Abstract: Systems to allow temperature control more precise and accurate than the current state of the art for consumer products that heat liquids such as, without limitation, coffee makers, tea makers, electric kettles and espresso machines. One feature of such systems may include the ability to calibrate the system with reference to a known temperature point. Another feature of such system may allow reduction in the rate of water heating to allow the temperature of the water to approach a target temperature in a gradual manner.

Abstract: A fluid heater for heating fluid at high pressure may comprise a containment vessel with a base portion having a primary face with a peripheral surface section having a substantially frusta-conical shape. The vessel may comprise an elongated main portion having a perimeter wall with a thickness and terminating with a base edge surface. The base edge surface may have a substantially frusta-conical shape such that the base edge surface and the peripheral surface section collectively form a weld receiving groove. A width of the peripheral surface section of the primary face of the base portion may be greater than the thickness of the perimeter wall of the main portion.

Abstract: A flow heater is provided including a heating element, a channel heated by said heating element for heating liquid flowing therethrough, and temperature sensing means in thermal communication with both the heating element and the channel so as to be sensitive to the temperature of the liquid in the channel and the temperature of the heating element.

Abstract: A combined seat heater and capacitive occupancy sensor comprises a heating element (10) connected between a first (21) and a second (22) node, and a capacitive sensing network connected to the heating element to apply an oscillating voltage thereto and to derive the capacitive load of the heating element. A common mode choke (16) connects the first and second node to a third (23) and fourth (24) node, respectively. The capacitive sensing network comprises an oscillator (28), AC-coupled to the third and/or the fourth node to drive oscillating voltage into that node, and a transimpedance amplifier (32), which has a first input to receive the oscillating voltage as reference voltage and a second input operatively connected to the heating element. The transimpedance amplifier maintains a voltage on its second input equal to the reference voltage by driving a current into the second input. An output signal (44) indicates the AC component of the current driven into the second input.

Abstract: A dual resistance heater for a phase change material region is formed by depositing a resistive material. The heater material is then exposed to an implantation or plasma which increases the resistance of the surface of the heater material relative to the remainder of the heater material. As a result, the portion of the heater material approximate to the phase change material region is a highly effective heater because of its high resistance, but the bulk of the heater material is not as resistive and, thus, does not increase the voltage drop and the current usage of the device.

Abstract: A method is provided for interconnecting a single electrical heating element of a hot water heater to first and second AC electrical power sources. Typically, these first and second AC electrical power sources include a utility provided electrical power source and a renewable power source that generates AC power from DC power. The method includes operating a controller that selectively connects and disconnects the first and second power sources. If sufficient electrical power is available from the renewable power source, the utility provided electrical power source may be disconnected to preferentially utilize renewable energy.

Abstract: An espresso machine with improved fluid and thermal control is disclosed. The machine can include a controller for feedback pressure control of vibratory solenoid pumps. The controller can monitor pump pressure and/or volume and provide real-time feedback control of the pump pressure and/or volume. The controller can control pump output by means of a direct current, variable frequency square wave, which can be regulated to maintain a desired pressure output. The controller can also control pump output by means of a direct current, variable pulse width square wave. The espresso machine can also include a thermoblock with improved thermal efficiency and temperature control. The thermoblock can comprise a one or more serpentine pathways to improve thermal transfer to the fluid therein. The thermoblock can also provide feedback control of the temperature of the fluid.

Abstract: A transparency, e.g. an aircraft laminated windshield, includes one or more sensors to monitor performance of one or more properties, e.g. a heating arrangement of the windshield, and to generate signals representative of the performance of the properties. One part of a connector, external of the transparency and connected to the sensors is connected to a system positioned in the aircraft. The system receives a signal from each of the sensors, and processes the signals to determine difference between performance of the property as indicated by the signal received and a preferred performance of the property to provide real time monitoring of the performance of the windshield. With this arrangement information regarding the performance of the windshield is available to schedule timely repair or replacement of the windshield that is performing outside of acceptable limits.

Abstract: A liquid warming device for heating sterile fluids in a removable basin is described with emphasis on the properties of the basin interaction with the liquid warming device and with a drape that works with the basin to maintain a sterile field above the drape and the top of the basin. Also disclosed are various desirable aspects for a control system for a liquid warming device.

Abstract: An open forklift truck is provided having an elongated windshield that protects the operator from wind chills experienced when operating the truck in a cold storage environment. The windshield is a laminate having a plurality of heating elements disposed therein that are electrically connected to a control that monitors speed, battery voltage, temperature, and ambient feedback and adjusts the power supply to the windshield based on this feedback. Accordingly, the windshield is maintained at a predetermined temperature selected to limit condensation and fogging of the windshield.

Abstract: A filament post used in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition has an outer shell and an inner post. An electrical potential is applied only to the inner post to ensure that there is no impact on the plasma density and the carbon film properties. The inner post and the outer shell are electrically insulated by ceramic insulators, such that no electrical potential is applied to outer shell. The stress generated in the carbon film is directly related to the electrical potential of the surface to which the film is deposited. The carbon film deposited on the outer shell of the post is not highly stressed, which significantly reduces film delamination from the filament post surfaces.

Abstract: A portable, low profile electric radiant heater has an elongated heating element. A plurality of thermistors are disposed proximate to and along the length of the elongated heating element, spaced at substantially equal intervals. A microcontroller switches a reference resistor in series with a charging capacitor to determine a reference timer value. The microcontroller switches banks of multiple thermistors in series with the charging capacitor to determine associated timer values. The microcontroller calculates thermistor resistance values using the reference timer, reference resistor, and thermistor timer values. A lookup table is employed to determine a temperature value associated with the thermistor resistance value. This serves as the sensed temperature of the associated bank of thermistors. A plurality of tip-over switches are provided. One tip-over switch is disposed between the microcontroller and the heating element.

Abstract: A water heater is provided with monitor/diagnostic display apparatus that selectively provides a user with visual or other type of indicia of the overall efficiency of the water heater. The apparatus includes a monitoring unit that may be mounted on the water heater, and a display unit that may be mounted either on the water heater or remotely therefrom.

Abstract: A water heater is provided with monitor/diagnostic display apparatus that selectively provides a user with visual or other type of indicia of the remaining hot water availability of, the recovery time for, and the overall efficiency of the water heater. The apparatus includes a monitoring unit that may be mounted on the water heater, and a display unit that may be mounted either on the water heater or remotely therefrom.

Abstract: In order to detect a change in the temperature of a substrate (2) and a change of the distribution of oxygen radical concentration near a surface of the substrate (2), a lamp power in each zone of a heater (3) and a pressure in a reactor (1) are measured, the measured lamp power in each zone of the heater (3) and the measured pressure in the reactor (1) are inputted to the prediction equation of process model of a monitoring device (16)to predict the thickness profile of the substrate (2), and it is decided whether an abnormality occurs in thermal processing on the substrate (2) based on the predicted thickness profile.

Abstract: A fluid heating system includes a fluid receptacle having a fluid reservoir, and a heating control system configured to heat fluid retained within the fluid reservoir. The heating control system includes a processing unit, at least one fluid temperature sensor positioned on or within the fluid receptacle, a heating element configured to heat fluid within the fluid reservoir, and a power switch disposed within an electrical path between the heating element and the processing unit. The processing unit is configured to selectively activate and deactivate the heating element through the power switch based on the fluid temperature detected by the fluid temperature sensor.

Abstract: A steam generating apparatus (20) is described, comprising a boiler (24) provided with electric heating means (25) and current controlling means (33, 40; 37) for controlling the current in the heating means; the apparatus further comprising at least one temperature sensor (34) and a pressure sensor (35); the apparatus being capable of generating steam at a variable steam output rate; wherein the controlling means (33, 40; 37) are designed, at a relatively low steam output rate setting, to control the current in the heating means on the basis of a temperature measurement signal (T) from the temperature sensor (34), and wherein the controlling means (33, 40; 37) are designed, at a relatively high steam output rate setting, to control the current in the heating means on the basis of pressure.

Abstract: A container is provided for heating or otherwise processing the contents of the container. For example, the container may be a kettle or kettle for heating fluids therein. The container may receive a command, desired characteristic or desired range for processing the contents of the container. The container may further include at least one sensor such as a temperature sensor or pressure sensor for determining a corresponding characteristic of the contents of the container. Based on at least one determined characteristic and/or the input command, the container may heat or otherwise process the contents therein. The results and/or current status of the contents may further be provided through a display. Also, based on the current status of the contents, the container may further process/heat the contents or discontinue processing/heating of the contents.

Abstract: An objective is to provide a pressure-contact type rectifier in which solder that increases the environmental load is not used, and neither burning nor breakage of a rectifying device occurs, even if temperature of the rectifying device increases due to current flowing or force towards outside the rectifying device is applied to a lead end, etc. By providing an electrically conductive friction reducer on at least one electrode face of the rectifying device, the temperature increase can be prevented, and the friction at the contact face can be reduced. Moreover, by providing a flexible portion on the lead end outside a cap, and fixing the flexible portion to the cap, the contact area between the lead and the rectifying device can be kept constant. As a result, a pressure-contact type rectifier in which neither burning nor breakage of the rectifying device occurs can be obtained.

Abstract: Methods for monitoring a heat treating atmosphere supply a preselected gas atmosphere at a preselected temperature to a heat treating furnace. The preselected temperature is not greater than a temperature at which wustite (FeO) forms. The methods sense the preselected gas atmosphere and the preselected temperature and compute a computed ratio of gaseous hydrogen H2 (g) to water vapor H2O (g) for the preselected atmosphere as a function of the sensed values.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for providing a melt, in particular a plastic melt. Said device (1) comprises a feed unit (2) for material components, at least one purification unit (4) for the flowing melt, in particular a rotatable screening disc (5), and at least one sensor unit (17; 18; 19; 20; 21) for detecting one or more process parameters. The operation of the purification unit (4) can be influenced with the aid of said sensor unit, based on the filter-specific process data. The inventive device is configured in such a way that at least the type and dosage of the process materials that are supplied via the feed unit (2) and/or the processing parameters of said process materials can be controlled using the detected (17; 18; 19; 20; 21) process parameters and/or the filter-specific process data.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a novel active insulation device and method for thermally shielding an external body from temperature fluctuations of a contained body. The method comprising providing an active thermal insulation envelope between the contained body and the external body; regulating the heat transfer from the active thermal insulation envelope to the external body; and regulating the heat transfer from the contained body to the active thermal insulation envelope, thus maintaining the temperature of the external body at a constant temperature or within a narrow temperature range.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring a heat treating atmosphere derive from at least one sensor placed in situ in the atmosphere a process variable, which is indicative of the ratio of gaseous hydrogen H2 (g) to water vapor H2O (g) in the atmosphere. The systems and methods use the process variable, e.g., to control the atmosphere, or to record or display the process variable.

Abstract: A method for controlling the level of a drum in a drum-type boiler includes adjusting a gain of a drum level PID (such as a Proportional Integral Derivative control) in accordance with a signal representative of a set of tuning constants, a signal representative of drum level, and a signal representative of a drum level setpoint. The method also includes utilizing a flow control PID to adjust a drum level control valve, wherein the flow control PID adjusts the drum level control valve in accordance with an output of the drum level PID, a signal representative of steam flow, and a signal representative of drum feedwater flow.

Abstract: A control unit (3) for controlling an electric household appliance, e.g. a refrigerator, is connected in series with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistive unit (4) which, when supplied with electric current, generates sufficient heat to activate a thermally activated actuating element (6) for selectively turning on/off respective auxiliary switches (9) of the electric household appliance. The thermally activated actuating element (6) includes a temperature-deformable element (7), e.g. a bimetallic plate, the deformation of which is transmitted by kinematic links (10) to a camshaft (8), the cams (12) of which cooperate with the auxiliary switches (9) of the electric household appliance to selectively turn on/off the auxiliary switches (9).

Abstract: A water heater including a water tank, a water inlet line for adding water to the water tank, a water outlet line for withdrawing water from the water tank, at least one electric resistance heating element extending into the water tank to heat water in the water tank, at least one water temperature sensor operable to sense a water temperature, and a control circuit capable of conducting electric power to the electric resistance heating element. The control circuit controls the conduction of electric power in response to the sensed water temperature and at least one of an element characteristic, a tank characteristic, an external water tank temperature, a water consistency, an ambient temperature, and a history of water use.

Abstract: A hot water tank monitoring system is designed to shut off the water supply to the hot water tank and to shut off either the electrical supply or the gas supply to the heating unit of the hot water tank in response to sensing of malfunction of one or more of a number of different sensed parameters. These parameters include a water leak detector located beneath the water tank, a water level float sensor, a temperature sensor to sense excess temperature, and a pressure sensor located in the line between the pressure relief valve and the blow-out outlet of the water tank. Signals from the various sensors are supplied to a controller, which provides signals to a LED status indicator, and also operates to provide alarm signals through a modem over telephone lines to remote locations and to operate an alarm.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring a heat treating atmosphere derive from at least one sensor placed in situ in the atmosphere a process variable, which is indicative of the ratio of gaseous hydrogen H2 (g) to water vapor H2O (g) in the atmosphere. The systems and methods use the process variable, e.g., to control the atmosphere, or to record or display the process variable.

Abstract: A steam cooker has an insulated housing that surrounds an internal cooking compartment accessible through a door. In one form, a supply of water is held in the compartment and immerses a plate-like resistance heating element mounted at the floor. Water is automatically added to this supply when both 1) a water level sensor indicates a refill, and 2) a door switch signals that the door is open. these signals together open a normally-closed solenoid valve in a water feed line. A steam outlet located above the maximum water level is in fluid communication with and adjacent another electrically-operated solenoid valve that is normally open to atmosphere. In one mode of operation, a temperature sensor in close physical proximity to the steam outlet and the solenoid valve closes the solenoid wherein the sensed steam temperature is at or above a set level.

Abstract: A control system for bathers includes an electronic controller which controls operation of an electric heater assembly connected in a water flow path for heating water. The heater assembly includes a heater housing and electric heater element. A solid state water temperature sensor apparatus provides electrical temperature signals to the controller indicative of water temperature at separated first and second locations on or within the heater housing. The presence of water in the heater housing is detected electronically, by turning on the heater, and monitoring the temperature sensors for unusual temperature rises or other faults for a period of time thereafter. A solid state water presence sensor apparatus can also be used to determine the presence of water within the heater housing, providing electrical water presence signals to the controller indicative of the presence or absence of a body of water within the heater housing.

Abstract: A method and a device for controlling the temperature of hot tap-water, which is heated on the secondary side of a heat exchanger. In order to achieve a quick response and a good temperature stability, the changes of the temperature and the flow of the hot tap-water are sensed on the secondary side of the heat exchanger, these sensed variations controlling a regulator which in turn controls a setting device regulating the flow on the primary side of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A control device installed in an electric water heater to control its operation, the control device including a water temperature control circuit and a power control circuit, the water temperature control circuit being formed of a water temperature detection circuit, which detects water temperature at the water inlet and the water outlet of the electric water heater, a water flow rate detection circuit, which detects the flow rate of water passing through the water inlet, a CPU, an indicator circuit controlled by the CPU to indicate the working conditions of the electric water heater, and a digital display controlled by the CPU to show the value of water temperature at the water outlet, the power control circuit being formed of a power supply circuit, a TRAIC triggering control circuit, which turns on the heating elements of the electric water heater alternatively subject AC phase change, a TRAIC power circuit, which provides the TRAIC triggering control circuit with the base power, an AC phase detection inpu

Abstract: A simple, low-cost, reliable thermoactuator device is described, being capable of taking a plurality of stable working position besides its rest position. One and the same body is associated with at least two thermoactuators whose arrangement is such as to make a movable actuation element capable of taking at least three stable working positions, which are obtained as a function of an electric signal to the supply terminals of either one or the other or both of the thermoactuators.

Abstract: A water heater having a water tank and a electric resistance heating element extending into the water tank for heating water in the tank. The water heater includes a proportional band temperature controller for conducting electric power to the electric resistance heating element in bursts. Each burst of electric power is followed by a period during which the temperature controller does not conduct power to the electric resistance heating element. In one embodiment, each burst of electrical power lasts for about 95% or less of a cycle comprised of one burst of electric power followed by the period during which the temperature controller does not conduct electric power.

Abstract: A temperature control apparatus for a bed includes at least one heating element, mounted in a resting surface on a mattress of the bed for warming at least a first are(a of the resting area. A temperature sensor is located to detect the temperature of the first area of the resting area, and transmits the information to a central control unit. The central control unit includes a central processing unit which is interconnected with both the heating element and the temperature sensor to adjust the temperature in the first, area of the resting area as desired. The central control unit is also connected to a timer to permit programming of temperature changes as desired. An occupant sensor in the resting surface of the mattress will detect the presence and absence of an occupant, and transmit this information to the central control unit for processing.

Abstract: A steam sterilization apparatus (10) includes an electronic control system having a main control circuit (C) including a central processing unit (68), an input device (36), and output devices (24,28) provided on a single circuit board (22) which is attached to a front bezel (16) of the sterilizer (10). The sterilizer (10) includes a flash steam generator (56). The main control circuit (C) implements an over-temperature feedback circuit (160) that disconnects the heating elements (162) in the steam generator (56) from electrical power when an over-temperature condition is detected. Isolated feedback is provided to the central processing unit (68) confirming the heating element disconnection operation. The control system includes error switches (82, 86, 88) that detect various error conditions. Upon an error condition being detected, the steam supply to the steam sterilization chamber (12) and/or to the pressurized steam seal (42) of the apparatus (10) is halted.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electric pressure cooker. The electric pressure cooker's food container is locked to its lid by using a driving power of a motor. The inner pressure state of the container can be monitored from the outside, and is automatically discharged when it exceeds a predetermined pressure.

Abstract: A jet bath designed to use minimum water, to use a formed in place low cost waterfall type water inlet, to have pulsating and massaging air-water jets appropriately located in the tub, to allow user adjustment of water temperature, to prevent heating the water above 122 degrees Fahrenheit and prevent tripping of a manually resettable high temperature limit switch with initial filling of the tub with overheated water.

Abstract: A housing provides temperature monitoring and temperature control of a specimen, while the specimen is being exposed to plasma environments for in-situ reactivity studies or other plasma processing purposes. The housing is adaptable for use with a temperature controller and a pressure measurement device. The housing includes a temperature monitoring mechanism and temperature control connections. The temperature monitoring mechanism provides in-situ specimen temperature indications. It includes a first enclosure having a specimen supporting portion on an exterior surface thereof. A fluid conduit has a first end in fluid communication with an interior portion of the first closure. A second enclosure has an interior portion thereof in fluid communication with a second end of the fluid conduit. The second enclosure includes the ability for attachment to a pressure measurement device.

Abstract: A pressure sensing oscillator (12) and temperature sensing oscillator (14) each produce digital, oscillating signals having frequencies varying with respect to the pressure and temperature, respectively, sensed by each. The signals are input into a temperature compensation circuit (16) which effects a temperature compensation of the pressure signal in accordance with the digital temperature signal. The temperature compensated signal is then input into a microprocessor (18) which filters the signal and generates an output signal based on calibration values stored in an EEPROM. The resulting output signal represents a compensated, calibrated pressure signal. The format for the output signal is a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal having a percent modulation indicative of the temperature compensated, calibrated pressure.

Abstract: A control system, a control device therefor and methods of making the same are provided, the control system comprising a source of energy, an output producing unit that uses the energy to produce the output thereof, a control device having control structure for interconnecting the source of energy to the unit, the control device having a rotatable shaft that sets the control structure in different positions thereof in relation to the rotational set position of the shaft from an "off" position thereof, the control structure having the amount of the energy passing therethrough from the source to the unit being different for each set position thereof, indicating structure operatively associated with the shaft for visually indicating the set position of the shaft and, thus, the amount of energy being fed by the control structure to the unit, and sensing structure operatively associated with the shaft that senses the set position of the shaft and electronically displays that sensed position of the shaft whereby th

Abstract: An on-demand electric water heater includes at least one heating chamber having an electric heating element operatively positioned between a cold water inlet and a hot water outlet. The heating elements are controlled by pressure sensing switches activated by water flow initiation or termination. A pressure relief valve is provided as a safety feature in the event the pressure sensing switches fail.

Abstract: A low-voltage electric heating device for application in a carburizing furnace is provided with an outer housing or sleeve for replaceable disposition within the furance, the outer housing radiating heat directly into said furnace; at least one current path conductor is positioned within the outer housing, the current path conductor being electrically connectable to a source of power and electrically insulated from a substantialy part of the outer housing. The heat radiated from the heating device is concentrated in the lower part because a current path has in series at least the current path conductor and at least a corresponding part of the outer housing, the resistance of the lower part of the outer housing being relatively large with respect to the remainder of the current path.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for detecting variations in the physical state of the plastic material in a coupling piece used for welding pipes and incorporating a heating resistor, cavities which the softened material can enter and sensors for detecting the state of the material within the cavities. According to the invention, in order to obtain a weld of high quality, it is necessary for the distance between the bottom of the cavities and the part of the resistor nearest this bottom on the one hand, and for the linear dimension in the cross-section of these same cavities near their bottom on the other, to be less than or equal to the thickness of the material which is softened during the heating of the pieces. The invention applies to the control of the welding of sections of piping, particularly for the gas industry.

Abstract: An air heater with a safety control circuit is disclosed. A heat source is mounted within a hollow housing having an air inlet end and an air outlet end. The heat source is actuated in response to the presence of a heat control signal. The heat control signal is produced when both a predetermined minimum pressure differential between static air pressure outside the hollow housing and the air velocity pressure within the housing is reached and the temperature of a portion of the housing is lower than a predetermined maximum sensed temperature. Application of the heat control signal to the heat source can be manually initiated or interrupted.

Abstract: A ventilation regulated hot air supplied constant temperature oven used for heat aging testing. Heated air of a predetermined temperature is supplied to a test oven body through an air supply port. Ventilation of the test oven is carried out through the air discharge port at a predetermined rate at predetermined time intervals.

Abstract: A variable pressure control of fixing device, which includes a fixing roller and a compression roller in contact with each other and serves to fix a toner image on a transfer sheet by passing this sheet between these rollers, comprises a coil spring having one end connected to the fixing roller so as to compress it against the comprssion roller, a rod connected to the other end of the coil spring, and solenoids for moving the rod.

Abstract: A device for regulating the heating element of a cooking vessel of the type with an input device for setting a preselected cooking temperature in the range of the boiling point of water, a device for measuring the temperature on or in the cooking vessel, and a control circuit for maintaining cooking temperature constant at the preselected level. The device includes apparatus for altering the cooking temperature as a function of the measured atmospheric pressure or the altitude above sea level at the site of use of the cooking vessel, such adjustment being in accordance with the dependence of the boiling point of water on atmospheric pressure or altitude above sea level.

Abstract: A controller for an electric resistance waterbed mattress heater supplied with electric current by an elongate power cord extending between the heater and a power service outlet. The controller includes a small diameter elongate cylindrical housing in which an adjustable on and off switch is mounted and into which the cord is extended and connected with the switch. The switch includes a Bourdon tube to actuate the switch between opened and closed positions when the tube is caused to deflect by changes of pressure therein. A capillary tube is connected with and extends from the Bourdon tube to the exterior of the housing and about which it is formed and supported. An adjusting knob is positioned at one end of the body and is coupled with a part of the switch to move switch parts relative to each other and to the Bourdon tube to adjust and set the operating position of parts of the switch.

Abstract: A temperature controller for controlling an electrical heater of a bed maintains the bed at a predetermined set temperature and additionally, over a long period of time, acts to vary the set temperature to compensate for variations in the temperature of the ambient environment in which the bed is situated. First and second temperature sensors respectively sense the temperature of the bed and the temperature of the environment ambient to the bed and the heater is switched to regulate the heating of the bed thereby.