Abstract: Stable biocide formulations containing oxidizing bromine are provided for biofouling control in industrial water systems. The formulations contain at least one stable oxidizing bromine compound that is prepared from at least one oxidizing chemical reagent, at least one bromine source and at least one bromine or halogen stabilizer. The resulting products are a mixture of stable oxidizing bromine compounds that can be used as a biocide in an industrial water system.

Abstract: The process of this invention destroys contaminants in a contaminant-containing aqueous stream. The subject process comprises providing a contaminant-containing aqueous feed stream including an initial amount of at least one of a group of contaminants including perchlorates, nitrates, and nitrites. The contaminant-containing aqueous feed stream includes a reducing agent. Next the reducing agent-containing, contaminant-containing aqueous stream is heated. Finally, the heated contaminant-containing aqueous stream is contacted with an oxidation-reduction catalyst for a period of time sufficient for reducing the excess amount of any of the perchlorates, nitrates, and nitrites contaminants by at least about 90%.

Abstract: An improved sewer apparatus comprising a maintenance hole and an influent line for carrying sewage to the maintenance hole, a vortex form disposed substantially within the maintenance hole which accepts the sewage from the influent line, the vortex form having a spiral channel of decreasing diameter, and a conduit also disposed within the maintenance hole and fluidly connected to the vortex form and extending substantially downwardly from the vortex form to a flow exit near the maintenance hole base. The improved sewer apparatus reduces the release of odorous and corrosive gas emissions from sewage into the sewer and surrounding environment and improves aeration of the sewage.

Abstract: A water treatment process for raw water containing dissolved Fe2+ and H+ cations to reduce the Fe2+ cation concentration therein involves oxidation of the Fe2cations to Fe3+ cations with the formation in the water of solid Fe(OH)3 from the Fe3+ cations. The process comprises the steps of oxygenating the water and raising the pH of the water. The oxidation of the Fe2+ cations and the fromation of the Fe(OH)3 are carried out in the presence of suspended particulate material in the water, the particulate material being present in the water at a concentration of at least 5 g/l.

Abstract: Aqueous industrial, recreational, and/or drilling systems comprise a synergistic combination of an oxidizing agent and an alkylamine. In the synergistic combination, the MBEC of the oxidizing agent preferably is about 25%, more preferably about 50% reduced compared to the MBEC of the oxidizing agent in the absence of the alkylamine. Similarly, the MBEC of the alkylamine in the synergistic combination is about 20%, preferably about 10%, more preferably about 1%, and most preferably about 0.5% of the MBEC of the alkylamine in the absence of the oxidizing agent. Preferred alkylamines are primary fatty alkylamines, most preferably octylamine. Preferred oxidizing agents are HOCl and HOBr. The oxidizing agent preferably is maintained at a concentration sufficient to provide static control over biofilm formation with periodic addition of the alkylamine.

Abstract: A continuous method is provided for dissolving a solid oxidizer into an aqueous solution which yields a stream of the aqueous solution having a constant or near constant concentration of solid oxidizer. The method of the present invention includes (a) disposing a bed of solid oxidizer into a container; (b) introducing an aqueous solution below the top surface of the bed; and (c) removing any solution above the top surface of the bed while maintaining a constant or near constant level of aqueous solution above the bed. Preferably, step (c) is performed at about atmospheric pressure. This method can be achieved with a feeder that includes a tank for containing a bed of solid oxidizer and a disperser for introducing the aqueous solution into the tank. A sensor/control unit is provided for sensing a combined bed and aqueous solution volume within the tank and maintaining the combined volume within a predetermined range.

Abstract: In a method of improving the quality of diesel fuel, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into diesel fuel, after which the treated fuel is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably ozone and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. By means of the method, sulfur is removed from the diesel fuel and the cetane rating thereof is increased.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for mineralizing organic contaminants in water or air provides photochemical oxidation in a two-phase or three-phase boundary system formed in the pores of a TiO2 membrane in a photocatalytic reactor. In the three-phase system, gaseous (liquid) oxidant, liquid (gaseous) contaminant, and solid semiconductor photocatalyst meet and engage in an efficient oxidation reaction. The porous membrane has pores which have a region wherein the meniscus of the liquid varies from the molecular diameter of water to that of a capillary tube resulting in a diffusion layer that is several orders of magnitude smaller than the closest known reactors. The photocatalytic reactor operates effectively at ambient temperature and low pressures. A packed-bed photoreactor using photocatalyst coated particles is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus for facilitating the separation of organic materials from a fluid and for promoting the gas exchange from the fluid is provided. The apparatus includes a column having an interior chamber extending between a first end and a second end of the column. A plenum is situated circumferentially about the second end of the column. At a junction between the plenum and the interior chamber, an annulus is provided to permit the plenum to be in fluid communication with the interior chamber. An external port is provided for communication with the plenum. A column of media may be provided in the interior chamber through which fluid to be treated may flow.

Abstract: A process and a device for supercritical wet oxidation of a waste material mixture containing particles comprised of organic and inorganic components, which are suspended in water, which is raised to a near critical or supercritical condition and in this condition is passed through a pipe reactor (6). According to the invention the pipe reactor is so arranged, that the organic components substantially dissolve in water substantially without being oxidized. The output products of the pipe reactor are caused to pass through a second reactor (8) in the near or supercritical condition, which has a substantially smaller ratio of internal surface area to volume than the pipe reactor and is so arranged that the organic components are substantially completely oxidized therein.

Abstract: A method for automatically controlling the level of dissolved oxygen in water, comprising the steps of mixing air or oxygen and nitrogen gas and so as to be dissolved in retained water in a closed type tank. The retained water is circulated by a pressure pump, activated by a ceramic pipe and an infrared ray irradiation device and then injected into the water in the closed type tank. The mixing ratio of the air or oxygen and nitrogen gas mixed with the retained water is adjusted, and the pressure in the pressure tank is changed, and the injecting pressure of the gas injection nozzle is changed. Sludge or the like are removed from the water by filtering, the oxidation-reduction potential of the water is adjusted to a desired level, the water is sterilized by an ultraviolet ray irradiation device, and brought back to the closed type tank; and the retained water in the closed type tank is taken out.

Abstract: Horizontal solids recycler to treat waste water comprising refuse solids from hog farms which comprises an intake and loading hopper adapted to establish a uniform curtain of the waste water, a mesh to which an over flow of the waste water is directed, a tumbler cylinder to which is mounted the mesh and which is mounted to a frame which rests on guide wheels, blades mounted within te tumbler cylinder to raise moistured solids, wherein said waste water of said moistured solids is passed through a mesh, a collecting bin to collect the solids coming from the tumbler cylinder and raised by the blades which comprises a separator to separate the remaining waste water from the solids, a screw to transport the solids, which is mounted to the collecting bin, a pressing section which comprises a perforated cylinder to which the solids are fed by the screw, a collecting and recycling hopper to which said perforated cylinder is mounted to, and which said collecting and recycling hopper collects and recycles the waste wat

Abstract: A single step wet oxidation process for treating wastewaters containing organic species, with or without heteroatoms, and anions of strong acids, e.g. sulfate or phosphate ion, or cations of strong bases, e.g., sodium, potassium or calcium ions, and which may contain ammonium ion and/or nitrate ion in addition to added ammonium ion and/or nitrate ion was developed which on thermal treatment near the critical temperature of water removes substantially all the COD and nitrogen through conversion to water, carbon dioxide or carbonate species, nitrogen gas and small amounts of nitrous oxide. Key to the success of the process is the balancing of all reducing species with an equivalent amount of oxidizing species and the balancing of all strong acid anions with strong base cations and including at least 0.06 acetate ion for moles of nitrate in the wet oxidation process.

Abstract: A solvent separator includes an introduction member which introduces a mixture including chlorine containing organic solvent and water; a separation unit including a separation member made of a water-repellent and/or lipophilic porous material, which carries out the separation of the mixture; a water drainage member through which water separated by the separation unit is discharged; and a solvent drainage member through which the chlorine containing organic solvent separated by the separation unit is discharged. Also, a method and a device for treating waste liquid are provided by which chlorine containing organic solvent present in waste liquid is selectively separated, decomposed by a photocatalyst, and converted into a harmless substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for selectively removing organic and inorganic contaminants from plating baths. More particularly, the invented method relates to the use of a source of energy in combination with chemical oxidants, alone or in conjunction with a catalyst to oxidize organic contaminants in the plating bath to a level such that the electroplating bath can be recovered and reused after appropriate chemical adjustment. The oxidative treatment method may be a continuous process or a batch process that is performed in a single pass and the endpoint of the oxidative process detected by a sensor. Residual organics, and chloride ions in the bath are removed from the solution by a chemisorption or physisorption treatment. Inorganic contaminants are removed from the electroplating bath by selective ion exchange resins or electrodialysis, while particulate and suspended colloidal particles are removed by filtration before the treated plating bath is recycled.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for blood oxygenation is provided, advantageously comprising an extracorporeal circuit for the preparation and delivery of hyperoxic or hyperbaric blood. In one embodiment, an apparatus for gas-supersaturating fluids, e.g., physiologic saline, includes a chamber having a first inlet to receive the fluid; a second inlet to receive a gas, e.g., oxygen, from a gas supply that maintains pressure within the chamber at a predetermined level, advantageously about 600 p.s.i.; and an outlet advantageously coupled to a capillary assembly. An atomizer nozzle coupled to the first inlet advantageously creates within the chamber fine droplets of fluid into which gas diffuses to create the gas-supersaturated fluid, which collects within the chamber below the atomizer nozzle for removal via the outlet.

Abstract: In situ hydrous pyrolysis/partial oxidation of organics at the site of the organics constrained in an subsurface reservoir produces surfactants that can form an oil/water emulsion that is effectively removed from an underground formation. The removal of the oil/water emulsions is particularly useful in several applications, e.g., soil contaminant remediation and enhanced oil recovery operations. A portion of the constrained organics react in heated reservoir water with injected steam containing dissolved oxygen gas at ambient reservoir conditions to produce such surfactants.

Abstract: A process for reducing the amount of nitrification-inhibiting sulfur compounds in reaction solutions obtained by the sulfur-compound-catalyzed conversion of &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated carboxylic acids into the corresponding trans or cis isomer, in which an oxidizing agent is added in molar deficiency up to a maximum of twice the molar amount, based on the catalyst compound, to the reaction mixture obtained after the termination of the isomerization and then isolating the corresponding trans or cis isomer in a known manner and working it up and supplying the resultant process waste waters to a biological cleanup stage.

Abstract: In a method of removing organic contaminants from a liquid, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into an initially contaminated liquid, after which the treated liquid is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably selected from a group including ozone and chlorine dioxide and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. An oxidizing liquid may be employed in conjunction with the oxidizing gas.

Abstract: A photocatalytic oxidation purification system includes an ultra violet light source and a filter that comprises a pleated wire mesh substrate with a nanophase metal oxide oxidation catalyst suspended on the substrate, wherein the catalyst is applied without an adhesive using an electromechanical plating process. As a fluid containing organic contaminants is directed through the filter in the presence of ultra violet light from the light source, the catalyst oxidizes and decomposes the organic contaminants into environmentally harmless components. Methods of making the purification system including preparing a solution of catalyst and applying the catalyst without adhesive binding material to the filter substrate electromagnetically.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an oxidizing composition of agglutinated particles comprising an alkali metal permanganate, a binder/coating agent of an alkali metal silicate and/or alkali metal aluminate and a filler such as clay, diatomaceous earth, talc, ground silica or zeolites. The invention also is directed to an oxidizing kit which includes a pervious container and the oxidizing composition. The invention also is directed to a method of oxidizing waste materials with the kit in a substantially aqueous moving fluid stream.

Abstract: A diffused aeration method carried out in an aeration tank which contains a plurality of coarse bubble jet diffusers and a plurality of fine bubble jet diffusers strategically located to provide aeration in an inductive downward flow stream induced by the coarse bubble jet diffusers. The method increases oxygen transfer efficiency and mixing with little or no increase in operating power costs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for biologic treatment of wastewater using both aerobic and anoxic phases. The flow of influent entering the reactor tank is slowed by a conical influent structure and discharged against the bottom of the reactor tank, so that the influent flows outwardly under a sludge blanket near the bottom of the tank without disrupting the blanket. The sludge blanket acts as a cap which prevents the influent from flowing directly to an outflow opening during decanting of the tank. The sludge blanket is dispersed and mixed in the tank during the aerobic and anoxic treatment phases. The invention also provides for treatment of manure-laden wastewater discharged from a confined animal facility, such as a feed yard, pig farm or dairy. The manure solids are separated from the wastewater flow before the wastewater enters the reactor tank. The wastewater is returned to the facility for reuse, and the manure solids can be disposed of in dry form as fertilizer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing arsenic from water at point of entry or point of use particularly for residential application. The point of entry system comprises a first stage having a manganese greensand oxidizer to convert arsenite (As+3) present in the water to arsenate (As+5) and a second stage for passing the water through an anion exchange resin. Each stage includes a control head for automatic regeneration at a predetermined frequency. The manganese greensand is regenerated with a solution of potassium permanganate and the anion exchange resin is regenerated with a salt solution. An alternate embodiment for point of use application comprises a manganese greensand oxidizer cartridge to convert arsenite (As+3) to arsenate (As+5) followed by removal of the arsenate (As+5) with a reverse osmosis system.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrogen sulfide in drilling mud comprises adding to the drilling mud which is circulated in a borehole a relatively sparingly soluble divalent iron salt having a solubility from 0.1 to 1000 ppm at room temperature in the drilling mud, whereby the hydrogen sulfide reacts with the divalent iron salt to form iron sulfide.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to easily produce water having fine clusters and containing little chlorinated material. Said object is attained by a water treating apparatus consisting of a cylindrical body having a water inlet at the upper end and a water outlet at the lower end wherein a water passage is longitudinally formed in said cylindrical body, and a blade member is arranged in said cylindrical body and gives water passing through said water passage revolution force and shear force.

Abstract: A cleaning method cleans a reaction tube and dummy wafers by removing therefrom tungsten and tungsten compound deposited on the inner surface of the reaction tube and the surfaces of the dummy wafer in a process of selectively oxidizing the side walls of a silicon layer included in an electrode of a layered structure consisting of a polysilicon layer and a tungsten layer. The interior of the reaction tube is heated, and a cleaning gas containing hydrogen chloride gas and oxygen gas is supplied through a cleaning gas supply port into the reaction tube to remove the tungsten and the tungsten compound adhering to the inner surface of the reaction tube and the surfaces of the dummy wafers.

Abstract: A single step wet oxidation process for treating wastewaters containing organic species, with or without heteroatoms, and anions of strong acids, e.g. sulfate or phosphate ion, or cations of strong bases, e.g., sodium, potassium or calcium ions, and which may contain ammonium ion and/or nitrate ion in addition to added ammonium ion and/or nitrate ion was developed which on thermal treatment near the critical temperature of water removes substantially all the COD and nitrogen through conversion to water, carbon dioxide or carbonate species, nitrogen gas and small amounts of nitrous oxide. Key to the success of the process is the balancing of all reducing species with an equivalent amount of oxidizing species and the balancing of all strong acid anions with strong base cations. The former ensures good removal of organic species, ammonium ion and nitrate ion. The latter ensures maintaining the pH in the range of from 1.

Abstract: Highly oxidative water containing ozone and/or OH radicals dissolved in a large amount is prepared by dissolving an oxygen rich gas at high pressure in water and then the pressure is lowered to form fine bubbles in water from the dissolved oxygen rich gas and the fine bubbles are exposed to pulse discharge. Method of and apparatus capable of forming highly oxidative water containing ozone or OH radicals at high concentration exhibiting an oxidizing performance at a level sufficient to practical use with excellent power efficiency and productivity by discharge in water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the biological purification of a water containing ammonium perchlorate, characterized in that aqueous ammonium perchlorate solution is placed in contact, in a first, aerobic reactor, with an activated sludge in the presence of at least one source of mineral carbon and nutritional elements for the metabolism of the microorganisms, and then in that the liquid effluent leaving the first reactor is placed in contact, in a second, anoxic reactor, with an activated sludge, in the presence of at least one source of organic carbon and nutritional elements for the metabolism of the microorganisms. The process makes it possible to treat aqueous solutions containing very large amounts of ammonium perchlorate and to convert both the ammonium ions into molecular nitrogen and the perchlorate ions into chloride ions.

Abstract: A water treatment apparatus provides treatment of water to remove, for example, hydrogen sulfide and iron, dissolved or dispersed in ground water. The system is provided with water from a conventional well and pump and includes a venturi-type aerating device which may be supplied air by a compressor. The air and water mixture are supplied to a first aerating tank through a spray nozzle which reduces the aerated water flow to a mist of fine droplets. A draw tube adjacent the bottom of the first tank provides the water to a treatment tank which is partially filled with a chemically active filtration media. The treatment tank is also equipped with a draw tube which draws off the treated water at the bottom of the tank and provides it to a third, deaerating tank wherein the air separates from the water and is purged to the atmosphere. Reduction of hydrogen sulfide content from 30 ppm to less than 5 ppm has been achieved.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to handling the wastewater, or condensate, from a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor. More particularly, the present invention provides a process wherein the wastewater of a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor, such as a Fischer-Tropsch reactor, is sent to a gasifier and subsequently reacted with steam and oxygen at high temperatures and pressures so as to produce synthesis gas. The wastewater may also recycled back to a slurry preparation stage, where solid combustible organic materials are pulverized and mixed with process water and the wastewater to form a slurry, after which the slurry fed to a gasifier where it is reacted with steam and oxygen at high temperatures and pressures so as to produce synthesis gas.

Abstract: Method and system for the purification of waste water. In the method, all purification functions, including removal of nitrogen and phosphor, are performed in one and the same reactor (1), in which several alternating oxidation and reduction zones (2-6) are created in unclarified waste water flowing through it by supplying each zone with gas mixtures with different oxygen contents as needed for the purification function to be performed in the zone from a gas distributor (8), in such manner that oxygen-rich gas containing 30-50% oxygen is supplied for oxidation while gas with a low oxygen content of 0-5% is supplied for reduction.

Abstract: Oxygen is mixed with waste water at an early stage in a water treatment facility, to reduce odor caused by anaerobic reactions of sulfur. Waste water is withdrawn from a collection basin, by a pump connected to a suction pipe, and is mixed with oxygen from an external source. The mixture, having been saturated with oxygen, is then returned to the collection basin through a discharge pipe. The end of the discharge pipe is positioned at a higher vertical level than the end of the suction pipe, to prevent gas from entering the pump which would cause cavitation. Also, the end of the discharge pipe has a blind flange, such that the oxygen-enriched water exiting the discharge pipe flows in a direction which is non-parallel to the axis of the pipe. This arrangement provides better mixing of the oxygen with the water in the basin, and prevents the oxygen-enriched water from flowing too soon to the suction pipe.

Abstract: An effluent treating method, comprising the steps of: vaporizing effluent containing chlorine-based organic matter and producing vaporized gas containing chlorine-based organic gas; reacting the vaporized gas with photocatalytic material, with irradiating ultraviolet light, and decomposing the vaporized gas; and absorbing, adsorbing, or neutralizing the reacting step.

Abstract: An aerobic treatment apparatus and method of treating effluent transported from a septic tank. The effluent flows into a large enclosed holding tank and a small enclosed production tank located in the holding tank. The effluent within the production tank is intermittently pumped through an air modified venturi flow system and through directional jets from which it mixes with and increases oxygen content in the effluent in the holding tank. A timer in communication with the pump controls the period of pumping. The treated and mixed effluent is transported to a disposal field.

Abstract: A water soluble dialkylhydantoin and a source of bromide ion are added to a body of water needing sanitization. This is followed by contacting the body of water with an oxidizing agent, which creates biocidal species in situ in the body of water.

Abstract: Water containing difficult-to-remove volatile hydrocarbon contaminants which may include MTBE, TBA and/or BTEX is treated under pressure by electrolysis and oxidative reduction in a contact area, then is depressurized and subjected to high shear in a multi-stage turbine column to precipitate and/or outgas nearly all of the contaminants. In the turbine column, redirect diverters are included below each turbine in order to redirect the water/gas stream to center and to further atomize the stream at each stage. Liquid discharge is received in a bottom reservoir of the casing or tank. Vacuum is applied to the casing, at about 30 inches of water, to constantly remove air and gases from the casing, and causing air to be drawn at high flow rate down through the turbine column, helping volatilize the hydrocarbon components. A submersed pump in the liquid reservoir removes the treated water.

Abstract: A process for reducing the loading of wastewaters produced in the preparation of hydroxyl and carbonyl compounds from hydroperoxides by the Hock process, which may be acidic, by treating the wastewaters with an oxygen-containing gas at a pressure greater than 25 bar absolute and at a temperature of 150-250° C. Surprisingly, improved degradation rates are achieved under these conditions.

Abstract: Phosphate-contaminated water passes through a domestic sewage treatment system, in which oxidation of the ammonium progresses far enough to cause a lowering of the pH to 5 or less. The water is passed over sand grains coated with aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite). Enough Al3+ ions enter solution, at the low pH, to cause all the phosphate-P to precipitate as aluminum phosphate, and nothing else precipitates other than the aluminum phosphate.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for treating waste water containing nitrate ions by subjecting the waste water to decomposition and oxidation to eliminate a harmful gas, the method including the steps of: (a) mixing a waste water containing 10 to 90% by weight nitrate ions in terms of ammonium nitrate with a lower alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms to prepare a mixture, (b) decomposing the mixture at a temperature of 250° C. or higher to generate a decomposition gas, and (c) reacting the decomposition gas with a gas containing oxygen at a temperature of 250° C. or higher to render the decomposition gas harmless.

Abstract: Oxygen is mixed with waste water at an early stage in a water treatment facility, to reduce odor caused by anaerobic reactions of sulfur. Waste water is withdrawn from a collection basin, by a pump connected to a suction pipe, and is mixed with oxygen from an external source. The mixture, having been saturated with oxygen, is then returned to the collection basin through a discharge pipe. The end of the discharge pipe is positioned at a higher vertical level than the end of the suction pipe, to prevent gas from entering the pump which would cause cavitation. Also, the end of the discharge pipe has a blind flange, such that the oxygen-enriched water exiting the discharge pipe flows in a direction which is non-parallel to the axis of the pipe. This arrangement provides better mixing of the oxygen with the water in the basin, and prevents the oxygen-enriched water from flowing too soon to the suction pipe.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for oxygenating a liquid. The apparatus includes a liquid pump fluidly connected to an injector having a liquid inlet forming a nozzle, a liquid outlet and an oxygen inlet therebetween, the injector arranged such that the injector liquid inlet is above the injector liquid outlet, and a downwardly opening first diffuser portion connected to the injector outlet. The first diffuser portion is serially connected to a second diffuser portion located below the first diffuser portion. Liquid being pumped by the pump is conducted downwardly through the injector and the first diffuser portion to the second diffuser portion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment and remediation of a contaminated aquifer in the presence of an uncontaminated aquifer at a different hydraulic potential. The apparatus consists of a wellbore inserted through a first aquifer and into a second aquifer, an inner cylinder within the wellbore is supported and sealed to the wellbore to prevent communication between the two aquifers. Air injection is used to sparge the liquid having the higher static water level and, to airlift it to a height whereby it spills into the inner cylinder. The second treatment area provides treatment in the form of aeration or treatment with a material. Vapor stripped in sparging is vented to the atmosphere. Treated water is returned to the aquifer having the lower hydraulic potential.

Abstract: In a method of improving the quality of diesel fuel, an oxidizing gas is formed into sub-micron size bubbles which are dispersed into diesel fuel, after which the treated fuel is recovered. The oxidizing gas is preferably ozone and is utilized immediately upon its manufacture. By means of the method, sulfur is removed from the diesel fuel and the cetane rating thereof is increased.

Abstract: A method for treatment of halogen-containing waste material, in particular PVC-containing waste material, is disclosed. The waste material is heated in a decomposition step in a reaction zone in a substantially closed system essentially without addition of water to a temperature between 150 and 750° C., preferably 250-350° C., in the presence of a halogen-reactive compound selected from alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali and alkaline earth metal carbonates and mixtures thereof, so as to establish a controllable autogenous pressure substantially above atmospheric pressure, in a sufficient reaction time to convert essentially all halogen present in the waste material to alkali or alkaline earth metal halides. The closed system preferably also has a condensation zone, where water vapor and volatile compounds liberated from the waste material are condensed.

Abstract: Lenses of DNAPL suspended on clay strata in a sandy aquifer are treated with potassium permanganate. The solution is injected out into the aquifer from a port, and forms a horizontal disc of treatment liquid. The (heavy) liquid then gradually percolates down onto the DNAPL lens.

Abstract: A method for neutralizing organophosphorus agricultural chemicals with a composition having a quaternary ammonium complex component, an oxidizer component and a solvent. After an organophosphorus agricultural chemical is passed through a pathway, an agricultural chemical neutralizer is used to neutralize residual agricultural chemical within the pathway.

Abstract: Water in an aeration pond is treated with substantially pure oxygen. The oxygen originates from a pressurized oxygen supply, and is conducted through a conduit to the bottom of the pond. Perforations located around the perimeter and along the length of the conduit allow oxygen to bubble through the pond. A hood disposed to float above the surface of the pond collects unreacted oxygen, and this oxygen flows, through a suitable gas line, back to the original conduit. The unreacted oxygen mixes with fresh oxygen from the pressurized source, and is recycled through the pond. In one embodiment, before mixing with fresh oxygen, the recovered oxygen is pressurized by a double-diaphragm pump which is operated by pressure from the oxygen supply. The pressurized oxygen is the sole source of motive force for moving gas through the system. The rate of gas flow through the system is controlled by adjusting the supply pressure, through the use of a control valve.

Abstract: A contaminated water disinfectant and method including a quantity of substantially dry soluble alkali metal ferrate (VI) particles. A porous sealed packet contains the particles in a quantity sufficient to disinfect a predetermined quantity of contaminated water by oxygenation. A quantity of substantially dry insoluble inert particles are also contained within said packet and are of sufficient weight to cause the packet to at least partially sink into the contaminated water. The packet is formed of a porous sheet material capable of passing oxygen and water therethrough while preventing undissolved ferrate and inert particles from passing from the packet and entering the water.