, oil well drilling waters, and evaporated sea water, which comprises treating the water present in such systems with a few ppm of a water-soluble maleic anhydride or acid co- or terpolymer of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) or vinyl amide.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method of improving the constitution of boiler water by adding thereto an effective amount of a copper transport agent which is either rubeanic acid or a low molecular weight polymer of polypiperazine methyl-para-hydroxysulfonic acid or polypiperazine methyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid. The copper transport agent satisfactorily separates the copper from iron, calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals with a high degree of selectivity. The chelant may be added in a ratio of 100/1 to 10/1 chelant/copper and an advantageous ratio in the case of the polymer is 50/1 ppm active polymer to 1 ppm Cu. The chelants, which form a soluble chelate with Cu, is capable of removing Cu through boiler blowdown in an operating, layup or cleanup boiler. This adds an anti-corrosion factor to the galvanized boiler corrosion.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the precipitation under alkaline conditions of metal compounds from a solution containing them by the step of adding dimethylolpropionic acid in metal precipitation-inhibiting amounts.

Abstract: A releasing reagent for releasing, as ionized calcium, protein-bound calcium in a biological sample for measurement of the ionized calcium, together with any ionized calcium originally present in the sample, using a calcium ion specific electrode, the releasing reagent including monochlorocoacetate salt, formate salt, and formic acid, in concentrations sufficient to render the pH of the sample, when mixed with the reagent, in the range of 4.0 to 5.5. Also disclosed is a method of measuring calcium in a liquid sample using such a releasing reagent.

Abstract: Removing iron fouling from heat transfer surfaces of cooling water systems with an aqueous solution of certain alkylene amine carboxyl polyacids, or water soluble salts thereof, at a pH of 5-9.

Abstract: An all-in-one treatment composition for a water cooling tower includes a water soluble aromatic azole corrosion inhibitor such as benzotriazole, an organophosphorous antiscalant and a polymeric quaternary ammonium compound. The polymeric quaternary ammonium compound has the following general formula: ##STR1## The composition is suitable for use at low level continuous applications rates. The polymeric quaternary ammonium compound is also suitable for use at low concentration as a continuous biocide/biostat. This compound does not suffer from the acclimatization typically encountered when one biocide is used on a continuous low level basis.

Abstract: A method of preventing the formation of barium sulfate scale deposited by aqueous produced or injection fluids having a pH below 7.5 which are recovered with or are used to recover petroleum from underground formations which comprises treating these aqueous fluids with a low molecular weight polyvinyl sulfonate which has a molecular weight within the range of between 500-10,000.