Abstract: Disclosed are methods for minimizing x-ray scattering artifacts, the method comprising: contacting an object with an x-ray scattering mitigation material. The contacting can comprise coating the x-ray scattering material on the object, including spraying a solution of suspension of an x-ray scattering mitigation material onto the object or dry powder coating the object with a x-ray scattering mitigation material. Alternatively, the contacting can comprise immersing the object in a fluid comprising the x-ray scattering material. The fluid can be a gas, a liquid, or a gel. The disclosed x-ray scattering mitigation material can be optimized for mitigating Compton radiation scattering or for mitigating Rayleigh radiation scattering. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Abstract: The invention provides in one embodiment a heat exchanger module (1) comprising a) a flexible support (100); b) at least one tubular member (200) having its main axis substantially parallel with the plane of the flexible support (100); c) a conductive flexible matrix (300) embedding the at least one tubular member (200); and d) a flexible case (400) enwrapping the flexible support (100), the at least one tubular member (200) and the conductive flexible matrix (300). A coating for a built environment comprising a plurality of heat exchanger modules (1) can be implemented, as well as a system further including pumping means (600). The invention also foresees a method for providing heat exchange processes between the heat exchanger module (1), the coating or the system of the invention and a built environment.

Abstract: In various examples, the disclosed subject matter includes a substrate pedestal that includes a platen formed from a ceramic material and having an upper surface to support a substrate during processing. A stem, formed from a ceramic material, has an upper-stem flange upon which the platen is mechanically coupled. The stem has an interior portion. A backside gas-delivery tube, formed from a ceramic material, is located in the interior portion of the stem. The backside gas-delivery tube includes an upper gas-tube flange that is located between a lower surface of the platen and an upper surface of the upper-stem flange. The backside gas-delivery tube is in fluid communication with at least one backside-gas passage of the platen and is arranged to supply a backside gas to a region below a lower surface of the substrate during processing. Other examples of apparatuses and methods of making and using the apparatuses are included.

Abstract: Implementations described herein provide a method for processing a substrate on a substrate support assembly which enables both lateral and azimuthal tuning of the heat transfer between an electrostatic chuck and a substrate. The method includes processing a first substrate using a first temperature profile on a substrate support assembly having primary heaters and spatially tunable heaters. A deviation profile is determined from a result of processing the first substrate. The spatially tunable heaters are controlled in response to the deviation profile to enable discrete lateral and azimuthal tuning of local hot or cold spots on the substrate support assembly in forming a second temperature profile. A second substrate is then processed using the second temperature profile.

Abstract: A continuous-flow heater is described, with a housing made from an aluminium-based alloy, in which a flow channel for a fluid to be heated extends from an inlet to an outlet, and a heating plate which is arranged in the housing, with a substrate made from steel, which carries heating conductor tracks, a frame embedded in a wall of the housing, wherein the heating plate forms one wall of the flow channel in the housing, and is welded to the frame.

Abstract: An apparatus for deformation measurement and a method for deformation measurement are provided. The apparatus includes a housing, a sample holder, a moving mechanism, a first heating device and a second heating device. The sample holder is in the housing. The moving mechanism is over the sample holder. The first heating device is on the moving mechanism. The second heating device is below the sample holder.

Abstract: A pPTC heating device having areas with different power densities distributed over the surface of the device. The device is constructed using a base layer composed of a pPTC material having a layer of sectioned conductive plates disposed over and under the layer of pPTC such as to control the path of the current through the device, thereby controlling resistance of the device and the power density of the device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for measuring the temperature in power resistors based on the measurement of the high-frequency circuit parameters of said resistor. The present invention excludes the use of thermocouples, dedicated temperature sensors or thermo chambers.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrically conductive sheet for use in three-dimensional molding including: a pseudo-sheet structure in which plural electrically conductive linear bodies extending unidirectionally are arranged spaced apart from each other; and a resin protective layer provided on a surface of the pseudo-sheet structure. In the above mentioned electrically conductive sheet, each of the electrically conductive linear bodies in the pseudo-sheet structure includes: a first portion formed in a wave pattern having a wavelength ?1 and an amplitude A1; and a second portion formed in a wave pattern having a wavelength ?2 and an amplitude A2, at least one of which is different from the wavelength ?1 or the amplitude A1 of the first portion.

Abstract: Exemplary support assemblies may include an electrostatic chuck body defining a substrate support surface. The assemblies may include a support stem coupled with the electrostatic chuck body. The assemblies may include a heater embedded within the electrostatic chuck body. The assemblies may also include an electrode embedded within the electrostatic chuck body between the heater and the substrate support surface. The substrate support assemblies may be characterized by a leakage current through the electrostatic chuck body of less than or about 4 mA at a temperature of greater than or about 500° C. and a voltage of greater than or about 600 V.

Abstract: A laminating apparatus that prevents partial protrusion of a film during pressing and ensures the uniformity of the thickness of a resulting laminate is provided. The laminating apparatus includes a pressing device for pressing a substrate and a film (a workpiece). The pressing device includes a press block movable back and forth, a pressing plate mountable to the press block, a plurality of heat sources (cartridge heaters) capable of heating the pressing plate, and a control system set up to perform heating control on the heat sources. The heat sources are arranged so as to be able to separately heat a central portion of the pressing plate and a peripheral portion thereof annularly surrounding the central portion.

Abstract: A heating element including a preformed ceramic tubular body having a hollow cavity centrally located within, a heat-generating component disposed within the hollow cavity, and an air-displacement material disposed within the hollow cavity. The preformed ceramic tubular body is one of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride ceramic. The heat-generating component may be in electrical contact with the ceramic tubular body. The air-displacement material is magnesium oxide. Further, the heat-generating component and the air-displacement material are disposed within the hollow cavity of the preformed ceramic tubular body by way of at least one of a vibrating fill and a centrifuge for compaction.

Abstract: An embodiment discloses a heating rod comprising: a ceramic substrate; and a heat-radiating element that is arranged in the ceramic substrate, wherein the ratio of the thickness of the ceramic substrate to the thickness of the heat-radiating element is between 1:2 and 1:50. The embodiment discloses a heater comprising: a case; a heat-radiating module that is arranged inside the case; and a power module that is electrically connected to the heat-radiating module, wherein the power module includes a substrate part, a heat sink that is connected to the substrate part, and a ventilation part through which a fluid flows in and out to/from the heat sink.

Abstract: An electric kettle may include a body formed by an outer body and an inner body having a cylindrical shape and an open upper surface and an open lower surface, a heat insulation space being formed between the outer body and the inner body, a lid configured to open or close the open upper surface of the body, a heating module configured to partition an inside of the inner body vertically and heat fluid, such as water inside of the inner body, a mounting portion which is formed on an inner surface of the inner body and on which the heating module is mounted, and a base on which a lower surface of the body is seated and which transfers power applied from outside to the heating module when the body is seated. The heating module may include a heating plate inserted through the open lower surface of the inner body and coupled to the mounting portion to form a bottom surface of the inner body, and a heater provided on a lower surface of the heating plate to generate heat.

Abstract: Disclosed is a circuit protection device including a case, a first negative temperature coefficient thermistor which is accommodated in the case and includes a first resistant heating element, a pair of electrodes installed on both sides of the first resistant heating element, and a first lead wire and a second lead wire withdrawn from the pair of electrodes, respectively, a thermal fuse which is accommodated in the case and includes a thermal fuse body and a third lead wire and a fourth lead wire connected to both ends of the thermal fuse body, respectively, and a second negative temperature coefficient thermistor which is accommodated in the case and includes a second resistant heating element, a pair of electrodes installed on both sides of the second resistant heating element, and a fifth lead wire and a sixth lead wire withdrawn from the pair of electrodes, respectively.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a roller, an endless belt, and a heat generating member disposed in a space inside the endless belt, extending in a width direction of the endless belt, and pressing the endless belt against the roller. A sheet is passed through a nip formed between the roller and a portion of the endless belt pressed by the heat generating member, such that an image on the sheet is fixed thereto. The heat generating member includes first and second heat generating portions that are adjacent to each other along the width direction, and the first portion heat generating is independently operable from the second heat generating portion.

Abstract: A thermal immersion circulator can comprise a heater including a hollow cylindrical main body having an inlet opening at a first end thereof and an outlet opening in a side wall thereof. The heater can include a flexible circuit board having a plurality of resistive bands controlled by controlling electronics such as TRIACs, which can be water-cooled. A thermal immersion circulator including such a heater can be used in scientific laboratories or sous vide food cooking.

Abstract: An electrically heatable layer stack is disclosed. The electrically heatable layer stack includes at least two substrate layers, and at least one carbon nanotubes-, CNT-, layer, which is arranged between the substrate layers and which is configured to conduct an electric current. The substrate layers and the at least one CNT-layer are configured to produce heating of at least one of the substrate layers when an electric current is applied to the at least one CNT-layer. A vehicle assembly group, an aircraft, a method and a system for manufacturing an electrically heatable layer stack are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a circuit protection device including a case, a negative temperature coefficient thermistor which is accommodated in the case and includes a resistant heating element, a pair of electrodes installed on both sides of the resistant heating element, and a first lead wire and a second lead wire withdrawn from the pair of electrodes, respectively, and a thermal fuse which is accommodated in the case and includes a thermal fuse body and a third lead wire and a fourth lead wire connected to both ends of the thermal fuse body, respectively. Here, the second lead wire and the third lead wire are connected to each other in the case.

Abstract: A landing gear assembly is also provided. The landing gear assembly may include a thin-skin support member defining a cavity and a cylindrical cavity. A cylinder may extend from the cylindrical cavity with an axle extending from the cylinder. A torsion link may be coupled to the axle and a torsion interface of the thin-skin support member.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a wave-to-heat conversion structure. The wave-to-heat conversion structure is a loose tissue formed by a plurality of intersect and hooking fibrous structures. The loose tissue retains a dendritic structure of the fibrous structure, and a plurality of micro-gaps are formed between the fibrous structures. The wave-to-heat conversion structure further includes a heat conductive layer, and the heat conduction coefficient of the heat conductive layer is ranged from about 10 W/m·K to 3000 W/m·K. The present disclosure provides a wave-to-heat conversion spectrum plate using the wave-to-heat conversion structure.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for creating enlarged particles in a flow. The apparatus includes a coiled tube having a tube diameter and a coil diameter, the tube having an input receiving the flow and an output, the tube having a length between the input and the output. A heater heats a first portion of the tube along a first, longitudinal portion of the tube, and a cooler cools a second, longitudinal portion of the tube along at least a second portion of the tube. The method includes heating a first portion of the tube along a first longitudinal portion of the tube, and simultaneously cooling a second portion of the tube along at least a second longitudinal portion of the tube. While heating and cooling, the method includes introducing a flow into an interior of the tube at an input, the flow moving the output.

Abstract: A method of making a carbon nanotube heater includes impregnating a dry carbon nanotube fiber matrix with a conductive resin, the conductive resin is made of an organic resin and a conductive filler material. The carbon nanotube heater is lightweight, strong, and maintains appropriate electrical conductivity and resistance for use as a heater.

Abstract: A ceramic structure 10 includes a heater electrode 14 within a disk-shaped AlN ceramic substrate 12. The heater electrode 14 contains a metal filler in the main component WC. The metal filler (such as Ru or RuAl) has a lower resistivity and a higher thermal expansion coefficient than AlN. An absolute value of a difference |?CTE| between a thermal expansion coefficient of the AlN ceramic substrate 12 and a thermal expansion coefficient of the heater electrode 14 at a temperature in the range of 40° C. to 1000° C. is 0.35 ppm/° C. or less.

Abstract: A composite heater may include a base additively manufactured from a first matrix material, and a heating element additively manufactured adjacent the base from a second matrix material and an electrically and thermally conductive fiber that is at least partially encased in the second matrix material. The composite heater may also include a control mechanism configured to selectively complete a circuit between a power supply and the electrically and thermally conductive fiber.

Abstract: Provided is a planar heater in which a carbon wire heat generator is housed in along quartz glass housing portion, and the planar heater suppresses disconnection of the carbon wire heat generator by limiting a contact region between the carbon wire heat generator and the long housing portion, and capable of efficient radiation heating. In the planar heater, the plurality of long housing portions is disposed on the same plane, and heat is generated by energizing the carbon wire heat generator, each of the plurality of long housing portions is formed in a polygonal circular arc shape in which a plurality of linear portions is connected at a bent portion, respectively, and the plurality of long housing portions is disposed along the circumferences of a plurality of concentric circles.

Abstract: A heater device that includes a planar heating element that is electrically conductive and two electrodes electrically connected to the planar heating element. The planar heating element includes a layered material having a plurality of layers, each layer having a crystal lattice which is represented by: Mn+1Xn (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), and in which each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and having at least one modifier or terminal T selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom on at least one of two opposing surfaces of said each layer.

Abstract: A modular heater system includes a plurality of modular units aligned along a longitudinal direction of a fluid conduit for heating a fluid contained in the fluid conduit. The modular units each include a carrier member, a heating element mounted on the carrier member and a thermal insulation jacket surrounding the carrier member and the heating element. The carrier member defines a receiving space for receiving the fluid conduit therein and includes side slots recessed from outer surfaces of the carrier member. The thermal insulation jacket includes an upper half portion and a lower half portion. The upper half portion and the lower half portion are self-locked in the side slots of the carrier member.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a cooling device and method of controlling the same. Cooling device includes a plurality of refrigerant pipes including a polymer material and a power source configured to supply heating power for self-heating of the refrigerant pipes to the refrigerant pipes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a heating paste composition which has heat stability, allows screen printing and gravure printing, has a small change in resistance depending on temperature, and can operate at low voltage and low power due to low specific resistance, to a surface type heating element using the same, and to a portable low-power heater. The heating paste composition may contain conductive particles including carbon nanotube particles and carbon nanoparticles, a mixture binder including epoxy acrylate or hexamethylene diisocyanate, a polyvinyl acetal and a phenol-based resin, an organic solvent, and a dispersant.

Abstract: A PTC heating element is provided that includes including a PTC heating element strip conductors via which the PTC element is powered and at least one of which is insulated on an outer surface with an electrical insulation layer. In order to provide improved insulation while maintaining adequate heat transfer from the PTC element to the heat-emitting surface through the electrical insulation layer, the electrical insulation layer comprises a film and an electrically insulating mass of good thermal conductivity applied to the film. Also provided is an electric heating device for an automotive vehicle that is provided with at least one PTC heating element of such a type.

Abstract: A micro-hotplate apparatus including a diaphragm carrier device; a diaphragm that at least in part spans at least one cavity embodied in the diaphragm carrier device; and at least one heating conductor disposed on and/or in the diaphragm, the micro-hotplate apparatus additionally encompassing at least one reflector element that is disposed on an inner side, directed toward the cavity, of the diaphragm, in such a way that by way of the at least one reflector element a thermal radiation emitted from the at least one heating conductor and/or from the diaphragm is reflectable at least in part back onto and/or into the diaphragm. A sensor having a micro-hotplate apparatus is also described.

Abstract: An immersion heater including an encapsulated, semi-conductive, heating element. The heating element may be a non-metallic, carbon-based material in the form of a monofilament, a yarn or bundle of semi-conductive fibers which may be twisted, braided fibers or yarns, or the like. The encapsulation may be in the form of a tube of one or more layers of encapsulation material(s) with the heating element inserted therein. Alternately, the heating element may be thermoplastic with semi-conductive carbon additive, and the heating element may be coated with one or more external layers of insulating encapsulation material(s). The encapsulation material may be a rubber or thermoplastic material with sufficient chemical resistance to be immersed in a reservoir of fluid subject to freezing or thickening at low temperatures, such as DEF. The heater may be thermoformed into a predetermined fixed shape.

Abstract: The invention comprises an infrared source and method of use thereof comprising the steps of: (1) providing a solid state source comprising: an electrically conductive zinc oxide film having a thickness of less than five micrometers and a film of metal oxide particles, the metal oxide particles comprising a mean diameter of less than ten micrometers; (2) passing an alternating, pulsed current through the zinc oxide film, the pulsed current heating the zinc oxide film to greater than 700° C. in less than twenty milliseconds using less than one Watt, which results in a first infrared emission from the zinc oxide film; and (3) heating the film of metal oxide particles, using thermal conduction from the zinc oxide film, to at least 700° C., resultant in a second infrared emission from the film of oxide particles, where the first and second infrared emissions exit the source through an emission side.

Abstract: Various heaters and arrays of heaters that utilize nanostructures or carbon structures, such as nanotubes, nanotube meshes, or graphene sheets, are disclosed. In various arrangements, at least a pair of contacts are electrically coupled with a given nanostructure or carbon structure to pass a current for heating.

Abstract: A cartridge type heater (10, 20, 30, 40) with a jacket pipe (11, 21, 31, 41) including metal and with an electric heating element (32), which is arranged within the jacket pipe (11, 21, 31, 41). At least one terminal lug (14, 24, 34, 44) is connected in one piece to the jacket pipe (11, 21, 31, 41).

Abstract: A stator assembly that includes a graphite sheet-like element that has fold(s) so as to define at least two planar sections. The face of one of the planar section abuts a surface of a heat generating location(s) of the stator assembly and a face of another planar section abuts one the tooth or the slot bottom of the stator assembly. Also, a subassembly that includes an electrical machine stator assembly that includes a sheet-like element of a material having high thermal conductivity, wherein a portion of the element abuts the end winding(s) such that the sheet-like element conducts heat to the magnetic core, the stator housing, and/or a winding heat conduction element.

Abstract: A mounting mat for an exhaust gas treatment device, includes at least one layer comprising inorganic fibers and a heater in thermal communication with the layer. Also disclose is an exhaust gas treatment device comprising an outer housing, a fragile structure located in the housing and the mounting mat located between the housing and the fragile structure. A method is further disclosed for maintaining and/or increasing the temperature of a substrate of an exhaust gas treatment device comprising providing the mounting mat and transferring heat from the heater to the mounting mat in order to maintain and/or increase the temperature of the substrate and/or the exhaust gas treatment device during the battery mode of a hybrid gas/electric vehicle.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring the moisture of a harvested crop, such as hay, in the pre-compression chamber of a harvesting apparatus, such as a large square hay baler. Measurement at this time provides a highly accurate and reliable moisture reading. The apparatus disclosed includes two or more sensors disposed at separate positions in the pre-compression chamber. The sensors sense electrical conductivity or RF wave transmission through the hay in the pre-compression chamber.

Abstract: A heat exchange device for heating liquid adhesive material to an application temperature suitable for an adhesive bonding application includes a body having an inlet configured to receive a flow of liquid adhesive material and an outlet configured to provide the liquid adhesive material to a dispensing device for the adhesive bonding application. A fluid passageway in the body connects the inlet and the outlet. The fluid passageway includes a thin slit section in the form of an elongated ring shape, having a length along a fluid flow direction between the inlet and the outlet, the thin slit section further having a first dimension and a second dimension transverse to the fluid flow direction. The first dimension and the length are substantially greater than the second dimension. The heat exchange device further includes a heating element for heating the liquid adhesive material flowing through the thin slit section.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrostatic chuck apparatus which is configured of: an electrostatic chuck section; an annular focus ring section provided to surround the electrostatic chuck section; and a cooling base section which cools the electrostatic chuck section and the focus ring section. The focus ring section is provided with an annular focus ring, an annular heat conducting sheet, an annular ceramic ring, a nonmagnetic heater, and an electrode section that supplies power to the heater.

Abstract: A device and a method to eradicate pests, specifically bed bugs by applying heat. The device includes a bag having an inner surface made of thermoreflective material. Preferably the walls and the bottom of the bag are double layered and at least one heater is inserted in between the double layers. The infested clothing is inserted into the bag and after closing the bag the heater is turned on for a short period of time to increase the temperature to 150-220 F. Once the temperature has been reached the heater is turned off and a minimum temperature of 150 F is maintained in the bag.

Abstract: Energy storage systems and methods use medium voltage (MV) electrical heat exchangers to increase the efficiency of the energy storage system and/or reduce emission of pollutants. MV electrical heat exchangers use medium range voltages to heat a fluid, such as a gas or liquid. The heated fluid is used in the energy storage system to either drive a turbine generator directly or indirectly, such as by generating steam to drive the turbine generator. The electricity used to power the MV electrical heat exchangers can be from renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind-powered sources, further increasing efficiency of the energy storage system.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for producing a heating rod for a vehicle heating apparatus, said method comprising the following steps: arranging at least one PTC element and at least one contact element in a tube, which is formed from sheet metal and is open along a longitudinal side; welding portions of the sheet metal that bear against one another by means of a weld seam running in the longitudinal direction of the tube. This disclosure also relates to such a heating rod.

Abstract: A piping system comprises a resistive heating circuit, a target heating surface, and a thermally conductive substrate adjoin (or abutting) both the heating circuit and the heating surface. The thermally conductive substrate can be composed of aluminum or some other material for heat spreading. A material for heat spreading has a thermal conductivity sufficient to evenly heat a section of the target surface within tolerance requirements of a sensitive application. The even heating can eliminate hot spots and cold spots of a temperature gradient along an axis of the piping system.

Abstract: A heater of one embodiment of this invention has a resistor having a folded shape, a pair of leads joined to each end of the resistor, an insulating base in which the resistor is buried in the front side thereof and the pair of leads are buried in the rear side thereof, in which the resistor and the leads are overlapped in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the leads at junctions between the resistor and the leads and the rear end of the junction between one end of the resistor and one of the leads is located rearward relative to the rear end of the junction between the other end of the resistor and the other lead.

Abstract: An infrared radiation element includes: a first insulating layer having heat insulating properties and electrically insulating properties; a heating element layer provided on the first insulating layer and configured to radiate infrared radiation when energized; and a second insulating layer provided on an opposite side of the heating element layer from the first insulating layer and having heat insulating properties and electrically insulating properties. The second insulating layer transmits the infrared radiation radiated from the heating element layer. The heating element layer has such a sheet resistance that impedance of the heating element layer matches impedance of space which is in contact with the second insulating layer.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention are directed to providing a printed circuit board including a top conductive layer; a bottom conductive layer; a plurality of electronic components arranged on at least one of the top conductive layer or the bottom conductive layer; a heater layer interposed between the top conductive layer and the bottom conductive layer and configured to generate and transfer heat to at least one of the electronic components.

Abstract: A heating device (100, 200), which can be arranged at an object (101, 201) to be heated, especially an injection molding die, has an inner jacket surface (111, 211) and an outer jacket surface (112, 212), with a heating element (105, 205) and with a thermocouple (103, 203). The thermocouple (102, 203) has at least one positioning section, in which the cross section of the thermocouple (103, 203) deviates in at least one direction of the cross-sectional area from the cross section of at least one section of the thermocouple (103, 203) located adjacent to this positioning section. The heating device (100, 200) has at least one device for locking this positioning section against displacement in and/or opposite to the direction in which the thermocouple (103, 203) extends.

Abstract: A dielectric component with electrical connection is provided for a laminated heater mat (3) for an ice protection system for an aircraft (1). The dielectric component with electrical connection comprises at least one dielectric layer (50, 55) comprising thermoplastic material, and the dielectric layer (50) or a stack of the dielectric layers (50, 55) has first and second main surfaces and a hole (505) extending between the first and second main surfaces. A first sprayed metal coating (501) comprises a first portion (503) deposited on the first main surface (502) adjacent to the hole (505) and a second portion (5014) which projects into the hole. A second sprayed metal coating (5013, 5513) comprises a third portion deposited on the second main surface (506, 552) adjacent to the hole (505) and a fourth portion (5015) which projects into the hole (505). The second portion (5014) overlaps the fourth portion (5015) to form a continuous conductive path between the first main surface and the second main surface.