Abstract: A filter for the adsorption of ingredients from and/or the dispersion of ingredients into a fluid includes a matrix which has a plurality of particles having an inherently active surface or an active surface made of a fluid treating material. The particles are held in place by a moderately viscous binder which is impervious to the flow of the fluid. The particles, however, are made of a fluid pervious material. An insufficient amount of binder is incorporated in the matrix to otherwise completely cover the particles. Thus portions of the active surface of the particles remains exposed to the flow of fluid thereby resulting in tortuous paths of flow through the matrix, thereby assuring contact with the treating particles.

Abstract: The invention relates to new regenerable filtration adjuvants which are usable for the filtration of liquids, particularly beer at the end of the secondary fermentation storage, characterized in that they comprise synthetic or natural incompressible polymer grains or natural incompressible grains grains having a sphericity coefficient varying between approximately 0.6 and 0.9. The invention also relates to a method for regenerating a filtration adjuvant.

Abstract: A filter system for continuously removing solid matter from a wastewater is provided. The flow of wastewater is automatically alternated between a pair of filter chambers, each of which contain a filter assembly, upon the filter assemblies reaching a predetermined spent condition. As the wastewater is being introduced into one of the filter chambers, the filter assembly in the other filter chamber is automatically backwashed and readied for another filtering cycle. Each filter assembly includes a filter element coated with a diatomaceous earth filter media through which the wastewater is drawn by creating a vacuum downstream of the filter assembly.

Abstract: A filtration device for the preparation of foods from food concentrates and liquids includes a composite formed from a plurality of layers having a food preparation applicator secured to the composite at the fluid contact region of the composite. The food preparation applicator includes food concentrate so as to result in a dispensing structure having the food concentrate therein which applies the food concentrate to liquid flowing through the applicator so as to mix the food concentrate with the liquid in the food preparation. The device may also include pockets containing treating material for removing contaminants.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing filtering aids, coagulants or clarifying agents, and odor suppressants and a using a protein-polysaccharide complex composition as a filtering aid, coagulant or clarifying agent, and odor suppressant for in the processing of fluids including gases and liquids to absorb a variety of separable components.

Abstract: This invention relates to purified natural glass products having low concentrations of soluble substances. More particularly, this invention relates to purified natural glass products having low slurry electrical conductivities (i.e., less than about 18 .mu.S-cm.sup.-1). Preferred embodiments are further characterized by low concentrations of soluble iron (i.e., less than about 2 mg Fe/kg product) and/or low concentrations of soluble aluminum (i.e., less than about 10 mg Al/kg product). These products may be prepared from natural glasses and natural glass products, including, for example, expanded perlite, pumice, expanded pumice, and volcanic ash. The products of the present invention retain the intricate and porous characteristics of the feed material but possess low concentrations of soluble substances, thereby permitting much greater utility, particularly in filtration applications.

Abstract: A method and apparatus thickens lime mud with a disc filter in such a way that the precoat layer on the filter surfaces of the disc filter can be cleaned. Beneath the scrapers for scraping a dry layer of lime sludge from the precoat layers on the disc filter wires surfaces one or more high pressure nozzles, and optionally a low pressure nozzle, are provided for directing jets of liquid at the precoat layer and wire surface. One high pressure nozzle may remove the precoat layer while another cleans the wire surface, and the nozzles may be reciprocated (with respect to the shaft for rotating the disc filters in a trough). The high pressure jets provide liquid at a pressure of about 30-100 bar, while the low pressure jet pressure is between 2-30 bar and may be utilized continuously, or arrested when the high pressure jets are operable.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to clean a filter drum used for thickening lime mud. The drum is rotated about a horizontal axis in a first direction so that the circumferential surface of the drum moves into contact with lime mud in a vat and a precoat layer formed on the drum, as well as an external layer of lime mud which forms a thickened lime mud cake when a vacuum is applied to the drum withdrawing liquid from the lime mud. The thickened external layer of lime mud cake is scraped from the drum at a second side of the vat, and at a first opposite side of the vat a first jet of liquid is directed onto the drum surface (e.g. at a pressure of about 30-100 bar) to remove a strip of the precoat layer, a third jet of liquid cleans the drum after removal of the precoat layer, and a second jet of liquid is directed onto the drum with sufficient intensity (e.g. a pressure of about 2-20 bar) to remove, by spreading and partially detaching, a strip from the thickened lime mud cake.

Abstract: A filter is formed from a laminate of two sheets having a layer of adsorbent material and a layer of flavor enhancing material in the form of a flavor or supplement layer sandwiched between the sheets. Preferably, the adsorbent layer and the flavor or supplement layer are applied by a printing process.

Abstract: A device for filtering fluid includes a hollow housing having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet. A filter element formed of fluid permeable material is disposed within the housing for filtering fluid entering the fluid inlets, the fluid passing through the element and out the fluid outlet. The element has a generally cylindrical configuration with the permeable material forming a plurality of elongated, radially extending pleats. The pleats are supported by spacers having a plurality of blades attached to a web with channels therebetween. The element is used as a septum for supporting a diatomaceous earth precoat. A regeneration piston creates fluid flows within the filter that cause the element to flutter, thereby displacing DE precoat from the septum for regeneration.

Abstract: A method for treating water in a Boiling Water Reactor system including filtration through a four component system including ion exchange resins and an inert fiber is provided, as well as a method for preparing and depositing the filter compounds. The method overcomes problems of plugging and trimethylamine release, and allows for better absorption of iron oxides present in BWR condensate, while reducing the amount of radioactive waste material to be disposed of.

Abstract: A part still wet with water or an aqueous type detergent adhering to the surface thereof is drain washed in a washing tank using a hydrophobic dewatering cleaning agent. In this operation of dewatering cleaning, the hydrophobic dewatering cleaning agent stored in the washing tank is circulated between the washing tank and a reserve tank to deprive the hydrophobic dewatering cleaning agent of water entrained thereby by means of a concentration type filter inserted in a path laid for the circulation. A hydrophobic filter is mainly used as the concentration type filter. The dewatering cleaning is continued and meanwhile the consequently isolated hydrophobic dewatering cleaning agent is exclusively returned to the washing tank. As a result, the water concentration in the hydrophobic dewatering cleaning agent stored in the washing tank can be constantly kept below a prescribed level.

Abstract: This invention relates to advanced composite filtration media comprising (i) a functional filtration component and (ii) a matrix component, wherein said matrix component has a softening point temperature less than the softening point temperature of said functional filtration component, and wherein said functional filtration component is intimately bound to said matrix component; and methods for preparing and using same. More particularly, this invention pertains to advanced composite filter media and advanced composite filter media products comprised of a functional filtration component, such as a biogenic silica product (e.g., diatomite) or a natural glass product (e.g., expanded perlite) which bears a distinguishing porous and intricate structure suitable for filtration, which is thermally sintered to a matrix component, such as an engineering polymer (e.g., glasses, crystalline minerals, thermoplastics, and metals) that has a softening temperature below that of the functional filtration component.

Abstract: A novel method is proposed for the preparation of a calcium silicate powder particularly useful as a filter aid in the filtration of an acidic aqueous liquid by virtue of the extremely high acid resistance of the calcium silicate powder. The inventive method comprises a hydrothermal reaction of a blend of a silica-containing material and calcium oxide or hydroxide in a specified molar ratio under specified reaction conditions to form calcium silicate, which is then subjected to a heat treatment at 800.degree.-1200.degree. C. for 0.5-2 hours. An improvement can be obtained in the clarity of the filtrate obtained by the filtration using the calcium silicate powder prepared by the inventive method as a filter aid when the hydrothermal reaction for the preparation thereof is conducted in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in a specified concentration.

Abstract: A process for easily producing a packing material for high-performance liquid chromatography, which produces only a small amount of a dissolved matter. The process has a low cost and contributes to an improvement in the quality of the separated product, without reducing the separation capacity in the field of the separation of only a small amount of a dissolved matter derived from the polysaccharide derivative is obtained by washing the packing material comprising a polysaccharide coated on a carrier with a solvent.

Abstract: A process is provided for the treatment of suspensions comprised of oil, water and solids in which the suspension is subjected to centrifugation employing a centrifugal filter, coated with an organic powder having an index of compressibility comprised between 0 and 1.2, and wherein under the effect of the centrifugation, the suspension is subjected to an acceleration comprised between 10 and 2500 times the gravity force, that is, 100 to 25000 m/s.sup.2. The solids are retained by the coating and the centrifugate is collected. The invention is useful for the treatment of crude oil, of lubricants and oils which produce suspensions or emulsions rich in fats.

Abstract: A filter element surface is coated with particulate polyamide which serves as a filter aid to trap polyamide oligomers suspended in water. The particulate polyamide is preferably coated onto a surface of a bag filter so that polyamide oligomers flowing through the coated bag filter surface will adhere to the polyamide particles forming an oligomer cake thereon which encapsulates the polyamide particles. Momentarily equalling the pressure differential across, or reversing flow through, the coated bag filter surface (i.e., back-pulsing) will cause the oligomer cake and polyamide particles encapsulated thereby to break into relatively large-sized solid aggregate particles which may be easily recovered. Since the polyamide particles which are encapsulated by the oligomer cake are chemically compatible with one another, the entire particulate aggregate may be subjected to depolymerization processing so as to recover monomers from which the polyamide is formed (e.g., caprolactam).

Abstract: A surface-modified fibrous material which includes hydrocarbon polymer fibers having cationic or anionic groups on the surfaces thereof and coated with a polyelectrolyte having a net charge opposite to that of the cationic or anionic groups on the surfaces of the fibers. The hydrocarbon polymer may be, by way of illustration, a polyolefin, such as polyethylene or polypropylene. The cationic or anionic groups may be carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid groups, or quaternary ammonium groups. Examples of polyelectrolytes include chitosan, poly(methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium bromide), poly(acrylic acid), and poly(styrene sulfonate). Also disclosed is a method of making the surface-modified fibrous material. The surface-modified fibrous material may be used as a filtration medium for liquids.

Abstract: Disclosed is a filter aid or medium and a method of filtering liquid wastes having good filtration, good flow rates through the filter area, and heat value of the resulting filter cake containing the filtered solids of at least 5000 Btu per pound of filter aid. The filter aid comprises rubber particle sizes effective to filter solids of different sizes from the liquid, generally in a size range of from about 5 mesh to 325 mesh, alone or with up to about 70% silicious particles. Preferably a wetting agent is used for the filtration especially for water-based liquids.

Abstract: A filter for fluids includes a pair of layers or multiple layers or pairs of material joined together to form a laminate having a fluid contacting surface. A plurality of spaced pockets is formed between the layers of material in the contacting surface. The layers of material are fluid permeable at the pockets whereby fluid may flow through the laminate at the pockets. The fluid contacting surface is fluid impermeable except for the pockets to require the fluid passing through the laminate to be confined to flowing through the pockets. Filter members are in the pockets for removing any contaminants from the fluid. Alternatively, additive materials such as powdered cream or sugar in the pockets dissolve in the fluid passing through the pockets to enhance the fluid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a filter element that comprises a center core and at least one layer of ion exchange yarn wound about the center core. In a preferred embodiment, more than one winding layer is wound about the core. The present invention also provides a method for purifying liquids, the method comprising providing a filter unit that contains a filter element that comprises a center core and at least one layer of ion exchange yarn wound about the core, and passing a liquid to be purified through the filter element.

Abstract: It is known to treat the effluent resulting from photographic processing apparatus. Such treatment takes the form of either neutralization where the effluent is mixed with a neutralizing solution prior to disposal, or evaporation where the effluent is heated to form a precipitate and a concentrated liquid portion prior to disposal. However, both these techniques have disadvantages they do not account for toxic particles which may be suspended in the solutions. Described herein is apparatus in which photographic effluent can be treated to provide harmless end products which can be disposed of directly. The apparatus comprises a mixing unit (10) in which the effluent (S1) is mixed with treatment chemicals (S2, S3, S4, P1, P2, P3) and is then passed to a separation unit (20) in which the treated effluent is separated into non-toxic liquid and solid phases. A computer (100) is used to control all stages of the treatment of the effluent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating particles from liquids is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a generally cylindrical swirl chamber with a generally axially symmetric shape, and a porous filter element positioned coaxially inside the swirl chamber. The porous filter is preferably composed of a plurality of porous tubes. The liquid to be treated is forced into the swirl chamber through tangential injection slits extending along most of the height of the chamber, which generate a vortex flow inside the swirl chamber and around the porous filter element. Particle-free liquid permeates across the porous filter, flows along its interior, and is collected at a filtrate outlet port. The remaining liquid, now having a higher particle concentration, flows out of the apparatus and can be separately collected, or recirculated back to the apparatus for further separation. The swirling flow retards particle motion toward the filter element thus minimizing buildup of a cake of particles on the porous filter medium.

Abstract: About 0.01% to 10% of an antifoam silicone oil having a predetermined viscosity of at least about 100 cp is dispersed in an aqueous solution of a water-soluble gum having a viscosity within about 20% of the predetermined viscosity of the silicone oil. A substrate is contacted with the dispersion so as to form a dispersion-wetted substrate and at least a part of the aqueous solution is removed from the substrate, wherein the silicone oil remains in the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention refers to filtering method and a filter device for filtering liquids, especially beverages. The filtering method and the filter device are to be reliable and simple without any negative influence on the quality of the filtrate. A filter is produced in a precoating station by precoating with a filter aid, the filters being then removed from the precoating station together with the filter carriers and introduced into a filtering station, where they are stacked up like a tower and pressed together.

Abstract: A liquid filter assembly is provided of the type having a container, a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet and a filter medium adapted to operate in conjunction with a filtration aid such as diatomaceous earth. The filter medium is of the type which the filtration aid falls off at the end of a cycle and becomes mixed with liquid and redeposited on the filter medium at the commencement of a new cycle. The liquid inlet has a cowl directed downwardly and at the incline to a radius of the container in plan view to direct incoming fluid towards the bottom of the container to properly distribute filtration aid from the container bottom.

Abstract: The improved organic polymeric adsorbent is used to adsorb and remove suspended impurities present in trace amounts in the water being treated in an apparatus for producing ultrapure water for use in the semiconductor industry or in a condensate purifier in steam power generating facilities and it is composed of a particulate or powdered cation exchange resin and/or anion exchange resin. The improvement is that this adsorbent has such a surface layer structure and morphology that granules are seen to bind with one another when examined under a scanning electron microscope in a field of view ranging from a magnification of 50 to 200,000. The adsorbent may be used as the constituent of a packing layer and/or a filter layer to make a material for removing suspended impurities.

Abstract: A method of treating fossil-fueled power generating plant condensate at start-up by passing the contaminated condensate at start-up of a power generating plant through a filter medium prior to or in the absence of passing the condensate through a precoat or resin bed.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing metal oxides and colloidal material from high-resistivity water streams at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a highly ionized dual morphology ion exchange resin in a macroreticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. A water stream which is brought into contact with the resin is purified. The water stream may, optionally, also be contacted with both a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting ion exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of candidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial water streams.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing metal oxides and colloidal material from high-resistivity water streams at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a highly ionized dual morphology ion exchange resin in a macroreticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. A water stream which is brought into contact with the resin is purified. The water stream may, optionally, also be contacted with both a cation exchange resin and an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting ion exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of candidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial water streams.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of pretreating a porous medium for use in filtering a protein-containing fluid, such as milk, beer, wine, or the like, which method comprises contacting a porous medium with an aqueous citrate solution prior to passing the protein-containing fluid through the porous medium.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel filter aid which has excellent filtration properties and forms a stable cake layer on a filter member. The filter aid includes a flake-like, scale-like, or rod-like silica gel as a primary component thereof. The silica gel is approximately 5 through 100 micrometer in grain diameter and has a pore volume of approximately 0.2 through 1.5 ml/g and a specific surface area of approximately 100 through 1,000 m.sup.2 /g.

Abstract: A granular filter aid composition for filtering liquids composed of a major amount of phosphorylated starch and minor amounts of silica gel and cellulosic fibers.

Abstract: A process for dewatering a slurry, which comprises introducing a dewatering aid into a slurry of solids in water to condition the slurry. The conditioned slurry is then passed into a filtration zone where water is filtered off from the solids. Images of the dewatered solids are recorded with a video camera and digitized. The recorded images are compared with digitized desired images representing desired moisture levels. The recorded images versus the desired images are converted into analogue signals which are indicative of the moisture content of the dewatered solids.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for separating metallic corrosion products from a water stream. A filter conditioned with a relatively small amount of ion exchange material exhibits comparatively low pressure differential while processing a water stream at commercially desirable flow rates and retention efficiencies. The method permits longer filter runs with a minimal application of material on the filtration surface. The invention additionally provides a filter for separating metallic corrosion products having a relatively broad range of particle sizes from a water stream.

Abstract: A layered filter composite comprises a filter medium, and on the upstream surface thereof a homogeneous or graded layer of nonporous spherical glass microbeads as a filter aid. A method for filtering or prefiltering a liquid mixture is disclosed wherein a layer of glass microbeads is used as a filter or filter aid. The layered filter composite is useful in analytical applications as well as in large scale industrial and remedial (clean-up) applications.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for treating water by using a precoated filter.Since the method of the present invention utilizes ion-exchange fibers having an ion-exchange polymer and a reinforcing polymer as the precoating material together with a cation-exchange resin powder and an anion-exchange resin powder, the method made it possible to prominently prolong the lifetime of the precoating material and to improve the quality of the treated water.The method for treating water of the present invention is suited for the treatment of water to be used in, or waste water from atomic power plants, steam power plants, pharmaceutical companies and the like.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing ionic and suspended particulate impurities from a liquid by directing the liquid through a bed including a mixture of ion exchange fibers and inert fibers. The bed also may include a mixture of finely ion exchange particles. The bed may be a precoat layer that is applied on a filter support.

Abstract: A particulate material suitable for the removal of heavy metals from an aqueous effluent comprises a finely ground solid encapsulated in a microporous shell of a polyvinyl chloride. The solid may be peat. The shell comprises a sufficient amount of polyvinyl chloride to utilize the adsorptive qualities of the peat while imparting structural integrity thereto. A process for making the particulate material comprises the steps of dissolving a polyvinyl chloride in an organic solvent therefor to produce a polymer solution, combining the polymer solution with a solid to produce a homogenous dispersion, forming droplets from the dispersion and contacting the droplets with water to precipitate out a particulate material comprising a finely ground solid encapsulated in a microporous shell of the polyvinyl chloride. The material may be modified after the solid is encapsulated, or the solid of the material may be modified before it is encapsulated.

Abstract: A process is for removal of suspended solids including resin and fatty acids from pulp mill effluents including Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP) mill effluents. The process involves filtration of untreated or primary treated effluents through a mat of primary sludge, pulp or woodroom sludge. A sludge mat is formed on a wire screen or punched drum and the effluent to be treated is filtered through the mat. Most of the suspended solids and a part of colloidal material and dissolved solids are retained by the mat. Following the filtration stage, the sludge is dewatered and removed. A portion of the sludge is recycled to form the mat for the next filtration cycle, while the excess sludge is purged. The filtration is achieved by the application of vacuum below the filter mat or pressure over mat.

Abstract: A waste sludge that contains water, oil and solids is subjected to filtration under vacuum or an applied inert gas pressure, preferably no more than 50 psia while utilizing a filter aid, to retain the maximum amount of oil in the filter cake. The filter cake is then dried at a relatively low temperature, slightly above the boiling point of water, to selectively remove water and produce a high heating value non-sticking solid. The product thus obtained in suitable for use as a solid fuel for a cement kiln or other combustion facilities. Depending on the amount of oil present in the original sludge, the applied pressure can be varied to retain different amounts of oil and to produce different heating values desired in the final solid fuel.

Abstract: Disclosed are a filter cake scraping method which can scrape a filter cake layer deposited on the surface of a filter drum with a scrape blade even if the particles of the cake are fine, and a rotary drum filter using this method. When pressure inside a suspension vessel rises above a predetermined value, a control means quickly reduces the pressure. Accordingly, precoated material or the like, which has been deposited on the filter drum, expands to push a layer of filter cake outward, thus permitting a scrape blade provided beside the filter drum to scrape the expanded cake layer.

Abstract: Calcium silicate filter aids have been found to be effective to remove colloidal iron suspensions from aqueous streams without plugging filters. Calcium silicate filter aid is made by heating diatomaceous earth with hydrous lime.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for removing transition metal oxides and soluble cation species from condensate at a relatively high removal efficiency. The method includes hydrating a strongly acidic dual morphology cation exchange resin in a macroeticular, desiccated morphology to produce a macroreticular, hydrated morphology. Condensate which is brought into contact with the resin when it is in a hydrogen form is purified. The condensate may, optionally, also be contacted with an anion exchange resin.The invention additionally provides a method for selecting cation exchange resins which are particularly suited for use in removing metal oxides from a condensate stream. The method serves to narrow the field of condidates for pilot-scale resin testing with industrial condensate.

Abstract: An aqueous N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solution which was used as a spinning bath in the production of cellulosic products is regenerated by contacting it with active coal, silicon dioxide or alumina adsorbent and filtering, thereby reducing turbidity, eliminating nitrosoamine, decolorizing the solution and removing transition metals like iron therefrom.

Abstract: Metal ions are removed from process wastewaters by using an electrically conducting, cathodically polarized filter-aid layer whose potential is at least 50 mV more negative than the redox potential of the metal ions to be removed, by passing the metal ion-containing water through the filter-aid layer and periodically renewing the filter-aid layer at intervals of from 2 to 180 minutes by backwashing, classifying and precoating processes.

Abstract: A drum filter for thickening lime sludge in which the lime sludge is thickened on a filter layer (precoat) formed by the lime sludge on the filter periphery. The filter is provided with high pressure liquid nozzles continuously reciprocating in the longitudinal direction of the drum in such a way that, during each rotation of the drum, part of the filtering layer is continuously detached and drops into a vat containing the lime sludge.

Abstract: Waste sludge that contains water, solids and oil, is mixed with a filter aid that has filter aid characteristics and a heating value of at least 1,000 Btu/lb. The admixture obtained is subjected to filtration yielding a high-Btu combustible material, useful as fuel. This combustible material, optionally after drying to remove water, is very suitable for use as fuel in a cement kiln.

Abstract: A modular filter assembly is described comprising a filter stack having a plurality of filter sheets and a plurality of filter support plates each having a perimeter and an internal filter flow passageway portion. The filter sheets are sandwiched between surrounding filter support plates forming the stack and the filter flow passageway portions of the plates and filter sheets are aligned to form a filter flow passageway extending from the top to the bottom of the stack. The filter stack has engaging means capable of keeping the filter support plates together while minimized top to bottom dimension because it is not necessary to use external clamps for keeping the support plates together. Also described are support plates for modular filters and a method for forming a modular filter assembly.

Abstract: A filter for fluids includes a pair of layers or multiple layers or pairs of material joined together to form a laminate having a fluid contacting surface. A plurality of spaced pockets is formed between the layers of material in the contacting surface. The layers of material are fluid permeable at the pockets whereby fluid may flow through the laminate at the pockets. The fluid contacting surface is fluid impermeable except for the pockets to require the fluid passing through the laminate to be confined to flowing through the pockets. Filter members are in the pockets for removing any contaminants from the fluid. Alternatively, additive materials such as powdered cream or sugar in the pockets dissolve in the fluid passing through the pockets to enhance the fluid.