Abstract: A water purification unit is described having a number of sub-assemblies arranged in a more or less modular arrangement including a compression unit and a sterilization unit. The water purification unit is operated at a throughput rate less than the maximum throughput rate so that the flow rate of raw water being treated by the water purification unit is as at a predetermined in order to reduce the effects of blinding of the filter. The sterilization rate is calculated in accordance with the predetermined first flow rate so that the dosage rate of sterilization agent remains substantially constant thereby avoiding fluctuations in the dosage rate so that the treated water has an amount of sterilizing agent within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A system for reducing or preventing the growth of organisms in the process water used to coat glass fibers with a formaldehyde-free binder composition. One or more biocides is added to the process water that mitigates the growth of microbes in the water. The biocides are added in an amount sufficient to minimize growth of organisms without adversely affecting the application of the binder composition to the glass fibers.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for the slow, generally uniform addition of a disinfectant solution comprising an active ingredient, such as chlorine, to achieve a substantially constant level of active ingredient in the liquid of a grey water reservoir of a residential septic tank system prior to dispersal. A container configured to reside in a standard chlorine tablet dispenser is filled with a disinfectant solution, which contains a disinfecting substance as an active ingredient. A drip-valve is used to regulate the drip flow of the disinfecting solution out of the container and into the grey water reservoir.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the removal of biofilm, flocculent bulked sludge or bulked biologically active sludge from an aqueous system. The method involves adding one or more chlorinated hydantoins, such as dichloro- or monochlorodialkylhydantoin, to the aqueous system. Alternatively, the chlorinated hydantoin may be formed in situ by adding a chlorine source and an alkylated hydantoin separately to the aqueous system. The invention is particularly advantageous because of the outstanding photostability of the chlorinated hydantoin solutions even when exposed to sunlight.

Abstract: The invention relates to a production method for producing stable chloramine. The method allows for the production of stable chloramine with the use of concentrated Chlorine source and concentrated amine source and agitation during production. The method produces a chloramine that has a pH of at least 5 with a most preferred pH of at least 7 or greater.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a biocide having improved durability of its biocidal activity as well as disinfection efficiency at an initial stage, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing stabilized alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite having a pH at least 11 by mixing a chlorine oxidant including alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite with a stabilizer in an alkali solution; (b) preparing a bromide ion source; and (c) adding the bromide ion source prepared in step (b) into the stabilized alkali or alkaline earth metal hypochlorite prepared in step (a). Also, a method of controlling the growth of microorganisms using a biocide prepared by the method of the present invention is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying water by dissolving one or more soluble metal salts in the water to provide corresponding metal ions, by dissolving hypohalite into the water, and by regulating the residence time, and thus hypohalite concentration in the device using a venturi nozzle disposed between the metal generator and the hypohalite generator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for injection of carbon dioxide into a process water stream. The method and apparatus allow carbon dioxide injection using any line pressure as it normally exists in a target water stream and produces superior mixing and carbon dioxide transfer results. The benefits of this method and device significantly improve the economics of using carbon dioxide gas to control pH and at the same time reduces the negative impact on the environment caused by the off gassing of carbon dioxide that is not effectively mixed into solution.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods to produce synergistic mixtures (or combinations) of haloamines to control growth of microorganisms in aqueous systems are disclosed. The apparatus and methods to produce synergistic mixtures entails producing a batch quantity of a haloamine and converting part of the haloamine to a second haloamine species to form the synergistic mixture.

Abstract: A synergistic composition is provided for controlling odor from waste products. The composition comprises a combination of nitrate salt, sulfide-consuming compound, pH-elevating compound, sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and sulfide-oxidizing enzyme. The method includes adding a sufficient amount of the composition to a waste stream to provide sufficient sulfide-consuming compound to effect immediate removal of sulfide. The composition incorporates a pH elevating compound, which both decreases the amount of gaseous H2S and puts the aqueous phase into a pH range where naturally occurring bacteria can more easily metabolize the sulfide. The composition also includes one or more nitrate salts which will accomplish longer term prevention of odors. Specific bacteria are incorporated into the formulation to insure that the nitrate has the right type and amount of bacteria present to prevent formation of and/or consume sulfide.

Abstract: A process for killing microorganisms and controlling biofouling in high chlorine demand waters comprises mixing two components, one of which is an oxidant and the other an ammonium salt, and adding the mixture immediately to the aqueous system to be treated.

Abstract: A composition for preventing formation of slime which comprises a chlorine-based oxidizing agent, a sulfamic acid compound, one of an anionic polymer or a phosphonic acid compound and a process for preventing formation of slime which comprises adding the composition to a water system are disclosed. Troubles caused by slime in cooling water systems, heat-storage water systems, water systems in manufacturing processes of paper and pulp, water systems for collecting dusts and scrubber water systems can be effectively prevented with the composition in a small amount.

Abstract: A method utilizing chlorine dioxide and nitrous acid or other non-charged chemical species for the treatment of biosolids to destroy pathogens is provided. The method uses chlorine dioxide to modulate the ORP of the matrix, acidification of the sludge (biosolids) to a pH of less than 4.0, and provides for the addition of nitrous acid for enhanced disinfection in a closed system to prevent volitalization.

Abstract: A biological fluid disposal system having a water flow line, a biological fluid line in fluid communication with the water flow line, a disinfectant line in fluid communication with the water flow line and the biological fluid line, and a venturi connected to one of the lines for creating a suction force so as to draw a biological fluid and a disinfectant in mixed relationship through the water flow line. The venturi includes a source of water pressure connected to the water flow line such that the water flow across an opening of either the biological fluid line and disinfectant line creates the suction force. The disinfectant line is connected to the biological fluid line between the water flow line and source of biological fluid.

Abstract: A system for reducing or preventing the growth of organisms in the process water used to coat glass fibers with a formaldehyde-free binder composition. One or more biocides is added to the process water that mitigates the growth of microbes in the water. The biocides are added in an amount sufficient to minimize growth of organisms without adversely affecting the application of the binder composition to the glass fibers.

Abstract: A composition and method for cleaning, sanitizing and maintaining contained bodies of water such as swimming pools, wading pools, fountains, ornamental ponds, etc. The composition includes pre-determined percentages of copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, and aluminum sulfate by weight. The composition and method reduce amounts of chlorine and an amount of labor associated with the cleaning, sanitization and maintenance of contained bodies of water.

Abstract: Transition metal ions have the ability to increase the oxidation performance of the inorganic peroxy salts at room temperature by possibly lowering their activation energy or by producing more reactive free radicals. When two transition metal salts are used together to decompose dipersulfate, it provides synergistic oxidation activity, better than obtained by dipersulfate or dipersulfate with either copper or zinc alone. The transition metals mentioned are the water soluble salts of copper and zinc. Oxidation performance of sodium dipersulface in presence of catalytic amount of copper and zinc salts was determined by measuring the destruction of crystal violet dye at a wavelength of 589 nm.

Abstract: A storable, stable composition that provides the effective antimicrobial benefits of halogenated agents is presented. The invention includes a water-soluble biocidal composition. The composition includes: about 0.01 to about 10 wt. % of a water-soluble inorganic halide; about 5 to about 60 wt. % of an oxidizing agent which, in aqueous solution, reacts with the inorganic halide to generate hypohalite ions; about 1 to about 15 wt. % of N-succinimide; and about 1 to about 30 wt. % of a pH buffering agent. The invention also includes a method of producing the above composition.

Abstract: Compositions, methods and kits for purifying and clarifying and/or nutrifying contaminated drinking water and which comprise a primary coagulant material, a microbiocidal disinfectant and an oxidant system. Highly preferred compositions also contain one or more of a bridging flocculent material, the levels and ratios of coagulant to flocculent preferably falling within certain ranges, a cationic coagulant aid, especially chitosan, a water-soluble alkali, a water-insoluble silicate, and a food additive or nutrient source. The purified water remains free of discoloration for extended periods of storage.

Abstract: There is provided a method of inhibiting the development of a biofilm adjacent a surface, the method comprising intermittently applying a biofilm inhibiting substance to a collection of microorganisms having biofilm developing potential. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method for treating waste water fluid, wherein the method comprises the steps of macerating waste water fluid in a first tank forming a sheared fluid, filtering the sheared fluid to remove solids, forming unfiltered waste water and product water, flowing product water to the first tank when the waste water fluid level is below the product water manifold, flowing the product water to a second tank when the waste water fluid level covers the product water manifold, flowing product water in the second tank into a vented loop to a third tank, diluting fluid in the third tank with raw water from a raw water source forming de-chlorinated water; and removing the de-chlorinated water from the third tank.

Abstract: A composition for disinfecting contaminated drinking water. The composition can include a disinfecting agent for disinfecting or sanitizing the water and a masking agent for masking or minimizing undesired characteristics of the disinfecting agent, such as taste and odor. The disinfecting agent can be a halogen-based disinfecting agent, such as a chlorine-based disinfecting agent. The masking agent can be a chlorine-compatible masking agent or flavorant, such as a citrus fruit derived flavor. The composition can also include a substrate. The substrate can be a clay, zeolite, water-soluble carrier, water-insoluble carrier, or mixtures thereof. The flavorant can be loaded onto the substrate. The composition can include other components, such as a primary coagulant, a coagulant aid, a bridging flocculant, a polymeric material, an alkali agent, an autocatalytic oxidant, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for purifying water by dissolving one or more soluble metal salts in the water to provide corresponding metal ions, by dissolving hypohalite into the water, and by regulating the residence time, and thus hypohalite concentration in the device using a venturi nozzle disposed between the metal generator and the hypohalite generator.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the preparation and metering of substances, mixtures of substances and/or compounds in general, characterized by bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity, using a single pressurized container in which the substances, mixtures of substances and/or compounds in general are mixed with carbon dioxide in the form of vapor, liquid/vapor mixture or supercritical fluid for the purpose of mixing, dissolving, storing and dispensing at constant predetermined doses. The invention also relates to pressure containers suitable for dispensing the substances in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: A process for killing microorganisms and controlling biofouling in high chlorine demand waters comprises mixing two components, one of which is an oxidant and the other an ammonium salt, and adding the mixture immediately to the aqueous system to be treated.

Abstract: There is provided a method of inhibiting the development of a biofilm adjacent a surface, the method comprising intermittently applying a biofilm inhibiting substance to a collection of microorganisms having biofilm developing potential. There is also provided a method of inhibiting the development of a biofilm adjacent a surface, the method comprising inhibiting the biofilm developing potential of a collection of microorganisms without completely eradicating said collection of microorganisms. Also provided are a system for inhibiting the development of a biofilm, and a method and system for inhibiting the production of an enzyme by a collection of microorganisms.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a waste water treating method and a waste water treating apparatus which are capable of treating for-treatment water containing a nitrogen compound and a phosphorus compound at low costs and efficiently. The waste water treating method is a waste water treating method for treating a nitrogen compound (nitrate nitrogen) and a phosphorus compound (phosphate ions) in for-treatment water by electrolysis as an electrochemical process, the method comprises a first treating step of immersing a pair of electrodes in the for-treatment water at least partially so as to treat the for-treatment water by electrolysis, one of the electrodes being a cathode made of a conductive material and the other of the electrodes being an anode made of iron, and a second treating step of treating the for-treatment water with hypochlorous acid, ozone or active oxygen after completion of the first treating step.

Abstract: A composition and the method for sustaining the biocidal activity of chlorinated polystyrene hydantoin beads. The method comprises supplying a continuous low level halogen concentration to the chlorinated polystyrene hydantoin beads in the water to be treated that flows in contact with the chlorinated polystyrene hydantoin beads, resulting in treated water suitable for drinking.

Abstract: A filtering method is directed to a wastewater of CMP process, which includes sub-micrometer particles suspended as colloid. The wastewater is filtered by a gel membrane formed on a surface of plastic filter. A coagulant or a pH adjuster is added to the wastewater so that the sub-micrometer particles are coagulated to form the gel membrane.

Abstract: Synergistic mixtures of biocides and their use to control the growth of microorganisms in aqueous systems are disclosed. The method of using the synergistic mixtures entails adding an effective amount of a nitrogenous compound activated by an oxidant and at least one non-oxidizing biocide to an aqueous system. The amount of activated nitrogenous compound and non-oxidizing biocide is selected to result in a synergistic biocidal effect.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and adjusting the level of free chlorine in an aqueous fluid is described. In the described method, first aqueous fluid (50) substantially free of free chlorine is introduced into a suitable mixing vessel (26) wherein it contacts a solid chemical material that is a source of free chlorine and chloride ion. Second aqueous fluid (58) containing free chlorine and chloride ion is removed from the mixing vessel and forwarded to a holding tank (10). The chloride ion concentration of second aqueous fluid in the holding tank is measured by a chloride ion specific sensor in probe housing (22), which sensor is in electrical contact with microprocessor (30). Microprocessor (30), in response to the chloride ion measurement, sends an output signal to valve control means 44, which if necessary increases or decreases the flow of first aqueous fluid into mixing vessel (26). Second aqueous fluid in holding tank (10) is forwarded by pump means (20) to the point of application.

Abstract: A process for treating ground water containing nitrogen compounds, including ammonia, urea and nitrate, is provided. The ground water is extracted downgradient of the source of contamination and mixed with a chemical oxidant to oxidize the nitrogen component to nitrogen gas. The chemical oxidant may be any suitable oxidant, including a halogenated oxidant, such as a hypochlorite, hypobromite or hypoiodite compound, and Fentons reagent, or combinations thereof. The ground water can be further treated as desired to remove residual oxidants, as well as nitrate, to provide a processed water having characteristics suitable for discharge with limited to no adverse impact on the discharge environment.

Abstract: There are provided a nitrogen treating method and system for a nitrogen compound, which can treat the nitrogen compound efficiently and which can reduce the size and cost of an apparatus. The gist is that, in a nitrogen treating method wherein a nitrogen compound in for-treatment water is treated according to an electrochemical technique, a cathode reaction region and an anode reaction region are defined by a cation exchange membrane interposed between a cathode and an anode, and the for-treatment water treated in the cathode reaction region according to the electrochemical technique is treated with hypohalogenous acid, or, ozone or active oxygen according to a chemical technique.

Abstract: This invention relates to biocidal compositions and methods of using same. Also provided is a process for the manufacturing of a biocidal composition in the form of a tablet and a method of using the biocidal compositions for the disinfection of water that may contain microorganisms and biofilms.

Abstract: A method for treating a recirculating water system which comprises introducing into said water system a multifunctional, multilayer tablet, wherein the multilayer tablet comprises a fast dissolving layer and a slow dissolving layer, wherein said fast dissolving layer releases a combination of active ingredients including a member selected from the group consisting of lithium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), anhydrous sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium monopersulfate, sodium monopersulfate, and mixtures thereof, and at least one of a clarifier, chelating agent, sequesterant, algaestat, water softener, algaecide, corrosion inhibitor, scale inhibitor, flocculent, disintegrant, dispersant, colorant, dissolution control agent, fragrance, or surfactant and, wherein said slow dissolving layer includes a member selected from the group consisting of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), calcium hypochlorite, 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoi

Abstract: On-Line and Off-Line methods of simultaneously cleaning and disinfecting an industrial water system are described and claimed. The methods involve the addition to the water of the industrial water system of a Compound selected from the group consisting of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and mixtures thereof; and an acid, followed by allowing the water in the industrial water system to circulate for several hours. The reaction of the alkali salts of chlorite and chlorate and acid produces chlorine dioxide in-situ in the water of the industrial water system. The chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms and the acid acts to remove deposits upon the water-contact surfaces of the equipment. An alternative method involves the use of a chelating agent and a biocide. Other possible cleaning and disinfection reagents may be added as needed including corrosion inhibitors, chelating agents, biocides, surfactants and reducing agents.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a chlorinator system useful for disinfecting water. This invention is especially useful for controlling the addition of a chlorine source to disinfect a drinking water supply which is situated at a remote location wherein electricity is unavailable.

Abstract: The upper end of a cylinder (8) located in a mouth (3) of a bottle (2) abuts the top plate (5b) of a seal cap (5). The cylinder (8) has formed in the outer surface thereof a circumferential recess (10) normally sealed by a sealing member (9). The bottle (2) contains hydrochloric acid (second component) of a diluted concentration, while the circumferential recess (10) in the cylinder (8) contains sodium hypochlorite as a first component. When a user removes a stopper ring (6) and next turns the seal cap (5) in the tightening direction, the circumferential recess (10) moves to and below the sealing member (9) and permits the first component to flow into the bottle (2) and mix with the second component. As a result, sterile water of a pH level within the slightly acidic or neutral region is produced. Then, the user can use the prepared sterile water for sterilization by hypochlorous acid.

Abstract: The upper end of a cylinder (8) located in a mouth (3) of a bottle (2) abuts the top plate (5b) of a seal cap (5). The cylinder (8) has formed in the outer surface thereof a circumferential recess (10) normally sealed by a sealing member (9). The bottle (2) contains hydrochloric acid (second component) having a diluted concentration, while the circumferential recess (10) in the cylinder (8) contains sodium hypochlorite (first component). When a stopper ring (6) is removed and the seal cap (5) is turned in the tightening direction, the circumferential recess (10) moves to below the sealing member (9) and the first component is permitted to flow into the bottle (2) and produce a sterile water. The resulting sterile water has a pH level within the slightly acidic or neutral region and a predetermined effective chlorine concentration around 50 to 300 ppm, for example.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling water impurity level and temperature uniformity within large water-containing reservoirs including a pump located in the body of water, the pump ejecting a jet of water therefrom and ingesting water at a point remote from said ejecting and an eductor positioned in the jet of water for pulling in low pressure water and flowing a stream of water therefrom providing mixing and circulation of water within the reservoir to remove temperature gradients. Water purity is controlled by a controller.

Abstract: A method for reducing sludge viscosity of a sewage sludge having a solids concentration of at least 10% (w/w). The method comprises the steps of increasing the pH of the sludge to 9.5-12.5%, at least one step selected from subjecting the sludge to a holding step of at least one day and adding inorganic or organic chemicals to facilitate viscosity reduction, followed by incubating the sludge at temperature up to 100° C., and subjecting the sludge to a shearing or disintegration step. The method provides sludge, especially concentrated sludge, that is more readily pumped or transported.

Abstract: Systems and methods for effectively and economically annihilating non-indigenous marine species and pathogenic bacteria in ship ballast water. A preferred embodiment comprises adding a killing agent to ballast water tanks and subsequently adding a reducing agent to the container. Oxygen is subsequently introduced to the ballast water to eliminate any excess reducing agent, and to ensure compliance with the dissolved oxygen discharge requirements of the receiving water.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a solute to a solvent, the apparatus comprising a feed line where the feed line comprises a mixer-injector having at least a body with a carrier stream inlet, an additive stream inlet, and an outlet, a metering valve for controlling an amount of solute to supply to the solvent, a flow meter to determine the amount of solute to supply to the solvent, a strainer to remove a foreign substance from the solute, a cleanout valve, an additive feed line, a solenoid valve to control when a release of the solute to the flow meter is made, and a shut-off valve to prevent the release of said solute to the solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel water treatment compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to solid water treatment compositions in the form of a water soluble tablet containing at least one halogen source and at least a pH compensating source in a layered tablet wherein one layer comprises the halogen source and another layer comprises a pH compensating source. Methods for controlling water biofouling and disinfecting water systems, particularly swimming pools and spas, are disclosed.

Abstract: An improved method of treating wastewater to remove ammonia and fluoride is provided. The method comprises the steps of chemical destruction of ammonia with an oxidizing agent, followed by treatment with calcium salts to precipitate insoluble calcium fluoride, and filtration to remove the precipitate.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for controlling and optimizing the feed of two or more oxidizers to an aqueous stream, thereby providing a synergistic effect. The system combines the use of amperometric or ORP based sensor technology with amperometric sensor technology employing a gas permeable membrane, thereby providing definitive control of each oxidizer feed stream.

Abstract: The presently disclosed disinfection process for use in the processing of foodstuffs is designed as an intervention step in poultry processing to allow for continuous on-line processing of poultry carcasses that may have accidentally become contaminated during the evisceration process. Such on-line processing is designed to replace the need for off-line manual washing and cleaning of the contaminated carcasses. By eliminating such off-line manual washing, food safety will be enhanced due to the elimination of the physical handling of carcasses and the cross-contamination that may result from such physical handling. An additional benefit is that the production process will also be able to run with a reduced number of interruptions, which will result in a more efficient production process.

Abstract: The apparatus of the present invention for treating a gas containing a substance to be decomposed comprises an adsorption unit equipped with an adsorbent for adsorbing the substance to be decomposed, a steam introduction unit for bringing steam into contact with the adsorbent, a condensation unit for obtaining a condensed liquid containing the substance to be decomposed from the steam containing the substance, a reaction tank, a condensed liquid supply unit for supplying the condensed liquid to the reaction tank, a hypochlorous acid supply unit for supplying a solution containing hypochlorous acid to the reaction tank, and a light irradiation unit for irradiating the reaction tank with light.

Abstract: Describes a chemical feeder that supplies treating agents, e.g., calcium hypochlorite, to a liquid stream, e.g., an aqueous stream. The chemical feeder is operated in a substantially flooded condition to provide a useful and safe pressure feeder, and optionally uses cyclonic flow to be relatively self-cleaning. One or more tablet canisters are utilized within the substantially flooded interior of the chemical feeder, and expose the lowermost tablets to the turbulent flow outside of the tablet canister. A substantially uniform chemical distribution rate over tablet life is provided by the chemical feeder.

Abstract: Free halogen sources (e.g., sodium hypochlorite and chlorine) added as slimicides in high organic component process streams such as pulp and paper processing are rendered more efficacious by the addition of selected N-hydrogen compounds (namely, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin, cyanuric acid, succinimide, urea, 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, and glycouril) to the process stream. The latter compounds may be added to the process stream before or after the slimicide is added or combined with the slimicide and added directly thereto. The direct use of halogenated hydantoins has also been found to provide improved efficacy relative to free halogen sources. In addition, absorbable organic halogen by-products are reduced.