Abstract: An air supply device with air refreshing and insect repellent function include a housing, which comprises: an air duct unit supported inside the housing having a hollow body defining an air channel; a centrifugal fan received inside the air duct unit; two main air inlets arranged at two opposite sides of the housing; an air outlet arranged at a top portion of the housing and channeled through with the air channel inside the air duct unit at a front side of the housing perpendicular to each of the main air inlets; an auxiliary air inlet arranged at a rear side of the housing opposite to the air outlet; an auxiliary component, which is an aromatherapy component or a mosquito repellent component, connected to the housing at the auxiliary air inlet; and an optional heating component detachably connected to the housing at the main air inlet.

Abstract: A progressive cellular architectures has been presented for vapor-phase chemical analyzers. The progressive cellular architecture consists of a series of heterogeneous micro-gas chromatography cells. Each individual cell targets vapor species within a specific volatility range by using a unique combination of a preconcentrator and a separation column. The cells are connected progressively in series to cover a broad range of volatile analyte chemical vapors. Valves may inadvertently absorb or adsorb and subsequently release target chemical analyte molecules, thereby interfering with quantitative analysis. Therefore, the inlet to the cells is configured without a valve.

Abstract: A substrate processing system includes a stage on which a substrate is placed, a heater configured to heat the substrate by being supplied with power, a power supply part configured to supply power to the heater, a sensor configured to measure a resistance value of the heater, and a controller. The controller is configured to: store a conversion table in which a plurality of resistance values are associated with a plurality of temperatures; and acquire a reference resistance value measured by the sensor when a heater temperature is equal to a reference temperature. The controller is further configured to: acquire a temperature adjustment resistance value measured by the sensor after the substrate is heated by the heater; and control the power supply part based on the conversion table, the reference temperature, the reference resistance value, and the temperature adjustment resistance value.

Abstract: An article includes a layer including a melt processable fluoropolymer, wherein the fluoropolymer includes a copolymer of a tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroether, wherein the article has an ultraviolet transmittance of at least about 50% at a thickness of about 0.040 inches to about 0.062 inches when exposed to ultraviolet radiation of about 200 nm to about 280 nm. Further provided is a method of making the article and an apparatus for purifying water including an article, such as a flexible tube.

Abstract: A conductive ink may comprise a high temperature thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and a plurality of conductive particles disposed in the high temperature TPU. The plurality of conductive particles may comprise between 60% and 95% of the conductive ink by weight. The high temperature TPU may include a melting point between 120° C. and 200° C. The conductive ink may be used for external heated composite structures, such as rotor blades, fixed wings, faring, engine lip electrothermal ice protection, or the like. The conductive ink may have enhanced mechanical fatigue resistance.

Abstract: A heated light enclosure having an adaptable heating system is provided with a controlled heating system to deliver enough heat to a lens on a lamp assembly to remove snow, frost, and/or condensation without overheating the lens. By heating the lens using a combination of one or more of PTC heaters, heat sinks and heat pipes, accumulation of snow, ice, or vapor is mitigated or eliminated from a surface of the lens, thereby enabling light to transmit through the lens. Applications include lamps and bulbs on conveyance devices, including vehicles, boats, planes, and trains, as well as sedentary structures, such as lamp posts, street lights, railroad crossing markers and lights, and airport ground and runway lighting systems.

Abstract: The heated pipeline comprises an inner pipe intended to convey a fluid, and an outer coating made of a thermal insulating material and covering the inner pipe. The outer coating comprises at least one duct delimited, in a transverse plane, by a closed outline entirely defined in the thermal insulating material, each duct housing a respective heating element.

Abstract: A telescopic vehicle surface cleaning device comprising a washing unit, the washing unit comprising a nozzle carrier housing, a nozzle carrier and at least one fluid nozzle with at least one nozzle aperture, the nozzle carrier being movable relative to the nozzle carrier housing between first and second positions, the first position being a rest position and the second position being an extended position, the device further comprising a heating unit, the heating unit being configured as a heating sub assembly of the device and the heating unit comprising a heating element carrier with an electrically resistive heating element, the heating element carrier being fixed relative to the nozzle carrier housing and being configured such that the heating element is arranged in front of and adjacent to the nozzle aperture in the rest position of the nozzle carrier such that an air gap remains between a heating surface of the heating element and the nozzle aperture.

Abstract: A soldering iron device includes a main body, where an end portion of the main body is provided with a tip, a heating core for heating the tip is provided in the main body, and a measuring element is provided in the main body; and the measuring element includes a mounting rod and a sensor, the sensor is provided on an end portion of the mounting rod, a measuring cavity is formed in the tip, the sensor is inserted into the measuring cavity, and the mounting rod extends toward a direction away from the tip. Compared with the prior art, since the sensor is not provided in the heating core, but is directly inserted into the tip, the present disclosure overcomes the heat transfer distance between the heating core and the tip and directly measures the temperature of the tip, which is highly accurate in measurement and strongly practicable.

Abstract: An arrangement, comprising a heat-emitting resistor, a control device for switching the resistor and a component that is at a potential without direct reference to a drive voltage. The resistor is arranged in spatial proximity to the component, and has a first and a second partial resistor connected in series. The control device includes at least one switching device for switching the heat-emitting resistor. The first partial resistor, the switching device and the second partial resistor are connected in series in the stated order and form a series connection. The first partial resistor and the component form a first partial capacitance and the second resistor and the component form a second partial capacitance. The partial capacitances are formed in such a way that upon the switching of the resistor a current flowing in the first partial capacitance is at least partly taken up by the second partial capacitance, or vice versa.

Abstract: A material forming apparatus comprises: a support which is positioned at a side of a forming tool with respect to a material arranged on the forming tool to have a first part covered by the forming tool and a second part separated from the forming tool, and which supports the forming tool; a diaphragm which presses the second part of the material while the outer surface of the expanded diaphragm comes in close contact therewith, in a state in which the first part of the material is compressed by the forming tool and the outer surface of the diaphragm; and a volume-varying member which is disposed near the forming tool between the diaphragm and the support so that at least a portion thereof is positioned on the second part of the material.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an auto run mode for initiating a heating cycle of a heated bedding product. A heated bedding product can include a bedding product body comprising a heating element and a controller electrically connected to the heating element. The controller can include a processing circuit, such as a microcontroller, that is configured to operate in an auto run mode in which a heating cycle of the heating element is automatically initiated in response to alternating current power being provided to the controller.

Abstract: An electric heating device includes a housing having a partition wall which separates a connection chamber from a heating chamber for dissipating heat and from which at least one receiving pocket, protruding into the heating chamber as a heating rib tapering towards its lower, closed end protrudes. A PTC heating element includes at least one PTC element and conductor tracks for energizing the PTC element with different polarities. The conductor tracks are electrically conductively connected to the PTC element and are electrically connected in the connection chamber. A pressure element is received which holds heat extraction surfaces of the PTC element abutted against oppositely disposed inner surfaces of the receiving pocket. The pressure element includes a sheet metal strip which, by punching and bending, forms spring segments protruding from the plane of the sheet metal strip.

Abstract: An aerosol generation system for generation of an aerosol from an aerosol-forming precursor includes an electrically operated heating system to heat the precursor to generate the aerosol, a flow path for transmission of flow, including the aerosol, to a user, the heating system arranged in fluid communication with the flow path, and electrical circuitry. The electrical circuitry is configured to apply a predetermined amount of electrical energy to the heating system to stabilise a property of electrical energy through the heating system, and determine a property related to the flow of the flow path based on the stabilised property of the electrical energy through the heating system, wherein the property related to the flow is an amount of one or more components of the aerosol.

Abstract: A radial-leaded over-current protection device comprises a PTC element, a first electrode lead, a second electrode lead and an electrically insulating encapsulation layer. The PTC element comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer and a PTC material layer laminated therebetween. The PTC material layer comprises crystalline polymer and conductive filler dispersed therein. The first electrode lead has an end connecting to the first conductive layer, whereas the second electrode lead has an end connecting to the second conductive layer. The electrically insulating encapsulation layer includes a fluorine-containing polymer, and wraps around an entire outer surface of the PTC element and the ends of the first and second electrodes connecting to the PTC element. The electrically insulating encapsulation layer has a thickness of 102˜105 nm, and the radial-leaded over-current protection device has an initial resistance Rbf of 0.0017˜0.0027?.

Abstract: A surface-mountable over-current protection device comprises at least one PTC material layer, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, a first electrode, a second electrode, an insulating layer, and a cover layer. The PTC material layer comprises crystalline polymer and conductive fillers dispersed therein. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are disposed on a first surface and a second surface of the PTC material layer, respectively. The first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, respectively. The insulating layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode for insulation. The cover layer includes a fluorine-containing polymer, and wraps around an entire outer surface of the surface-mountable over-current protection device.

Abstract: Food preparation apparatus and associated methods. In one method, dough is proofed in an oven compartment and then baked in the same oven compartment. Temperature and/or humidity can be controlled during proofing and/or baking cycles. A blower may be used, for example, to exhaust gas to ambient to reduce heat and/or moisture in the compartment. For example, the blower may be used between proofing and baking cycles to prepare an environment in the oven compartment for the baking cycle.

Abstract: The invention is directed towards dielectric materials, BaTiO3, BaZrO3, and/or BaTi1-xZrxO3, such that 0?x?1, for detecting, sensing, filtering, reacting, or absorbing toxic chemicals, such as chemical warfare agents (“CWAs”) and their structural analogs, toxic industrial chemicals and narcotics, wherein the dielectric material is incorporated into a sensor for detecting, sensing, filtering, reacting, or absorbing the toxic chemicals.

Abstract: An electrical heating device comprises: a first electrode layer (13), made of electrically conductive material; a second electrode layer (14), made of electrically conductive material; and a heating layer, made of a material having a PTC effect, wherein the first electrode layer (13) and the second electrode layer (14) face one another, with at least one part of the heating layer that is set between the first electrode layer (13) and the second electrode layer (14), in contact with them.

Abstract: A heating element and method for fabricating the same includes: a heating material piece configured to generate heat when being powered. A first substrate is configured to support the heating material piece and a liquid guiding member is configured to guide an atomizing liquid to be heated. The first substrate is a substrate made of a dense material and the heating material piece is a film with a certain resistance formed by a resistive slurry fixed on a surface of the dense material substrate by at least one selected from printing, coating, soaking and spraying. Two wires are electrically connected to the first substrate to form electrodes that are respectively connected to two ends of the film with a certain resistance. The liquid guiding member is a member made of a microporous material fixed outside the first substrate and the heating material piece.

Abstract: A machine core component, which is a universal part component for heater and fan manufacture, includes a core housing with a vertical structure having an air inlet at a lower end portion, an air outlet at an upper end portion, and an air duct formed between the air inlet and the air outlet; a driving motor and a wind wheel supported and received inside the core housing; and a heating element mounting window located at the air inlet for quick and easy installation of a heating element so that the machine core component can be used for fan or heater manufacture.

Abstract: A temperature control device for arrangement on a surface to be tempered, having an upper part, a lower part, an electrical connection and at least one first tempering element in connection with the electrical connection. The lower part is designed for engagement with the upper part such that a surface pressure can be provided with the upper part and the lower part in the orthogonal direction to an upper side and a lower side of the first tempering element for surface coupling of the lower part to the surface to be tempered. The temperature control device can be fastened longitudinally displaceably to the surface to be tempered in such a way that a change in length of the temperature control device in the longitudinal direction of the temperature control device can be accommodated.

Abstract: An atherectomy system includes a drive mechanism that is adapted to rotatably actuate an atherectomy burr and a controller that is adapted to regulate operation of the drive mechanism. In some cases, the drive mechanism includes a drive cable that is coupled with the atherectomy burr and a drive motor that is adapted to rotate the drive cable. The controller is adapted to receive an indication of an increase in torque experienced at the atherectomy burr and is further adapted to, in response, regulate operation of the drive mechanism such that the increase in torque results in a noticeable reduction in speed of the drive mechanism such that a user of the atherectomy system notices the reduction in speed and is alerted to the increase in torque.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to determining health of an electrical heater of an air data probe based on a comparison between a calculated expected value and a measured value of an electrical property of the electrical heater. The expected value of the electrical property is calculated based in part on the electrical power provided to the electrical heater and further based in part on the aircraft flight parameters and/or environmental conditions. Such aircraft flight parameters and/or environmental conditions can include at least one of: electric power source status, airspeed, air pressure, altitude, air temperature, humidity, liquid water content, ice water content, droplet/particle size distribution, angle of attack, and angle of sideslip. These aircraft flight parameters and/or environmental conditions are received via an aircraft interface.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system for a vehicle may include a heating body positioned inside an HVAC duct of the vehicle, formed between a first electrode portion and a second electrode portion having polarities opposite to each other. The heating body is configured to generate heat when the heating body is electrified to increase a temperature of an air being transported through the HVAC duct.

Abstract: A composite wingbox structure formed of reinforced thermoplastic. The composite includes carbon fiber reinforcement and a plurality of insulation elements to localize the heat formed during the process of manufacturing the structure. The process of manufacturing the wingbox includes the steps of interleaving a series of insulations elements within a plurality of laminae and consolidating the insulation elements and laminae to form a laminate. The laminate is then aligned with a support structure such that the insulation elements overlie the supports structure. The laminate is then fused to the support structure using a non-contact heating process, such as inductive welding.

Abstract: An electric heating device and a method for manufacturing an electric heating device with at least two plate pairs forming a fluid passage through which fluid can flow, which plate pairs are assembled from two plates and form a fluid passage between the two, wherein the plate pairs take on a predefined distance from one another and form a free space, wherein at least one heating unit is arranged in the free space between at least two of the plate pairs, which heating unit has at least one heating element and contact electrodes electrically connected thereto for making electrical contact with the at least one heating element. The invention also relates to such an electric heating device.

Abstract: An electric heater for a vehicle includes a heat dissipation fin for heat-exchange with air, a ceramic element to emit heat by receiving a power-supply voltage, and a housing to support the heat dissipation fin and the ceramic element. The ceramic element includes a first positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element, and a second PTC element having a heating power greater than a heating power of the first PTC element.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a motor vehicle including a heater for an exterior interface. An example assembly includes a human-machine interface adjacent an exterior of the motor vehicle, and a heater configured to selectively thermally condition the human-machine interface. The heater includes a conductive polymer. A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electric heating device includes a housing having a partition wall which separates a connection chamber from a heating chamber for dissipating heat and from which at least one receiving pocket protrudes into the heating chamber as a heating rib that may taper towards its lower closed end. A PTC heating element is received in the receiving pocket. The PTC element includes at least one PTC element and conductor tracks which energize the PTC element with different polarities which are electrically conductively connected to the PTC element, and which are electrically connected in the connection chamber. A pressure element also is received in the receiving pocket. Heat extraction surfaces of the PTC element are held in the receiving pocket abutting against oppositely disposed inner surfaces of the receiving pocket. The pressure element has at least one cambered surface segment projecting toward the inner surface or toward the PTC element.

Abstract: Temperature measurement is described for a substrate carrier using a heater element array. In one example a method includes measuring a first combined current load of each of a plurality of heating elements in the electrostatic chuck, changing a power status of a first heating element of the plurality of heating elements, measuring a second combined current load of each of the plurality of heating elements after changing the power status of the first heating element, determining the difference between the first and second combined current loads, determining a temperature of the first heating element using the difference, and reverting the power status of the first heating element to that before the change and repeating changing power, measuring a current load, determining a difference, and determining a temperature for each of the other heating elements of the plurality to determine a temperature at each of the heating elements of the plurality.

Abstract: Example systems have a defrost system that can receive a first RF signal at a first frequency to defrost a load. An air treatment device can receive a second RF signal at a second frequency and perform an air treatment process. An RF signal source has a power output, and a switching arrangement selectively electrically connects the defrost system and the first air treatment device to the power output of the RF signal source. A controller can electrically connect one of the defrost system and the first air treatment device to the power output of the RF signal source. When the defrost system is electrically connected, the RF signal source outputs the first RF signal at the first frequency, and when the first air treatment device is electrically connected, the RF signal source outputs the second RF signal at the second frequency.

Abstract: A catalytic solar reactor useful in chemical processes, more particularly, useful in endothermic chemical processes. The reactor comprises a reaction pathway defined by an exterior wall and an interior wall, the exterior wall comprising a solar radiation receiver capable of converting solar radiation into heat and transmitting the heat to the reaction pathway. Further, the reaction pathway has disposed therein, in alternating fashion, a plurality of catalytic elements and a plurality of heat transfer elements. Optionally, a supplementary heater, such as a conventional fossil fuel burner, is disposed in a plenum located within the interior of the reactor. The heater is employed as a supplemental source of heat, for example, when solar radiation is unavailable.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus having a protecting element for protecting the apparatus in an emergency, wherein the protecting element is a polymer PTC element, the polymer PTC element has a polymer PTC member, and the polymer PTC member is formed from a polymer composition containing a polyvinylidene fluoride as a main component.

Abstract: A heated light enclosure having an adaptable heating system is provided with a controlled heating system to deliver enough heat to a lens on a lamp assembly to remove snow, frost, and/or condensation without overheating the lens. By heating the lens using a combination of one or more of PTC heaters, heat sinks and heat pipes, accumulation of snow, ice, or vapor is mitigated or eliminated from a surface of the lens, thereby enabling light to transmit through the lens. Applications include lamps and bulbs on conveyance devices, including vehicles, boats, planes, and trains, as well as sedentary structures, such as lamp posts, street lights, railroad crossing markers and lights, and airport ground and runway lighting systems.

Abstract: A heater power feeding mechanism is provided that divides a stage on which a substrate is placed into zones by using a plurality of heaters and can control a temperature of each of the zones. The heater power feeding mechanism includes a plurality of sets of heater terminals connected to any of the plurality of heaters by a segment unit when a set of the heater terminals is made one segment, a heater interconnection, and an interconnection structure configured to connect at least any of the plurality sets of the heater terminals with each other by using the heater interconnection by the segment unit.

Abstract: A pressure support system for delivering a flow of breathing gas to an airway of a patient includes a base unit structured to generate the flow of breathing gas and including a heating control unit, a conduit coupled to the base unit and structured to carry the flow of breathing gas, a thermistor disposed in the conduit, and first and second resistive wires extending along the conduit from the base unit to the thermistor. The heating control unit is structured to selectively operate in a first mode to heat the conduit using the first and second resistive wires and a second mode to sense a temperature of airflow in the conduit with the thermistor via the first and second resistive wires.

Abstract: A heat transfer assembly includes a sheath which in one embodiment is elliptical in cross-section and in another embodiment has a complex cross-section with flat wall sections and curved wall sections. The sheath is elastically deformable so as to accept a heat transfer element sub-assembly. Once installed, the sheath holds the sub-assembly in place by an interference fit.

Abstract: A substrate support for a substrate processing system includes a baseplate, a bond layer provided on the baseplate, and a ceramic layer arranged on the bond layer. The ceramic layer includes a first region and a second region located radially outward of the first region, the first region has a first thickness, the second region has a second thickness, and the first thickness is greater than the second thickness.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a medical device (100) comprising: •a measurement unit (110) adapted to measure a value of a physiological parameter, for example a blood glucose level, •a data storage (130) adapted to store ?a plurality of measurement values of the physiological parameter, ?for each measurement value an associated event tag, ?for each measurement value an associated time stamp, ?for each at least one predefined event an associated current time range for tagging preselection, •a processor (140) adapted to ?receive from the measurement unit (110) or from the data storage (130) a new measurement value with an associated time, ?comparing the associated time stamp of the new measurement value with the stored at least one time range for tagging preselection, ?if the time stamp is within one current time range for tagging preselection the corresponding tag of the predefined event is preselected and initiated for user confirmation, ?in case one particular predefined tag of one particular predefined e

Abstract: A PTC thermistor module for a temperature control device may include at least one PTC thermistor element. The PTC thermistor element may include an upper side and an underside facing away from the upper side. The upper side and on the underside may be respectively applied in a heat-exchanging manner with a heat-conducting plate. An edge side, connecting the upper side and the underside with one another in an edge-side manner, of at least one of the PTC thermistor elements, may be applied to a heat-conducting element, which has a thermal conductivity of at least 5 W/mK. A temperature control device may include at least one such PTC thermistor module.

Abstract: A low smoke, zero halogen self-regulating heating cable includes a semi-conductive heating core and two conductive wires embedded within and separated by the semi-conductive heating core. The cable also includes a primary jacket surrounding the semi-conductive core, a braid surrounding the primary jacket, and a final jacket surrounding the braid. At least one of the primary jacket and the final jacket includes a low smoke, zero halogen material.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a PTC heating element comprising a PTC element and contact plates which are contacted to face side surfaces of the PTC element in an electrically conductive manner such that the PTC element is, at its face side surfaces, reliably electrically contacted to contact surfaces. The contact plates are connected to one another by way of electrically insulatable bridge elements while leaving a seat free for the PTC element. The method includes deforming the contact plates to shape or form a contact projection abutting against one of the face side surfaces.

Abstract: A thermal substrate that comprises a high-resistance magnification (HRM) positive-temperature coefficient (PTC) ink and a substrate, wherein the HRM PTC ink has a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and a resistance magnification of at least 15 in a temperature range of at least 20 degrees Celsius above a switching temperature of the HRM PTC ink.

Abstract: A PTC heating element includes a heating element casing that fits, as a structural unit, at least one PTC element and contact plates that energize the PTC element and that form contact strips for an electrical plug connection in order to electrically connect electrodes that are electrically connected to the PTC element. The PTC element is covered with an insulation layer at least on one of its two main side surfaces. In order to provide such a heating element casing that is inexpensive to produce and of a light-weight configuration, the PTC heating element comprises an injection-molded plastic frame which encloses the insulation layer only at the edge and which defines oppositely disposed frame openings, behind which the PTC element with its main side surfaces is located.

Abstract: Thermal imaging of heat sources in thermal processing systems for determination of workpiece temperature are provided. In one example, a thermal processing apparatus can include a processing chamber, a workpiece support, a plurality of heat sources configured to heat a workpiece, and at least one camera. The at least one camera can capture one or more images of thermal radiation of the plurality of heat sources during thermal treatment of the workpiece. In one example, a method for calibrating the camera can include obtaining the one or more images of thermal radiation of at least one heat source, obtaining one or more reference signals indicative of irradiation of the at least one heat source, and calibrating the camera based at least in part on a comparison between the one or more images of thermal radiation and the one or more reference signals indicative of irradiation of the heat source.

Abstract: A polymer positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) material. The PPTC material may include a polymer matrix, a conductive filler, and a thermal stabilizer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for extracting coffee that includes an input part which receives a command for controlling an operation of the apparatus for extracting coffee; a heater which heats water supplied to a coffee flow path for extracting coffee; a temperature sensor which measures the temperature of the heater; an input voltage acquisition part which acquires an input voltage value applied to the apparatus for extracting coffee; and a control part which determines the possibility of coffee extraction by detecting the operation of the apparatus for extracting coffee, and if it is determined that there is a high possibility of coffee extraction, controls a preheating operation of the heater on the basis of the input voltage value acquired by the input voltage acquisition part and the temperature of the heater measured by the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A single-temperature-point temperature-sensitivity sensor assumes that all sensitivity lines converge at absolute zero temperature, so during calibration measurement is needed at only one temperature. A sensor output voltage is generated by current from a mirrored current source flowing through a variable resistor. During calibration, the resistance of the variable resistor and the mirror ratio of the mirrored current source are adjusted. An error amplifier compares voltages generated by unit currents generated by unit current sources to adjust the unit current sources and the mirrored current source. Each unit current flows through a grounded-base PNP transistor. A switchable PNP transistor is in parallel with one of the grounded-base PNP transistors and has its base switched on and off to adjust the PNP current for two measurements. The difference between the two measurements is compared to a calibration target to adjust the variable resistor and mirror ratio during calibration at a single temperature.

Abstract: Implementing over-temperature fault protection in wearable devices and other electronic devices may be performed using an example apparatus including a voltage source; a thermistor bias network to, when enabled, output a thermistor voltage; an over-temperature determiner to enable the thermistor bias network; and, when the thermistor voltage corresponds to a temperature above a maximum temperature threshold, output a fault; and an isolation transistor to couple the voltage source to a system; and when the over-temperature determiner outputs the fault, decouple the voltage source from the system.