Abstract: A heater control is performed without problems when a normal detection of a power source frequency cannot be performed. A heater control apparatus is configured and arranged to be operable by an alternating current having one of a plurality of frequencies. The heater control apparatus detects a zero-cross point of a voltage waveform of the alternating current to be supplied to a heater so as to generate a zero-cross signal and controls an electric power supply to the heater by using the zero-cross signal as a reference. At a time of tuning a power on, the frequency of the alternating current is tentatively determined before the frequency is detected so as to control the electric power supply to the heater based on the tentatively determined frequency, and to control the electric power supply to the heater, after the frequency of the alternating current is detected, based on the detected frequency.

Abstract: A cooking appliance includes an oven cavity, an electric heating element, a control element for selecting an oven cavity temperature, a timer and a calibration system for regulating operational parameters of the cooking appliance. The calibration system adjusts operational parameters of the cooking appliance based upon an amount of time required to achieve the selected oven cavity temperature. Preferably, the timer measures the amount of time needed to achieve the oven cavity temperature during a no load condition in order to set a baseline. Once the time is determined, the calibration system adjusts offset temperatures, hysterisis temperatures and/or cooking times to account for variations in power delivered to the oven cavity.

Abstract: A control device for an infrared ray sauna facility is provided. The sauna facility has a chamber and the chamber has a door and infrared ray generating units, and the control device includes a control circuit, an inside control panel that is connected to the control circuit and is installed inside the chamber, and an outside control panel that is connected to the control circuit and is installed outside the chamber. The control circuit controls the infrared ray generating units to adjust the temperature of the sauna facility. Each of the inside control panel and outside control panel includes a display device and an input device. The control circuit includes a clock so that a user of the sauna facility can reserve time to use the sauna facility. The control device also includes a temperature sensor so that the control circuit performs feedback control of the temperature.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus having heaters which performs cooking by taking a remaining heat of the heaters in a cooking cavity into consideration if food is cooked using a heating method through the heaters. The cooking apparatus performs cooking based on an accumulative temperature value of the cooking cavity in place of a cooking time, thereby optimally cooking foods even though cooking operations are continuously carried out. The cooking apparatus finishes the cooking if the accumulative temperature value of the cooking cavity reaches a temperature value set to correspond to a cooking level for toast, which is selected by a user.

Abstract: A user control generates a heat level input signal responsive to a user of a cooktop heating element. Logic generates an output signal having a duty cycle corresponding to the input signal. An electromechanical device connected to apply power from a source to the heating element in response to the output signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solder heating appliance with variable duty cycle. Rather than applying power continuously to the heating element, the element power is intermittently switched over to a variable duty cycle. Savings are gained in three areas: extended life of the element; less heat lost to thermal radiation; and less solder waste due to dripping and overheating. The variable duty cycle may be adjusted manually or automatically based on the temperature of the heating element, or tip. Additionally, the voltage and/or current to the heating element may be adjusted, either manually or automatically, for more rapid recovery during high usage periods. Higher throughput is achieved by sensing the temperature, comparing the temperature to a desired temperature, and then increasing the variable duty cycle by either or both one of increasing the frequency of duty pulses and/or lengthening the duration of the variable duty cycle.

Abstract: A state control apparatus includes a calculator for calculating adjustment amounts for adjusting a plurality of end effecting devices on the basis of preset values and measured amounts measured by a plurality of meters. The measured amounts indicate respective states of the end effecting devices. The adjustment amounts are required for conforming the measured amounts to the preset values, respectively. The state control apparatus further includes a parameter generator for generating a plurality of parameters on the basis of settings by a user. The state control apparatus further includes a comprehensive controller for outputting activating signals for activating the respective end effecting devices based on the respective adjustment amounts and the plurality of parameters.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the invention, a circuit for controlling a fusing system such as used in a printer, copier or the like, comprises a timing circuit; an averaging circuit which receives an output from the timing circuit and averages the signal to produce a voltage signal; a modulation circuit arrangement which receives the voltage signal from the averaging circuit and generates a train of pulses which varies with the voltage signal from the averaging circuit; and a switch driver circuit which is responsive to the pulse train from the modulation circuit and which drives a power supply switching circuit with a timing to apply a smoothly changing alternating current to the fusing system. The modulation circuit may be of the pulse width modulation type or the frequency modulation type.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method particularly applicable to an automotive vehicle seat, through which the control of heating of heating elements is carried out by an electronic circuit, based on the temperature monitored in the heating elements and using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The signals applied to the heating elements are progressively adapted to the condition of the different heating elements at all times and throughout their useful life, by variation of the working cycle of the signal applied to the heating elements in the form of a fixed frequency pulse train, and applying said signal after an initial transient state, during which state a maximum voltage has been applied to the heating elements and has been maintained until reaching a desired percentage of an assigned temperature by each of said heating elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric heating device and a method of controlling such a heating device, by means of which homogeneous heating of a heating register is to be achieved. For this purpose, the allocations between the control channels of a control device and the heating elements are varied at predetermined time intervals.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for heating water in a domestic water heating system that comprises the steps of: (a) providing a water tank containing mw liters of water; (b) providing at least one temperature sensing unit in said water tank for sensing the temperature of the water in the tank: (c) providing a heating element in said water tank; (d) providing a control unit for activating said heating element, said control unit continuously receiving indication for the water temperature from said temperature sensing unit; (e) providing to said control unit a desired water temperature, and designating a time for using the water at said desired temperature; (f) knowing the current water temperature, the desired water temperature at said designated time, the power of the heating element, and the specific heat of the water, calculating by the control unit the heating period ?t needed for heating the water in the tank from the current temperature as measured by said temperature sensing unit, to the desired temp

Abstract: An electronic control unit of an internal combustion engine performs preheat energization control before activation energization control. In the activation energization control, a gas sensor is energized with electric power capable of heating the gas sensor to activation temperature. In the preheat energization control, the gas sensor is energized with low electric power, which is not enough to heat the gas sensor to the activation temperature. Thus, while there is a possibility that water adheres to a sensor main body of the gas sensor, the sensor main body is prevented from being heated to high temperature. Meanwhile, even if water droplets exist in the sensor main body of the gas sensor, the water is vaporized gradually, while preventing the bumping of the water.

Abstract: A method for controlling power to an electrical load using dual pulse width modulation (PWM) to minimize in-rush current to the electrical load, such as a heater element. An output from a power source, supplying an alternating current, is modulated by a first PWM control signal to provide a first modulated power level to the electrical load. The first modulated power level is modulated by a second PWM control signal to control power supplied to the electrical load at the first modulated power level. The first PWM control signal operates to control the number of half cycles of current in order to provide one-third, two-thirds or full cycle power. The second PWM control signal operates to define a duty cycle and period for providing the power defined by the first PWM control signal to the electrical load.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for controlling an electric cooking appliance, a boost condition is initiated by increasing the power level of one or more electric heating means (2) to a maximum power level from a previous lower power level. Elapsed time (38) during cooling of the appliance since an end of an immediately previous period at the maximum power level is monitored, as is difference in power levels between the maximum power level and the previous lower power level. Duration (34) of the boost condition is set according to one of the elapsed time (38) and the difference in power levels and a level (36) of temperature boost in the boost condition is correspondingly set according to one of the difference in power levels and the elapsed time respectively.

Abstract: A combination for preparing a food product and method of using the combination are disclosed. The combination includes a housing supporting a cooking chamber, which communicates with a flavor enhancement chamber. The cooking chamber and the flavor enhancement chamber are selectively and independently controlled by an automated controller. In using the combination, a user provides the food product, places a flavor enhancement substance within the flavor enhancement chamber, arranges the food product on a preparation rack, and position the rack with the food within the cooking chamber. With the food positioned within the combination, the user programs parameters for a food preparation cycle into an operating code resident in the automated controller. Upon activation by the user, the controller executes the operating code. In response, the flavor enhancement chamber releases a flavor enhancement for impregnation into the food product, and the cooking chamber completes preparation of the food product.

Abstract: A programmable food service system including one or more food service devices and at least one data key. Each data key is provided with a data memory for storing program data corresponding to sequences of food service operations. Each food service device includes a programmable controller for controlling the food service device to carry out sequences of cooking operations. Each food service device includes a key aperture adapted to receive a data key and a data reader arranged to read program data from the data key memory. The program data is passed on to the programmable controller, thereby making the appropriate sequences of cooking operations available to the food service device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a portable adhesive dispensing appliance with adjustable duty cycle. Rather than applying power continuously to the heating element, the element power is intermittently switched over to a variable duty cycle. Savings are gained in three areas: extended life of the element; less heat lost to thermal radiation; and less adhesive waste due to dripping and overheating. The duty cycle may be adjusted manually or automatically based on the temperature of the adhesive in the melt chamber. Additionally, the voltage and/or current to the heating element may be adjusted, either manually or automatically, for more rapid recovery during high usage periods. Higher throughput is achieved by sensing the temperature, comparing the temperature to a desired temperature, and then increasing the duty cycle by either or both one of increasing the frequency of duty pulses and/or lengthening the duration of the duty pulses.

Abstract: A method and the associated device for detecting cooking or boiling processes in a glass ceramic hob are described, to which power is supplied by a power supply by means of a heating element and said power is transmitted to the cooking vessel standing thereon. During a cooking process a temperature profile of the hob is measured and evaluated. The temperature profile is evaluated after ending the power supply and for evaluation purposes a temperature profile gradient is determined. During evaluation, a normal cooking or boiling process is detected if the gradient exceeds a predetermined threshold. During evaluation, a disturbed or faulty cooking or boiling process is detected if the gradient is equal to or smaller than a predetermined threshold. Such a disturbed or faulty cooking or boiling process can arise through the cooking vessel boiling dry or empty.

Abstract: A programmable slow-cooker appliance uses an application-specific integrated circuit digital controller, in which a user sets a time and temperature for cooking a food item. The digital controller prevents the unit from functioning only as a “keep warm” appliance, and a unique design allows cooling of the application-specific integrated circuit digital programmable controller during cooking.

Abstract: A system is described for programming a household appliance that has electronic control means for executing a plurality of control programs. The household appliance operates in accordance with conventional functions, able to perform standard programs, and has the feature of being prearranged for receiving and retaining additional operating programs, coming from outside, according to the user's specific requirements; such new programs are designed and stored in the control system of the household appliance through an external electronic device, such as a Personal Computer programmed accordingly. The control system of the household appliance comprises a duly prearranged microcontroller, associated with suitable memory means and means for interfacing with said external electronic device; a protected part, i.e.

Abstract: Systems and methods for thermally modifying an ice-to-object interface. One system includes a power supply configured to generate a magnitude of power. The magnitude of the power is sufficient to melt an interfacial layer of ice at the interface; typically the interfacial layer has a thickness in a range one micron to one millimeter. A controller may be used to limit the duration in which power supply generates the magnitude of the power, to limit unneeded heat energy dissipation into the environment. Modulating the pulsed heating energy to the interface modifies a coefficient of friction between the object and the ice.

Abstract: The invention provides a water heater system having a water heater, a mixer valve, and a controller. The water heater includes a thermostat connected to a heating element. The water heater is connected to a cold in pipe and a hot out pipe. The mixer valve is positioned between the cold in pipe and the hot out pipe and provided an output of mixed hot and cold water. The controller is coupled to the thermostat.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a power controller for an AC load comprises: a user interface adapted to interact with a user to produce at least one user interface signal; and a control module adapted to electrically couple a line voltage supply, electrically couple the AC load, and provide electrical power to the AC load as a function of the at least one user interface signal by implementing a low-flicker, cycle-skipping control algorithm, the control algorithm comprising a plurality of cycle patterns, the cycle patterns comprising a plurality of main power levels.

Abstract: U.S. Ser. No. 2002009312A cooking appliance having an electric resistance heater is connected to a multiple phase external power source and includes a system for compensating for whether the cooktop is connected to 240V split phase system wherein the two phases are 180° out of phase with each other or a 208V three phase system which has two phases that are only 120° out of phase. In particular, the cooktop includes a system for distinguishing whether the multiple phases of the external power source are 180° out of phase such that the electric resistance heater is compensated against whether it is connected to a three phase external power supply.

Abstract: A method and the associated device for detecting cooking or boiling processes in a glass ceramic hob are described, to which power is supplied by a power supply by means of a heating element and said power is transmitted to the cooking vessel standing thereon. During a cooking process a temperature profile of the hob is measured and evaluated. The temperature profile is evaluated after ending the power supply and for evaluation purposes a temperature profile gradient is determined. During evaluation, a normal cooking or boiling process is detected if the gradient exceeds a predetermined threshold. During evaluation, a disturbed or faulty cooking or boiling process is detected if the gradient is equal to or smaller than a predetermined threshold. Such a disturbed or faulty cooking or boiling process can arise through the cooking vessel boiling dry or empty.

Abstract: A control structure and method for controlling a sensor heater including a power supply connected to a switching device for pulse width modulating a voltage from the power supply. The switching device is further connected to a resistance heater. A microcontroller having a single output is connected to the switching device and a single input from the microcontroller is connected to a high side of the resistance heater. The microcontroller determines a pulse width modulation duty cycle to maintain a constant power dissipation of the resistance heater.

Abstract: A system used to program and coordinate the cooking operations for two or more ovens such that the cooking operations are completed at the same time, independent of particular setting variations. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a single controller is utilized to program each of the ovens, with the controller incorporating an auto sequencing feature which causes the different cooking operations to be automatically performed, while terminating at the same time. Preferably, the system enables a second cooking operation to be programmed and initiated after a first cooking operation, while still providing for the auto sequencing of the cooking operation. Furthermore, a system is provided to enable the refrigerating of food items in one or more of the ovens prior to initiating a respective cooking operation.

Abstract: A hair cutting apparatus comprising a structure (1260), a portion (1216) of which being adapted for placement against a skin surface where hair is to be cut, a heat generator comprising one or more heat elements (1214) heated to a temperature sufficient to cut hair, at least one of said heat elements being juxtaposed with said portion and positioned to touch said skin and a controller that controls said heat generator to prevent heat from being applied continuously in a single area for sufficient time to cause skin damage.

Abstract: A heater lamp control apparatus and method of detecting an input AC voltage and providing a pulse signal corresponding thereto, includes an AC voltage phase detection unit to detect a phase of the inputted AC voltage when a magnitude of the inputted AC voltage is over a predetermined level. The heater lamp control apparatus also includes a pulse signal generation unit to generate a pulse reference signal based on a result of the detection, a pulse delay signal that is phase-delayed, and a heater lamp control pulse signal based on a result of the comparison of the magnitudes of the pulse reference signal and the pulse delay signal. The heater lamp control pulse signal includes a control unit to control a drive-timing of the heater lamp based on the heater lamp control pulse signal. Thus, the heater lamp control apparatus minimizes a flickering phenomenon as well as an amount of electric power consumed in a heater lamp.

Abstract: A method of heating water in an electric kettle including determining the temperature differential between a measured starting temperature and a preselected target temperature. If the determined temperature differential is equal to a reference temperature differential, then the kettle is heated at less than full power for a calculated period of time. If, on the other hand, the determined temperature differential is greater than the reference temperature differential, then the kettle is heated until the kettle temperature reaches a determined end temperature.

Abstract: A control system for a cooking appliance enables a consumer to perform a complete cooking operation regardless of whether food is placed into an oven after a preheating operation or without initially preheating the oven. When the consumer does not intend to allow the oven to be preheated prior to inserting the food to be cooked therein, the consumer can select a no preheat operation wherein the lack of preheating is automatically compensated for, preferably by causing the oven to perform the cooking operation in two stages. Initially, the oven is operated at full output capacity for a first predetermined period and thereafter operated at various heat outputs during a subsequent plurality of stages until the cooking operation is complete. In this manner the food is completely cooked without the need to add additional time to the overall cooking operation.

Abstract: A temperature control apparatus for an exhaust gas sensor can promptly heat the exhaust gas sensor with an electric heater up to an activation temperature while preventing thermal shock damage thereof due to water immediately after engine starting. Energization of an electric heater arranged near an exhaust gas sensor is controlled by a CPU cooperating with a ROM through a switching element. A low voltage is supplied for evaporation of the water by a first preheater immediately after engine starting, and enhanced preheating is subsequently carried out by a second preheater for preventing thermal shock on the exhaust gas sensor. Thereafter, a heating controller performs automatic control with a proper activation temperature of the exhaust gas sensor being made as a target. The temperature controlled by the first preheater is set to such a temperature level at which rapid cooling damage of the exhaust gas sensor due to the water will not be caused but the water can be evaporated.

Abstract: A control system for a an oven having at least one cooking element and a surface warmer includes a microprocessor, a memory, and a user input interface for user entry of cooking recipes including a cooking mode, an oven temperature, and a cooking time. Up to five favorite recipes can be stored in system memory for selection by a user, and two recipes can be combined for automatic sequential execution. The surface warmer is operable upon manipulation of two input selectors within a pre-determined time, and a preheat algorithm preheats the surface warmer by applying a 100% duty cycle to the surface warmer until an oven thermal limiter input switch reaches a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A heating device and method for de-icing or de-fogging the surface of a vehicle mirror. The device is activated upon ignition of the vehicle engine, and remains activated for a predetermined period of time. During the vehicle's journey the heater may be re-activated if the temperature of the mirror surface falls below a pre-set minimum threshold.

Abstract: An electrically heating smoking system wherein tobacco smoke is generated by heating a portion of a cigarette with an electrical resistance heating element powered by lithium ion battery cells. The lithium ion battery cells supply current to the electrical resistance heating element with current up to 20 times greater than the recommended discharge rate. To prevent damage to the lithium ion battery cells under such high discharge conditions, the smoking system includes a controller which provides modulated pulses of electrical power from the battery cells to the resistance heating element during smoking of the cigarette.

Abstract: A heater control circuit performs ON/OFF control of a switching converter for a FET so that an AC line current supplied from a DI terminal becomes approximate to a predetermined value. A current flowing to a heater is stabilized to a predetermined value, and, unless an AC line voltage fluctuates, electric power supplied to the heater is held to a predetermined value. With this contrivance, in an image forming apparatus including a fixing heater (heating heater), a printing speed of the image forming apparatus can be improved to the greatest possible degree under such a condition that a total amount of utilizable electric power is restricted.

Abstract: A method for controlling power to an electrical load using dual pulse width modulation (PWM) to minimize in-rush current to the electrical load, such as a heater element. An output from a power source, supplying an alternating current, is modulated by a first PWM control signal to provide a first modulated power level to the electrical load. The first modulated power level is modulated by a second PWM control signal to control power supplied to the electrical load at the first modulated power level. The first PWM control signal operates to control the number of half cycles of current in order to provide one-third, two-thirds or full cycle power. The second PWM control signal operates to define a duty cycle and period for providing the power defined by the first PWM control signal to the electrical load.

Abstract: A control device for an infrared ray sauna facility is provided. The sauna facility has a chamber and the chamber has a door and infrared ray generating units, and the control device includes a control circuit, an inside control panel that is connected to the control circuit and is installed inside the chamber, and an outside control panel that is connected to the control circuit and is installed outside the chamber. The control circuit controls the infrared ray generating units to adjust the temperature of the sauna facility. Each of the inside control panel and outside control panel includes a display device and an input device. The control circuit includes a clock so that a user of the sauna facility can reserve time to use the sauna facility. The control device also includes a temperature sensor so that the control circuit performs feedback control of the temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a measuring system adapted for providing a measurement of an optical parameter of an optical device under test —DUT—, comprising a measuring instrument adapted to perform the measurement and to provide a measurement signal comprising a plurality of values of the measured optical parameter of the DUT over the time. To improve the measurement the measuring system is adapted to receive a temperature signal comprising a plurality of values of the measured temperature of the DUT over the time, and to provide an output signal wherein values of the measured temperature are associated to such values of the measured optical parameter of the DUT that correspond in time.

Abstract: A heater energization control circuit includes a heater, a power source that supplies an alternating current to the heater, a first capacitor that charges and discharges in accordance with a first time constant that is determined by an electrostatic capacity of the first capacitor and a resistance value of a first resistor, and a second capacitor that charges and discharges in accordance with a second time constant that is determined by an electrostatic capacity of the second capacitor and a resistance value of a second resistor. A controller determines an energization start timing to the heater in accordance with a size relationship between a voltage of the first capacitor and a voltage of the second capacitor, and starting to supply the alternating current to the heater by the power source for supplying under this timing.

Abstract: A self-cleaning oven includes an oven cavity, a gas sensor in flow communication with the oven cavity, and a controller configured to select one of a plurality of self-clean cycle times based upon a peak value of sampled signals of the gas sensor.

Abstract: A heater controller for an oxygen sensor associated with a vehicle engine. The controller includes a start detect section, a restart determination section, and a heater delay control section. The start detect section detects whether the engine is started. The restart determination section determines whether the engine is restarted. The heater delay control section operates the heater to activate after a predetermined delay time, delayed from startup of the engine, that is set according to an engine water temperature. The operation of the heater is executed when the start detect section detects that the engine is started and the restart determination section determines that the engine is not restarted.

Abstract: A generic, self-tuning control system deployable in a wide variety of systems is achieved from a digital system effectuating a matrix chain. Each matrix in the chain yields an output based upon two or more inputs. The outputs of the various matrices making up the chain are used as inputs to other matrices in the chain. Measured inputs are state variables of the system under control. Some inputs that are generated by other matrices are state variables. Consequently, the set of values generated by the matrices results from the state variables describing the system at a given point in time. Initially, the matrices exhibit a quality referred to as symmetry. This quality serves to cause the system under control to transition to desired state. In addition to the controlling force exerted by virtue of the symmetry of the matrices, a learning algorithm may be introduced to the matrix chain.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling heater element operation in an oven includes a proportional heater signal generator that is mounted in associated with an oven operational mode switch. The signal generator operates in a sub-interval about a mode indicator to generate a proportional signal for controlling a heater element. The proportional signal may be used to alter the input voltage or timing control of the heater element.

Abstract: A cooking appliance employing rapid cook technology includes a controller which calculates rapid cook times from conventional cooking times input by a user. That is, for relatively long convection cooking cycles, such as a convection roasting mode, after a user enters a standard radiant cooking time into a control panel, an electronic controller subtracts a certain percentage, preferably 25%, off of the standard time to establish a rapid cook time. In one preferred embodiment, the rapid cook time is presented in a display and used as the actual cook time for the cooking operation. In another preferred embodiment, the standard cooking time is established for the cooking operation, but the user is signaled to check the food when the rapid cook time expires.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for controlling an electric cooking appliance, a boost condition is initiated by increasing the power level of one or more electric heating means (2) to a maximum power level from a previous lower power level. Elapsed time (38) during cooling of the appliance since an end of an immediately previous period at the maximum power level is monitored, as is difference in power levels between the maximum power level and the previous lower power level. Duration (34) of the boost condition is set according to one of the elapsed time (38) and the difference in power levels and a level (36) of temperature boost in the boost condition is correspondingly set according to one of the difference in power levels and the elapsed time respectively.

Abstract: A method of heating water in an electric kettle including determining the temperature differential between a measured starting temperature and a preselected target temperature. If the determined temperature differential is equal to a reference temperature differential, then the kettle is heated at less than full power for a calculated period of time. If, on the other hand, the determined temperature differential is greater than the reference temperature differential, then the kettle is heated until the kettle temperature reaches a determined end temperature.

Abstract: A self-cleaning oven includes an oven cavity, a gas sensor in flow communication with the oven cavity, and a controller configured to select one of a plurality of self-clean cycle times based upon a peak value of sampled signals of the gas sensor.

Abstract: A cycle skipping power control apparatus comprising: a power controller adapted for receiving a power command and a switch closure feedback signal and for generating a high resolution pulse command; and a pulse generator adapted for receiving the high resolution pulse command and, optionally, the power command, and generating a compensated enable pulse and the switch closure feedback signal.

Abstract: A heater control is performed without problems when a normal detection of a power source frequency cannot be performed. A heater control apparatus is configured and arranged to be operable by an alternating current having one of a plurality of frequencies. The heater control apparatus detects a zero-cross point of a voltage waveform of the alternating current to be supplied to a heater so as to generate a zero-cross signal and controls an electric power supply to the heater by using the zero-cross signal as a reference. At a time of tuning a power on, the frequency of the alternating current is tentatively determined before the frequency is detected so as to control the electric power supply to the heater based on the tentatively determined frequency, and to control the electric power supply to the heater, after the frequency of the alternating current is detected, based on the detected frequency.