Abstract: A method of treating water, applicable to sterilise water for drinking or to treat ballast water, may include flowing water through a conduit containing a reduced pressure zone arranged to reduce the pressure of the flow by at least 102 to a sub-atmospheric pressure. The method may include passing water through a siphon conduit having a headspace provided with a gas removal pump.

Abstract: An arrangement for addition of chlorine dioxide to flowing water in a pipeline is provided. The reactants are reacted in a reaction chamber located in the flow of water and the chlorine dioxide is passed from the reaction chamber directly into the flowing water.

Abstract: A system and method for maintaining a body of water in a sanitized condition with use of a halogen and a source of silver ions wherein the halogen is maintained at 50% to 75% less than a recommended halogen level for maintaining the body of water in a sanitized condition by adding a compound containing a hydantoin ring to a recreational body of water containing a halogen and a source of metal ions.

Abstract: Synergistic mixtures of haloamines and their use to control the growth of microorganisms in aqueous systems are disclosed. The method of using the synergistic mixtures entails adding an effective amount of a monohaloamine and an effective amount of a dihaloamine to an aqueous system. The ratio of monohaloamine to dihaloamine is selected to result in a synergistic biocidal effect.

Abstract: A chlorine based biofouling control subsystem is utilized to facilitate shipboard water management systems such as ballast water management that employ filters. The biofouling control system can serve as a subsystem to promote antifouling and reduce the filter clogging due to biofouling, which improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the ballast water treatment management system. An antifouling agent of the biofouling control system breaks up the dense colonies of marine organisms being filtered or treated by the main water management systems.

Abstract: A system for removing ammonia from wastewater includes a series of interconnected reactor tubes that each comprise an outer cathode and an inner cathode that is centrally positioned within the outer cathode to form a spacing of between 3 mm and 10 mm through which wastewater may flow. At least one of the reactor tubes includes an inner cathode having a MMO coating. Hypochlorite or another chlorine based element can be supplied to wastewater prior to passing through the reactor tubes. The presence of the hypochlorite within the wastewater and the generation of chlorine by the MMO coated cathode result in an increased level of hypochlorite being present in the wastewater which speeds the breakdown of ammonia. A portion of the wastewater processed through the reactor tubes can be diverted through a feedback path to the input to the reactor tubes to increase the amount of hypochlorite present in the unprocessed wastewater.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for removing nitrogen species from fresh water or high salinity water recirculated aquaculture systems. The processes are based on physico-chemical treatments which are performed at ambient temperatures and at low p H values thus keeping the total ammonia nitrogen concentrations below a value which is considered detrimental for the growth or survival rate of cultured fish/shrimp.

Abstract: This invention is a new approach to managing water, in the form of condensation, produced by the air conditioning process. Components “A” and “B” are unique, seamless and are molded as shown in FIG. 1; and to the best of this inventors knowledge (based on extensive searching) they do not exist anywhere.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for obtaining various components of a multi-component material. Generally, a component of a whole blood sample may be concentrated from a patient and re-introduced to the same patient. For example, a clotting component, such as thrombin, from a whole blood sample may be extracted and concentrated in an apparatus and collection to be reapplied or reintroduced into a patient.

Abstract: A coordinated system for the treatment of water includes (a) a test kit including an indicator having a changeable color which is adapted to a predetermined aqueous environmental condition and an associated chart including colors associated with a range of environmental conditions; and at least one chemical agent having a color which corresponds to a color of the indicator associated with an environmental condition outside of a desired range.

Abstract: A method and a system for continuous purification of wastewater and/or utility water, wherein peracetic acid is metered into the wastewater, the flow of the wastewater, redox potential and the concentration of peracetic acid are measured, and the metering of peracetic acid is adjusted relative to the variation in the flow and on the basis of the concentration of peracetic acid and redox potential.

Abstract: Methods, kits, cartridges and compounds related to generating chlorine dioxide by exposing ClO2? to at least one of a manganese porphyrin catalyst or a manganese porphyrazine catalyst are described.

Abstract: A process of producing ultrapure water includes passing a water stream through a plurality of treatment stages in which inorganic and organic species which are present in the water are separated from the water stream; and adding an aqueous hypobromite solution to the water stream in at least one of the stages.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating water and an aqueous system, situated in a pipe, with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), the method including generating ClO2 in a reaction space such that the generated ClO2 is completely surrounded by a system to be treated, and delivering the ClO2 generated in the reaction space to the system to be treated which is situated in the pipe, wherein the system surrounding the reaction space is the system to be treated, the reaction space is a component of a mobile device and the mobile device can be introduced into the pipe, in which the system to be treated is situated, and removed again independently of the pressure state of the pipe containing the system to be treated, and the reaction space is situated in the pipe containing the system to be treated.

Abstract: A method for treating a swimming pool, including introducing Mg2+ to a level from 60 ppm to 300 ppm to the swimming pool by addition of a soluble magnesium compound to the swimming pool, or Mg2+ to a level from 60 ppm to 1000 ppm by addition of a magnesium halide in addition to a further soluble magnesium compound.

Abstract: Methods and systems for treating wastewater. Wastewater slurry collected in a tank is routed by a macerator pump. The macerated slurry is piped to an electrolytic cell to oxidize and disinfect it. The slurry is then piped to an electrocoagulation cell. Suspended solid particles are flocculated in the electrocoagulation cell. The flocculated slurry is routed to a primary settling tank for separation of sludge and a substantially clarified supernatant. The supernatant is piped to a secondary clarifying tank to facilitate further separation of the sludge. The sludge is discharged to a sludge collection tank. The turbidity levels of the sludge discharged is continually monitored. When the turbidity level equals a pre-determined low value, the sludge discharge is stopped. The substantially clarified supernatant may be discharged as an effluent following dechlorination.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and processes for treating a Waste Stream comprising biosolids, the Waste Stream provided at varying flow rates and solids concentrations so as to achieve an SOUR of 1.5 mg O2/g/hr or less and an ORP of at least +300 mV. The system includes a biosolids manipulation device to adjust the volume of suspended solids as a percent of the total volume of the Waste Stream to five (5) percent or less; a chemical oxidant feed device to dose the Waste Stream with an oxidant such as chlorine dioxide, ozone, or similar oxidant, and a treatment vessel associated with said chemical oxidant feed device through which said Waste Stream flows, wherein said chemical oxidant feed device and said treatment device are configured so as to achieve a dose rate between 25 and 200 parts per million of the Waste Stream and substantially complete mixing of the oxidant within 30 seconds of dose delivery in the treatment vessel.

Abstract: In a method for water treatment by chlorine disinfection, a chlorine stabilizer is dosed into water to be treated as far as a predetermined chlorine stabilizer concentration in said water is achieved. As soon as the predetermined chlorine stabilizer concentration is achieved said achieved chlorine stabilizer concentration is maintained in said water constant. A chlorine disinfectant concentration is adjusted in said water to be treated to a predetermined chlorine disinfectant concentration in said water by dosing a non-stabilized chlorine disinfectant (free chlorine) into said water to be treated. Therefore advantages of free chlorine and stabilized chlorine disinfection and facilitating to reduce DBPs at low chlorine stabilizer concentrations in water can be combined, without compromising disinfection safety.

Abstract: A method for disinfecting hot water, in recirculating systems, includes producing monochloramine directly in hot water, at a temperature higher than 30° C. in a hot water circulating system The method is implemented by an apparatus for disinfecting hot water, in recirculating systems, having a main hot water circuit, one or more water delivery points and a water feed point, adapted to maintain the circulating water volume constant, a drawing point, where a portion of water of the main circuit is drawn and an intake point where water added with monochloramine is reintroduced into the main circuit; and an adding circuit formed between the drawing point and the intake point; the adding circuit has a control and adding system, adapted to add monochloramine producing reagents to the hot water.

Abstract: A method of controlling the concentration of P of cleaning solution waste water starts by providing a waste water buffer tank capable of either sending the waste water to a waste water treatment plant or storing the waste water after the waste water is accepted. The concentration of P in the cleaning solution is set within a target concentration range, and matter to be treated is treated. The concentration of P in the waste water is measured in the waste water buffer tank. When the measured value of the concentration of P is less than a selected upper limit, the waste water is sent from the waste water buffer tank to the waste water treatment plant. When the measured value of the concentration of P is higher than the selected upper limit, sending the waste water to the waste water treatment plant is stopped, and the waste water is stored in the waste water buffer tank. The concentration of P is reduced to a value within the target concentration range, and the matter to be treated is treated.

Abstract: A pH balancing solution dispenser having an upper body portion and a lower dispenser body portion. An interior support portion is provided with a dispensing grid and an at least one piercing mechanism thereon. A dispenser lid and an at least one dispensing mechanism are provided wherein a container of pH balancing solution is placed within the upper body portion and situated in communication with the piercing mechanism. The container is pierced and opened and the pH balancing solution flows from the container through the dispensing grid and is stored for distribution by the at least one dispensing mechanism. A unit controller can be provided to meter a dose of pH solution when instructed by the pH balancing solution dispenser to balance the pH of the body of water based on the estimation made by the unit controller using the measured operational time.

Abstract: A floating dispenser having an external float or an internal float for supporting a cartridge or cartridges for floatingly delivering a dispersant or dispersants to a body of water with the floating dispenser having cartridges rotationally positionable with respect to one another to control the rate of dispensing while the dispenser floats in an upright condition with the floating dispenser changing its flotation orientation in response to consumption of the dispersant or dispersants in the a cartridge to thereby provide a visual alert to replace a spent cartridge with a fresh cartridge. In addition the inventions described herein permit changing the dispensing nature of the system from a multiple dispensing system to a single dispensing system without changing the floating characteristics of the floating dispensers through replacement of a dispersant in one of the cartridges with an inert or ballast material that has no effect on the water characteristics.

Abstract: A water filtration system with a filter and method for filtering raw water having a series of media layers in the following order: 1) sand to gravel or coarse silica; 2) zeolite; 3) activated carbon; 4) a second layer of sand to gravel or coarse silica; and 5) a second layer of zeolite is disclosed. Optionally, the series further has a ceramic media layer, which may have a reactive coating such as calcium hypochloride. Further options include ferruginous latertic clay spheres (FLCS) or iron oxide brick particles, at least one grid, which may be charged, and/or at least one sand arch. A rapid sand filter may be used prior to filtering water through the series of media layers. The water may also be further filtered through a mixture of zeolite and carbon. Chlorine may be added to the filtered water. Specialized water filters for reducing fluoride and arsenic concentrations and taste aesthetics are also disclosed.

Abstract: A water treatment system is provided including a tank having a top, a control valve, and an air inlet. The control valve is positioned on the top of the tank and in fluid communication with the tank. The control valve includes a plurality of orifices in fluid communication with a source of untreated water, a treated water outlet, a drain, and a source of sterilizing fluid. The air inlet is in fluid communication with the tank and with a first venturi. The control valve is operative to control the flow of untreated water through the first venturi to draw air through the air inlet and into the tank. The control valve includes a sterilizer valve that is operative to open and close at least one passage in fluid communication between the control valve and the source of sterilizing fluid.

Abstract: A method for connecting a chlorine generator to a pipe carrying a flow of water is disclosed. A short section of rigid pipe conveying water to the chlorine generator is configured at an end inserted into the water flow so that the flow forces water into the rigid pipe and into the chlorine generator, and a second short section of rigid pipe that returns chlorinated water from the chlorine generator to the flow of water is configured at an end inserted into the water flow so that the flow draws the chlorinated water into the flow. A single clamp around the pipe carrying the flow may be used to mount both sections of short rigid tubing to and from the chlorine generator.

Abstract: An automated self-propelled pool cleaner having a housing, a water pump for moving water through the housing, drive means for moving the pool cleaner over the surface of the salt water pool to be cleaned, and an integral electrochemical chlorine generator mounted in the housing, includes a processor/controller that is programmed to activate the chlorine generator, the pump and drive means in predetermined operational sequences that minimize wear and tear on the water pump and drive means, while at the same time distribute and maintain a safe level of sanitizing chlorine in the pool, to thereby obviate the need for an in-line chlorinator or other chemical additive treatments; an optional automated sensor device can be provided to activate a secondary maintenance program which enables the pool cleaner to operate over prolonged periods of time as the sole means for filtering and sanitizing the pool water.

Abstract: A method of chemically treating partially de-ashed pulp and/or paper mill sludge to obtain products of value comprising taking a sample of primary sludge from a Kraft paper mill process, partially de-ashing the primary sludge by physical means, and further treating the primary sludge to obtain the products of value, including further treating the resulting sludge and using the resulting sludge as a substrate to produce cellulase in an efficient manner using the resulting sludge as the only carbon source and mixtures of inorganic salts as the primary nitrogen source, and including further treating the resulting sludge and using the resulting sludge to produce ethanol.

Abstract: An amperometric sensor includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a reference electrode. The sensor further includes a switch to selectably electrically connect the first electrode as a working electrode and to electrically connecting the second electrode as an auxiliary electrode during a first time interval. During a second time interval, the switch electrically connects the first electrode as the auxiliary electrode and electrically connects the second electrode as the working electrode. The switching of the two electrodes is repeated continuously as amperometric measurements are performed. Preferably, the sensor includes an ultrasonic transducer proximate the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode to clean the electrodes.

Abstract: A method of sanitizing water contained in a spa is provided which comprises installing a chlorine generating cell including a diamond electrode in a filter compartment of the spa, employing a resin-filled calcium remover bag to reduce the hardness of the water, adding salt to the water; and operating the chlorine generating cell to generate chlorine and other sanitizing agents for sanitizing the water.

Abstract: The invention relates to synergistic mixtures of o-phenylphenol with other microbicidally active compounds, such as bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanedial), 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a treatment composition for recreational water, comprising a high molecular weight water soluble resin composition made from long chain alkoxylated polymers or co-polymers that impart emollient properties to the recreational water, as well as articles of manufacture comprising packaging material and the treatment composition for recreational water contained within the packaging material. The present invention is also directed to methods for treating recreational water, and recreational water treated with the above treatment composition.

Abstract: A method that can be used in a portable system and apparatus to effectively and efficiently treat aqueous fluids by quickly and reliably adjusting and controlling the free residual level of disinfectants, contaminants or additives through the addition of one or more treating agents such as oxidizing chemicals and/or other special-purpose additives, and that can continuously store, log, retrieve and report the related fluid composition data and other operating parameters on a real-time basis at either the use site or a remote location. A preferred use for the subject method is managing the chemistry of disinfectant, contaminant and/or additive levels in aqueous fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations, and controlling the free residual levels of the disinfectant or contaminants within the fluids, including fluids maintained in frac tanks during temporary cessation of a hydraulic fracturing operation.

Abstract: A portable water treatment system and apparatus is disclosed that can effectively and efficiently treat aqueous fluids by quickly and reliably adjusting and controlling the free residual level of disinfectants, contaminants or additives through the addition of one or more treating agents such as oxidizing chemicals and/or other special-purpose additives, and that can continuously store, log, retrieve and report the related fluid composition data and other operating parameters on a real-time basis at either the use site or a remote location. A preferred use for the subject system and apparatus is managing the chemistry of disinfectant, contaminant and/or additive levels in aqueous fluids used in hydraulic fracturing operations, and controlling the free residual levels of the disinfectant or contaminants within the fluids, including fluids maintained in frac tanks during temporary cessation of a hydraulic fracturing operation.

Abstract: A pressurized wastewater effluent chlorination system including a treatment tank defining a contact chamber and an aeration chamber. The treatment tank receives wastewater effluent. The system includes a pressure vessel within a liquid chlorine storage container positioned in or near the treatment tank. Preferably, the pressure vessel is a floating vessel having a check valve at its bottom, enabling the vessel to fill with a predetermined amount or measured charge of chlorine depending on the position of a float on the vessel. In response to a timer control or float switch, a valve operates to communicate air pressure from a compressor to the vessel to displace the measured charge of liquid chlorine into the wastewater effluent in the contact chamber. Effluent flow and air discharge into the contact chamber enhances mixing of the chlorine and the effluent.

Abstract: There is provided a method of inhibiting the development of a biofilm adjacent a surface, the method comprising intermittently applying a biofilm inhibiting substance to a collection of microorganisms having biofilm developing potential. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of purifying fluid, typically an aqueous fluid steam, with the method involving at least two reverse osmosis stages with retentate from a first reverse osmosis stage being subjected to the second reverse osmosis stage, and with intermediate treatment of retentate from the first reverse osmosis stage by exposure to an electric field. The intermediate treatment may involve electrocoagulation to remove sparingly-soluble compounds and permit enhanced reverse osmosis recovery. Additional treatment may be performed prior to the first reverse osmosis stage, between the first reverse osmosis stage and the intermediate treatment with an electric field, between such intermediate treatment and the second reverse osmosis stage, or after the second reverse osmosis stage.

Abstract: A device, system and method are provided for treating water, in which a water treating agent is prepared and dispensed to an untreated drinking water source in discrete and consecutive control volumes enabling untreated water in the untreated water source to be treated thereby to provide potable water.

Abstract: A sustainable method and system for treating and maintaining bodies of water at low cost for low density recreational use is disclosed. A system of the invention generally includes at least one containing means, at least one coordination means, at least one chemical application means, at least one non-intrusive mobile suction means, and at least one filtration means. The coordinating means can receive information regarding water quality parameters that are controlled, and can timely activate the processes necessary to adjust the water quality parameters within their respective limits. The disclosed methods and system filter only a small fraction of the total water volume, up to 200 times less per day than the flow filtered by conventional swimming pool filtration systems. The disclosed methods and system also use less chemicals, up to 100 times less than conventional swimming pool water treatment systems.

Abstract: A system for reducing or preventing the growth of organisms in the process water used to coat glass fibers with a formaldehyde-free binder composition. One or more biocides is added to the process water that mitigates the growth of microbes in the water. The biocides are added in an amount sufficient to minimize growth of organisms without adversely affecting the application of the binder composition to the glass fibers.

Abstract: A water chlorinating device having a vessel (2) in turn having a bottom portion (6) for containing water; a grille (10) located over the bottom portion and for supporting a solid chemical chlorinating substance (11); a spray device (13) for directing at least one water jet on to the grille (10); and a mixing nozzle (29) located inside the bottom portion (6), at the bottom of the vessel (2), and for agitating the water in the bottom portion (6) by means of a water jet.

Abstract: An apparatus for on-site production of disinfectant/oxidizing products, arranged directly in the fluid to be processed, and a method for oxidation/disinfection of the affected water in order to avoid microbiological proliferation phenomena, which can cause hygienic and sanitary problems or problems of failed efficiency of systems. The apparatus for disinfecting water with on-site production of oxidizing/disinfecting products at the desired concentrations includes storage tanks for chemical reagents, pumps and pipes for connection, and a source of disinfectant and oxidizing products that is immersed in the water to be disinfected.

Abstract: Embodiments are provided for removing a variety of contaminants using both rare earth and non-rare earth-containing treatment elements.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for efficient implementation and control of water treatment bypass loops combining ozone and chlorine injection are disclosed. Combined use of ozone and chlorine exploits high oxidation potential of ozone while retaining longer lived residual effectiveness of chlorine for high efficacy against contaminants, particularly biological and organic. Embodiments including automated monitoring and control of chlorine concentrations in presence of high oxidation potentials from ozone are disclosed, as is an inexpensive circuit for using a signal from a redox sensor for controlling output from an electrolysis cell. Also disclosed is a multipurpose enclosure that may be used, with different inserts, to implement an electrolysis cell, an ultraviolet ozone generator, an advanced oxidation unit, or an erosion feeder for adding dissolved salt to water for use in an electrolysis cell.

Abstract: A method for reclamation of a brine that includes mixing a brine containing thiocyanates with an oxidizing agent; and allowing for a time sufficient for the oxidizing agent to oxidize at least a portion of the thiocyanates is disclosed. Other methods may also include determining the quantity of unoxidized thiocyanates after the oxidizing treatment.

Abstract: A control system comprising a timer based controller and a valve wherein the timer-based controller has a fixed period and the timer based controller regularly cycles the valve between a first condition and a second condition with the first portion of the cycle directing a first flow of water through a dispensable material and the remaining portion of the cycle directing a lesser flow of water through the dispensable material.

Abstract: The present invention describes methods and kits for determining the concentration of free chlorine in water. To avoid false readings from other species present in the water, the free chlorine is reacted with ammonia to form monochloramine, which is then reacted to form an indophenol or an indonaphthol. The concentration of the indophenol or indonaphthol is proportional to the total monochloramine present. Subtracting the concentration of residual monochloramine from the total monochloramine yields the concentration of monochloramine formed from the free chlorine and ammonia, and is proportional to the concentration of free chlorine. Embodiments of the present invention will simplify and accelerate accurate measurements of free chlorine in water, without interference from compounds impacting present measurements of free chlorine.

Abstract: A method for reducing an isocyanuric acid level concentration in swimming pool water to prevent chlorine lock. The method comprises the steps of adding an effective amount of sodium hydroxide combined with an antimicrobial agent to the pool water and reacting the sodium hydroxide with the isocyanuric acid therein to reduce the isocyanuric acid concentration to a level of between about 30 to 50 PPM. The antimicrobial agent reduces the amount of microorganisms that have accumulated in the pool water until the chlorine is released from its “locked-up” condition.

Abstract: A method of sanitizing water contained in a spa is provided which comprises installing a chlorine generating cell including a diamond electrode in a filter compartment of the spa, employing a resin-filled calcium remover bag to reduce the hardness of the water, adding salt to the water; and operating the chlorine generating cell to generate chlorine and other sanitizing agents for sanitizing the water.

Abstract: A method of reclaiming a formate brine that includes increasing the pH of a spent formate brine fluid comprising water-soluble polymers; treating the fluid with an oxidizing agent; and removing at least a portion of suspended solids from the fluid is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of treating water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), by: surrounding a reaction chamber, in which the ClO2 is generated, with water, wherein the water surrounding the reaction chamber is simultaneously the water to be treated; and passing a reaction solution comprising the ClO2 formed in the reaction chamber out of the reaction chamber through an outlet directly into the water, thus treating the water.