Abstract: Arsenic and TOC are removed from drinking water or wastewaters by use of finely-divided metallic iron in the presence of powdered elemental sulfur or other sulfur compounds such as manganese sulfide, followed by an oxidation step. A premix may be produced for this process, by adding the iron, sulfur and oxidizing agent to water in a predetermined pH range. The iron and sulfur are mixed for a period of time dependent upon the temperature and pH of the water and the presence of complexing or sequestering minerals and organic acids in the water. An oxidizing agent is added to the mixture and agitating is continued. In a preferred embodiment the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. Water is decanted from the mixture after a sufficient reaction time, to produce a concentrated premix. This premix can be added to water intended for drinking or to industrial effluents containing toxic materials.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of aqueous acidic liquors containing dissolved aluminum and/or iron compounds to produce an aluminum and/or iron sulfate water-treatment product is characterized by the combination of steps comprising contacting the liquor with a basic material capable of reacting with the dissolved aluminum and/or iron compound to precipitate aluminum and/or iron values, separating the precipitate in the form of a cake or slurry from the remaining liquor, treating the cake or slurry with sulfuric acid to re-dissolve aluminum and/or iron values and to produce a solution of aluminum and/or iron sulfate and separating suspended solid matter from the solution. The liquor may be a waste product from industrial processes or may be a mine effluent and the process avoids the need to dispose of these to waste.

Abstract: A process to purify polar liquid wastes consists in treating the wastes with a flocculating composition formed by a concentrated suspension of montmorillonite into a polar liquid, and preferably into the same polar liquid waste to be treated. Selected pH and concentration ranges are determined in order to obtain short or very short contact times and a complete purification of the treated polar liquid wastes.

Abstract: A composition for treating water or flue gases that contains metal ions and possibly also organic and/or inorganic compounds is produced by reacting sulfur with an alkali- and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of water.The inventive composition corresponds to general formula IM.sub.x S.sub.y O.sub.z, (I)where M represents an alkali or alkaline earth metal,x is 1 or 2,y is in the range 0.5x-4.0x, andz is in the range 0.1-2.5.Alkali sulfite salts, particularly sodium salts, may also be added to the compound for reducing H.sub.2 S emission.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for separating fine solids from water in the used water recovery system of a sheet forming mill, wherein the used water recovery system includes at least one stage in which an alkaline earth metal carbonate is precipitated in the aqueous suspension constituting the used water whereby the particulate material present in the used water becomes entrained in the alkaline earth metal carbonate precipitate. By the invention it is possible to recover the water and the fine solid materials which pass through the wire mesh belt of a paper or board forming machine, and optionally recycle those recovered materials.

Abstract: An improved electro-coalescent/magnetic separation (ECMS) system for removing contaminants from water, including desalinization, comprises a device for exposing a stream of water to be treated to an electric field, followed by introduction of ionized coagulating substances, including ionized gases and/or metal ions, followed by plural filter stages. The first filter stage may comprise a polarizable glass, alumina, or ceramic media provided as a bed in a tank with an underdrain, so as to provide substantial residence time. A polishing filter may comprise a very fine fiber or organic gel filter element confined between relatively flexible electrically-conductive screen members and provided with a DC power supply to polarize the filter. This assembly is confined between relatively rigid, perforated members such that the filter assembly can move slightly upon backwash to dislodge caked-on contaminants or the like, while preserving the structural integrity of the filter assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing contaminating metal ions and sulfate ions from acidic aqueous solution such as waste mine water which features passing the solution between pairs of electrodes, each pair of electrodes impressed with a voltage selected according to specific ion species and then adding chemical agents to raise the pH and form precipitates of the metal and sulfate ions. The precipitate is then separated from the water with settling and filtering steps. Application of a magnetic field is applied during at least the first mixing step.

Abstract: In connection with processes for conditioning soft water (pH less than/equal to 6) to become drinking water, it is necessary to supply hardening agents in order to raise the carbonate-dissolving pH value into the neutral range. Subsequently the turbid materials are flocculated out and the flocculation products are filtered off. Finally, the calcite equilibrium must be set by means of a renewed addition of a hardening agent. This process is simplified by means of the invention in that the calcite equilibrium by means of the supply of highly pure lime water is only set after filtering off the flocculation products. In the flocculation stage, highly pure lime water is also preferably employed for setting the flocculation pH value.

Abstract: A waste water treatment system is illustrated which can be configured to be portable and which minimizes the addition of solids to be disposed of through the use of ozone for contaminant reduction to basic elements after the pH value of the waste water to be treated is properly adjusted. This ozone in one stage is combined with ultrasound to cause coagulation and precipitation. In another stage, ozone and ultraviolet light are used in a reduction process. Ion alignment using a magnetic field and an electrochemical flocculation process to which the waste water is subjected causes further coagulation and precipitation. As designed, the system can operate continuously with redundancy at appropriate points so that removal of solids from the filtration units can occur simultaneous with the overall decontamination process.

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus is provided for treating and/or disinfecting water and/or wastewater wherein the contact chamber is sealed and under greater than atmospheric pressure having a detention time of no more than 5 minutes and further providing for generating a mixture containing chlorine dioxide having a product storage chamber connected to a first mixing chamber which is connected to a first storage chamber for storing chlorite, a second storage chamber for storing organic acid, and a third storage chamber for storing water, metering means are provided between all chambers, and means for filling are provided to these chambers. Unreacted constituents are removed from the disinfecting solution. Outlet means is provided from the product storage chamber to the pressurized contact chamber where the disinfecting solution is contacted with the water and/or wastewater.

Abstract: Coagulant compositions, advantageously solvent (water) solution thereof, well suited for the treatment/purification of impure aqueous media, e.g., surface waters, wastewaters, effluents, etc., via sedimentation technique, comprise (i) at least one basic aluminum polychloride or polychlorosulfate, (ii) at least one iron(II) and/or iron(III) compound, and (iii) at least one alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal halide.

Abstract: Arsenic and TOC are removed from drinking water or wastewaters by use of finely-divided metallic iron in the presence of powdered elemental sulfur or other sulfur compounds such as manganese sulfide, followed by an oxidation step. A premix may be produced for this process, by adding the iron, sulfur and oxidizing agent to water in a predetermined pH range. The iron and sulfur are mixed for a period of time dependent upon the temperature and pH of the water and the presence of complexing or sequestering minerals and organic acids in the water. An oxidizing agent is added to the mixture and agitating is continued. In a preferred embodiment the oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide. Water is decanted from the mixture after a sufficient reaction time, to produce a concentrated premix. This premix can be added to water intended for drinking or to industrial effluents containing toxic materials.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for separating fine solids from water in the used water recovery system of a sheet forming mill, wherein the used water recovery system includes at least one stage in which an alkaline earth metal carbonate is precipitated in the aqueous suspension constituting the used water whereby the particulate material present in the used water becomes entrained in the alkaline earth metal carbonate precipitate. By the invention it is possible to recover the water and the fine solid materials which pass through the wire mesh belt of a paper or board forming machine, and optionally recycle those recovered materials.

Abstract: Generation of Fe.sup.+2 for water treatment and treatment process using a microbe capable of converting Fe.sup.+3 to Fe.sup.+2 wherein the microbe is selected from ATCC 55339.

Abstract: A composition for treating water that contains metal ions and possibly also organic and/or inorganic compounds is produced by reacting sulfur with an alkali- and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of water.The inventive composition corresponds to general formula IM.sub.x S.sub.y O.sub.z, (I)whereM represents an alkali or alkaline earth metal,x is 1 or 2,y is in the range 1.5x-2.5x, andz is in the range 0.1-2.5.

Abstract: A flocculant for water treatment containing a highly polymerized silicic acid solution having a high concentration of SiO.sub.2 and an extremely low concentration of alkali metal substance, and a method for producing such flocculant. The silicic acid solution is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of an alkali metal silicate such as water glass to remove alkali metal and allowing the solution to liquefy after once gelling. The flocculant may further contain a water soluble metal salt such as ferric chloride or ferric nitrate.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of sodium borohydride, sodium hydroxide, and an anionic polymer is useful for the reduction and separation of metals in wastewater and it is hydrolytically stable for a period of six months. It may also contain an alkali metal aluminate or alum. Thus, a one-package treatment of wastewater is provided by the invention described herein.

Abstract: A wastewater clarificant very excellent in the powers for removing BOD, COD and SS is provided. The clarificant comprises an aqueous solution containing a polynuclear complex salt that is obtained by subjecting to isochoric heating an aqueous solution containing a mixture of sulfates of a plurality of metals selected from the group consisting of potassium, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium and aluminum. Preferably, the clarificant comprises an aqueous solution containing a polynuclear complex salt that is obtained by subjecting to isochoric heating an aqueous solution containing a mixture of sulfates of a plurality of metals selected from the group consisting of, in molar concentration, 0.02 to 0.08 of potassium, 0.11 to 1.31 of iron, 0.003 to 0.030 of calcium, 0.004 to 0.040 of sodium, 0.27 to 0.81 of magnesium and 0.370 to 1.300 of aluminum.

Abstract: Metals that form sparingly soluble sulfides are removable from industrial wastewaters by adding a precipitant comprising a suspension obtained by mixing sulfur, an iron(II) salt, water and a base, adjusting the wastewater pH to >4, and separating off the resulting sulfidic precipitate in a conventional manner.

Abstract: A process is provided for the precipitation of phosphates from phosphate-comprising waters which utilizes iron hydroxide of the formula Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3.nH.sub.2 O wherein n=0.5-3.0. The iron hydroxide is prepared from natural or technical muds comprising iron in a process which involves dissolving with mineral acid and precipitation with a base. Other metal hydroxides are used together with the iron hydroxide.

Abstract: The ferrates in solid state have the formula:M (Fe, X)O.sub.4in which M designates two atoms of Na or K or one atom of Ca or Ba, and X is an atom whose cation has the electronic structure of a rare gas. These ferrates are isomorphs of ferrates of the formula M FeO.sub.4, in which M has the same definition as above. Used particularly for the treatment of water, by oxidation.

Abstract: A non-toxic composition, and method, for the clarification of raw sugar-containing juices, especially sugar cane juice, and related products, for analysis. A composition constituted of A) aluminum chloride hydroxide, B) lime and C) activated bentonite, bentonite containing calcium aluminum silicate, and preferably also a polymeric flocculating agent, has been found highly effective as a reagent for the clarification of sugar-containing juices, notably sugar cane juice, and related products.

Abstract: Novel basic aluminum chlorosulfate solutions, having a basicity ranging from 45% to 70% and wherein more than 80% of the SO.sub.4.sup.2- values are complexed, prepared, e.g., by reacting calcium carbonate with a chlorosulfuric solution of aluminum, are useful coagulating and flocculating agents for the removal of impurities from aqueous media, notably to prepare potable water therefrom; the water thus treated contains but trace amounts of residual aluminum values.

Abstract: A method is proposed for performing precipitation reactions which yields precipitate particles in the form of flakes. The precipitate particles are coarse, having cross-measurements in the order of 10 to 400 microns. According to this method, a suitable precipitant is one which will react with the ionic species to be precipitated and which is sparingly soluble, such as lime, and therefore capable of forming a slurry as opposed to a solution. Prior to adding the precipitant to the solution containing ions to be precipitated, the precipitant is slurried, normally in aqueous medium, and flocculated such that discrete floccules having diameters in the order of 1 to 6 mm are formed. Upon addition of the flocculated precipitant to the solution containing ions to be precipitated, a layer of precipitate forms on the surface of the precipitant floccules, encapsulating or partially encapsulating the floccule.

Abstract: A flocculant for water treatment containing a highly polymerized silicic acid solution having a high concentration of SiO.sub.2 and an extremely low concentration of alkali metal substance, and a method for producing such flocculant. The silicic acid solution is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of an alkali metal silicate such as water glass to remove alkali metal and allowing the solution to liquefy after once gelling. The flocculant may further contain a water soluble metal salt such as ferric chloride or ferric nitrate.

Abstract: An agent for the treatment of water containing dissolved aluminum comprises a particulate alkali metal or quaternary ammonium silicate, the particles having a coating of a water-insoluble silicate over at least a part of their surface, and a process of treating water which comprises dissolving the agent in the water.

Abstract: A non-toxic composition, and method, for the clarification of raw sugar-containing juices, especially sugar cane juice, and related products, for analysis. A composition constituted of A) aluminum chloride hydroxide, B) lime and C) activated bentonite, bentonite containing calcium aluminum silicate, and preferably also a polymeric flocculating agent, has been found highly effective as a reagent for the clarification of sugar-containing juices, notably sugar cane juice, and related products.

Abstract: A novel method of treating circulating water containing over-sprayed water-based or solvent-based paint, such as in a paint spray booth operation, comprises adjusting the alkalinity of the paint spray booth water by adding an alkalinity source thereto, contacting the oversprayed paint with the alkalinity-adjusted water and with an alumina coated silica sol added to the water, adding an effective amount of a polymer floccing agent to the water, and removing resulting sludge from the water.

Abstract: A novel basic aluminum chlorosulfate, well adopted for the improved purification of aqueous media, has the formulaAl.sub.n OH.sub.m (SO.sub.4).sub.k Cl.sub.3n-m-2kand characteristic basicity, Al/Cl ratio, molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameters.

Abstract: Wastewater containing impurities refractory to secondary treatment is first introducted into an aerobic biological treatment stage operating with an oxygen-enriched stream and subsequently into a precipitation stage where the biologically treated wastewater is combined with Ca(OH).sub.2 to precipitate Ca(OH).sub.2 CaCO.sub.3 sludge which adsorbs or occludes impurities. The clear liquid, separated from the resultant sludge, is passed to a second precipitation stage where it reacts with a CO.sub.2 and oxygen-containing waste gas at least in part from the aerobic biological treatment stage, thereby forming additional CaCO.sub.3. Waste gas withdrawn from the second precipitation stage, being enriched in oxygen is recycled to the aerobic biological treatment stage.

Abstract: The invention provides a chemical process for the treatment of water containing dissolved calcium and sulphate ions, so as to produce a purified product water having a reduced sulphate ion concentration. Barium sulphide is added to the water to cause precipitation of barium sulphate from the water. The water from which the barium sulphate has been precipitated is then treated with carbon dioxide to form hydrogen sulphide in the water, and the hydrogen sulphide is stripped from the water.

Abstract: A novel basic aluminum chlorosulfate, well adopted for the improved purification of aqueous media, has the formula:Al.sub.n OH.sub.m (SO.sub.4).sub.k Cl.sub.3n-m-2kand characteristic basicity, Al/Cl ratio, molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameters.

Abstract: An aqueous solution for removing metals from waste water contains sodium borohydride, sodium aluminate and sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating waste water which comprises the steps of adding thermal decomposition product consisting of CaO-MgO-SiO.sub.2 system compound singly or in combination with at least a metal salt selected from the group consisting of iron salts and magnesium salts to waste water containing an emulsion or a latex, thereby causing coagulation and sedimentation of particles consisting mainly of resin existing in the waste water and then removing the coagulated particles.

Abstract: Precipitation (conversion) of dissolved heavy metals in waste effluents is achieved with the addition and mixing of a solution of sodium polythiocarbonate with a solution containing dissolved heavy metals. The solution of sodium polythiocarbonate has been pH buffered to a pH of 12.5 or less in the manufacturing process. Precipitation of the dissolved heavy metals with the buffered sodium polythiocarbonate is complete by the formation of a stable, unleachable [as defined in 40 CFR 190.01, Part 261 Appendix II (Code of Federal Regulations)], extremely insoluble metallic polythiocarbonate particle.

Abstract: A method and flocculant for water treatment in which the highly polymerized silicic acid and a water-soluble salt of a metal capable of forming a hydroxide in water such as aluminum are added to the water to be treated. The highly polymerized silicic acid can be prepared by polymerizing water glass. In the case where the highly polymerized silicic acid and the water-soluble metal salt are prepared as a flocculant in the form of aqueous solution before adding to the water to be treated, the flocculant is maintained at a pH value of not less than about 2 or not lower than about 11. The flocculant may be a silicic acid solution of which the gel time is prolonged by being added with a substance capable to generate ferrice ion in the solution so that the flocculant can maintain high aggregation ability after being stored for a long time. The silicic acid solution may be polymerized before being added with such ferric ion generating substance.

Abstract: An aqueous composition for conditioning an aqueous system, for example a sewage slurry, comprises an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, e.g. lime, and an anionic oligomeric polyelectrolyte, e.g. a salt of polyacrylic acid which composition has at least 40% by weight of particulate solid materials. Other components may include a weighting agent, e.g. calcium carbonate, a cationic flocculant, e.g. a polyacrylamide, and a base such as sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: An aqueous organic or inorganic suspension can be coagulated and then flocculated by flowing it past a shaped body comprising a mixture of water soluble multivalent metal coagulant and a water soluble organic polymeric flocculant in the form of substantially discrete particles. The surface of the shaped body is eroded by the flowing stream to form a solution of the coagulant in which the polymeric flocculant particles are entrained, and these subsequently dissolve into the suspension.

Abstract: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be effectively utilized as a floc conditioner during the formation of polyaluminum chloride. The polyvinyl alcohol can be effectively incorporated into the composition either before basification (pre-addition) or afterwards (post-addition). When added to concentrated aluminum containing solutions (8-9% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3), polyvinyl alcohol is preferably used at concentrations up to about 2500 ppm. Higher concentrations may exhibit overdose behavior with progressively decreasing effectiveness. The preferred dosage is about 1750 ppm of PVA for synthetic laboratory water.

Abstract: For water-treatment in swimming pools, cooling towers, hot tubs, and other systems, it is desired to feed various chemicals in small quantities but at optimum rates into the system. In several embodiments of the invention the water is recirculated through the system which usually includes a filter. It has been discovered that the chemicals can be fed by enclosing them in generally spherical plastic capsules suggestive of table tennis balls, but about the size of a base ball. The rate of feeding depends upon the size and number of small holes which are provided, or the user pokes through the shell of the capsule, upon the solubility of the chemical, and upon the flow rate of the water through a strainer, skimmer, or other chamber in the system into which the capsule is introduced. The random orientation of the capsule tends to average out variations.

Abstract: The turbidity of a fluid is reduced by adding a treatment solution containing a flocculation agent to said fluid. The treatment solution has a density different from that of the fluid. It is added at selected locations in the fluid such that the difference in densities will cause the treatment solution to be uniformly distributed throughout the fluid to be treated thereby causing flocs to be uniformly distributed throughout the fluid. In this way, a fluid can be treated in situ, rather than transported to a separate location, and mechanically mixed with a flocculation agent. This technique has particular application in the preparation and maintenance of solar ponds.

Abstract: A method of treating organic waste is provided which includes separating the liquid portion of the waste from the solid portion prior to reacting said solid portion in an accelerated wet oxidation reaction. The method includes using an internally-derived ash from the wet oxidation reaction to weight the organic waste, thereby increasing the rate at which the liquid phase can be separated from the solid phase. By first removing the liquid portion of the waste, the oxygen demand of the waste to be processed by wet oxidation is substantially lowered. Ammonia is removed from the liquid portion of the waste in a de-ammoniating step which is followed by biological decomposition to form a liquid stream having a greatly reduced oxygen demand. In one embodiment, the method includes further treating the liquid stream to substantially remove salts and using the resulting deionized stream as a diluent to dilute the solid portion of the waste prior to wet oxidation.

Abstract: Sulfonate surfactants are removed from crude oil or crude oil emulsions, such as may be produced using enhanced recovery methods, by mixing with an aqueous solution of synthetic brine such as ammonium chloride, allowing the phases to separate, and removing the aqueous phase containing brine and sulfonates from the organic phase containing hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The specification discloses a novel calcium silicate water-treating agent exhibiting a superior ability to remove various kinds of phosphorus compounds or other environmental pollutants contained in wastewater, the calcium silicate water treating agent comprising a burned product which is prepared by burning a mixture containing as main constituents calcium compound, thermally decomposable to calcium oxide (CaO), and SiO.sub.2 -containing compound at a temperature of 1300.degree. to 1600.degree. C., the molar ratio of CaO/SiO.sub.2 of the resultant burned product being in the range of 1.5 to 5.0, preferably 2.0 to 4.0. In this water treating agent, SiO.sub.2 component may be partially replaced by Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and/or Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3. A further water treating agent is prepared by heating the hydrate of the burned product prepared above at a temperature of 50.degree. to 700.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for producing a solid, cold-water soluble, sulfate containing aluminum chloride composition suitable for use as a waste water clarifying agent comprising introducing alkali aluminate, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrated aluminum oxide into a spray drier and recovering the resulting solid product.

Abstract: The turbidity of a fluid is reduced by adding a treatment solution containing a flocculation agent to said fluid. The treatment solution has a density different from that of the fluid. It is added at selected locations in the fluid such that the difference in densities will cause the treatment solution to be uniformly distributed throughout the fluid to be treated thereby causing flocs to be uniformly distributed throughout the fluid. In this way, a fluid can be treated in situ, rather than transported to a separate location, and mechanically mixed with a flocculation agent. This technique has particular application in the preparation and maintenance of solar ponds.

Abstract: Process for removing chlorinated hydrocarbons such as ethylene dibromide and PCBs from a material containing the same such as a fuel, hazardous waste material, fuel containing a hazardous waste material, which comprises forming a ternary alloy of sodium, copper and lead by dispersing sodium metal in oil and reacting the same with a catalytic amount of copper and at least the same amount of lead to provide a slurry of said alloy; contacting the material containing the halogenated hydrocarbon with said slurry using an amount of alloy whereby the sodium is present in excess with respect to halogen present; carrying out said contacting at a temperature of about 250.degree.-300.degree. F. under intense mixing and separately recovering the sodium halide, copper-lead and unreacted sodium-copper-lead alloy from the substantially halogen free material.The invention also contemplates as novel the ternary alloy of Na, Cu and Pb and the oil slurry containing the same.

Abstract: A low cost method and apparatus for maintaining and rejuvenating a septic system in which an activated gaseous fluid formed by irradiating an oxygen containing gas, such as ambient air, with radiation having a wave-length below 200 nanometers produced by a low powered ultra-violet lamp is brought into intimate contact with liquid in the effluent chamber of a septic tank to effect a substantial reduction in the concentration of suspended solids, volatile solids and fecal coliform in the liquid and when the activated fluid is brought into intimate contact with a drainage field of a septic system clogged with water-insoluble sulfides, and polysaccharide gums and anaerobic organisms of the deposits which have clogged the drainage field are removed. The effluent from a septic tank treated with activated fluid after filtering through a sand filter and subjected to a second treatment with the activated fluid produces a discharge of surface quality water.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for management of hazardous materials and namely chlorinated hydrocarbons including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as found in fuels, textile dyes, printing inks, paints, carbonless copy paper, fireproofing agents, electrical capacitors, electrical insulation, transformer fluids, hydraulic systems, heat exchangers, hazardous wastes and the like. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for assuring protection against and specifically elimination of the potential health effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbons including polychlorinated biphenyls in the wide range of materials noted above, but particularly in so-called toxic wastes or hazardous waste materials and even more particularly in the hazardous wastes used as fuels or the fuels per se.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new and useful group of calcium, zinc and magnesium flocculating agents which may be beneficially utilized to treat and purify waste water and/or other waste liquids resulting from a variety of industrial processes. The general ion free formula of these inorganic flocculating agents is represented as follows:(Me.sub.2 O.sub.3).sub.m.sup..cndot. (Me.sub.2 O.sub.3 Cl).sub.(m+z).sup..cndot. (MeO).sub.n.sup..cndot. (SiO.sub.2).sub.t.sup..cndot. (SO.sub.4).sub.yThese flocculating agents may also be represented by the theoretical formula of:Me.sub.n.sup.II Me.sub.o.sup.II Me.sub.m.sup.III (OH).sub.p (SiO.sub.2).sub.t.sup..cndot. (Aci).sub.z (SO.sub.4).sub.ywhere:(a) Me.sub.n.sup.II is selected from the divalent cationic group consisting of: (1) Ca.sup.2+, (2) Mg.sup.2+ and (3) Ca.sup.2+ and Mg.sup.2+ ;(b) Me.sub.o.sup.II is divalent cationic Fe.sup.2+ ;(c) Me.sub.m.sup.III is selected form the trivalent cationic group consisting of: (1) Al.sup.3+, (2) Fe.sup.3+ and (3) Al.sup.