Abstract: A heating pipe including a substantially tubular, electrically insulative inner element configured to allow flow of a liquid therethrough. An electric heating element in the form of a substantially flat ribbon of overheated amorphous metallic alloy is wound in a substantially helical pattern around the inner element. The helical pattern defines adjacent, electrically insulated windings. The inner element electrically insulates the heating element from liquid in the inner element. An electrically insulative outer element is provided for electrically and thermally insulating the heating element from the surrounding ambient environment.

Abstract: A resin window 1 with a conductor in which a conductor print 3 is interposed between a resin panel 2 and a resin film 4 joined to one side of the resin panel, includes a metal film 6 provided on one side of the resin film 4 that is joined to the resin panel 2. The metal film 6 is connected to a conductor print 3 at a portion thereof and is exposed through an opening 5 formed in the resin film 4. The resin panel 2 has integrally formed fixing pins 7 that protrude to the outer surface side of the resin film 4 through the metal film 6. A terminal 8 is secured to a resin window 1 by heat treating the fixing pins 7 with a mounting base 8a of the terminal 8 made of electrically conductive material being overlaid on the metal film 6.

Abstract: A resin window 1 with a conductor in which a conductor print 3 is interposed between a resin panel 2 and a resin film 4 joined to one side of the resin panel, includes a metal film 6 provided on one side of the resin film 4 that is joined to the resin panel 2. The metal film 6 is connected to a conductor print 3 at a portion thereof and is exposed through an opening 5 formed in the resin film 4. The resin panel 2 has integrally formed fixing pins 7 that protrude to the outer surface side of the resin film 4 through the metal film 6. A terminal 8 is secured to a resin window 1 by heat treating the fixing pins 7 with a mounting base 8a of the terminal 8 made of electrically conductive material being overlaid on the metal film 6.

Abstract: A heating cord utilizes a non-heating core conductor that is wrapped with a high temperature insulator. The high temperature insulator is wrapped with a heat resistant insulator, wherein the heat resistant insulator is spirally wound with a heat generating wire. Finally, an insulation sheath covers entire embodiment forming a heat-generating cord. The core conductor and the heat generating wire are connected, forming a single electronic circuit wherein the electric current flowing along the core conductor flows in the opposite direction of the electric current flowing along the heat generating wire. As a result, the opposing electromagnetic fields generated by the opposing flows of electric current neutralize each other and function to reduce electromagnetic field emissions generally known to be harmful to humans. The present design allows safe operation well above the approximate 100 watt limitation inherent in designs that utilize resistive, heating-generating core elements.

Abstract: An organic positive temperature coefficient thermistor comprises a thermoplastic polymer matrix, a low-molecular organic compound, and conductive particles, each having spiky protuberances thereon. The low-molecular organic compound has a melting point of 40.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. The conductive particles are interconnected in a chain form.

Abstract: A multiple-layer, high transmittance, low emissivity coated article is disclosed comprising at least two infrared reflective metal layers alternatingly combined with at least three metal oxide antireflective layers to produce a coating with superior low emissivity and low visible reflectance, especially for use to reduce heat load in automobiles, wherein the coating furthermore is electroconductive for use in an electrically heatable transparency.

Abstract: A novel arrangement for electrically heating the lower section of an automobile glazing unit is disclosed. An embodiment of the arrangement includes a heating grid pattern employing vertical shorting bars to prevent complete inoperability of individual heating conductors. An alternate embodiment of the arrangement includes heating conductors of varying electrical resistance to achieve greater heat generation at desired locations.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heating element having improved performance, particularly at high power densities and high temperatures. The heating element comprises a substrate having a first layer comprising a silicon based electrically insulating material on its surface. On a surface of the first layer is a second layer comprising a silicon based electrically resistive material. Attached to the second layer are at least two separate areas of silicon based electrically conductive material. Each of these separate areas are suitable for connection to a power supply.

Abstract: Plastics sheets having edges to be bonded one to another as well as a plastics joint having at least two weldable regions are prepared, each region having an embedded wire extending along the region. Subsequently, the plastics sheet edges are placed on or in the weldable regions, and an electric current is supplied through the wires to emit heat for fusion bonding each edge to the corresponding weldable region. Alternatively, each of the plastics sheets has at least one edge having an embedded wire so that they are welded to each other, without aid of any joint. The joint has U-shaped grooves or ear-shaped protrusions adapted to engage with the plastics sheet edges, and the wires are embedded in the grooves or protrusions.

Abstract: The wiper rest area of an automotive windshield is heated by a heatable member optionally mounted on a polyester substrate or heating element. The windshield includes outer and inner glass sheets secured together by an interlayer. The heating element is positioned on inner surface of the outer glass sheet and held in position by the interlayer securing the inner and outer sheets together. The heating element or heatable member has extensions extending beyond the edge of the windshield to provide external electrical access to the heatable member to power the heating element to heat the wiper rest area or position.

Abstract: A thermal walkway cover comprises at least three laminated layers including a middle layer of electrically conductive carbonized rubber, a durable, waterproof, UV-resistant top layer, and an insulating, waterproof bottom layer. Means are provided in to form of electrically conductive strips embedded in the middle layer to heat the middle layer. Connections are provided to a power source. The cover may have one or more edges of a dovetail construction so that cover sections or modules may be connected together to cover a desired walkway area, in which case electrical connections are provided between individual modules.

Abstract: An improved welding rod for joining plastic materials is provided. The welding rod includes a core of electrically resistive fiber, and a winding of electrically resistive fiber separated by a plastic barrier layer. Also provided is a method for joining plastic materials using the welding rod.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezed showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic electrode-underling-layer formed on the transparent conductive film and a pair of metallic electrodes which are provided for electrifying the conductive film and formed on the electrode-underlying-layer. The transparent conductive film is a laminate of at least one transparent thin layer made of a nitride and/or a carbide and at least one substantially light-transmittable metallic layer. The transparent conductive film and electrode-underlying-layer are preferably formed by a dry process, and the electrodes are preferably formed by a wet plating method.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of glass sheets with a view to laminating them consists of curving the glass sheets by causing them to pass one after another along a curved trajectory, then cooling them by passage between blowing chests, and of dispatching them by batches to the assembling station, and a laminated pane, the sheets of which have, in the central zone, a core compressive stress of from 1 to 50 MPa.

Abstract: A display glazing which is fitted to a refrigerated display case and which prevents moisture condensation thereon, comprising a shaped glazing having at least a portion of one side thereof provided with a low emissivity coating, conductive current input strips placed on the glazing in contact with the low emissivity coating which define coated zones of the glazing which are heated by the Joule effect upon the passage of electrical current between the conductive strips, and a means for determining if atmospheric conditions are such that condensed moisture is likely to form on the exterior surface of the unheated glazing.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezer showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic thin layer formed on the conductive film and a pair of electrodes for electrifying the conductive film. The metallic thin layer is preferably deposited by a dry process such as a sputtering process, an ion plating method, various CVD methods, and the like. The electrodes are preferably formed on the metallic thin layer by a wet plating method.

Abstract: A windshield having an upper vision area with a coating and a lower heating area aligned with a wiper blade storage area. When the coating is electroconductive, first and second bus bars are provided to selectively connect the coating to the terminals of a power source to provide a windshield heating circuit for defogging or defrosting its vision area. One of the bus bars is also connected to a heating element along a lower area of the windshield that faces a storage area for windshield wipers. The heating element is selectively connected to a different terminal of the power source from the terminal connected to one of the bus bars to cooperate with one of the bus bars and the power source to provide a storage area heating circuit. The windshield heating circuit and the storage area heating circuit may be operated independently, either separately or simultaneously, from a common electric power source.

Abstract: An electrically heatable windshield with a hidden bus bar configuration. A border of opaque ceramic material, preferably a lead borosilicate enamel, is bonded to an interior surface of the transparency about its periphery. Opposing electroconductive bus bars, preferably a low frit content silver-containing ceramic material, are bonded to the ceramic material so that the entire inner edge of the bus bar overlays a portion of the ceramic material and is spaced from the inner edge of the border, providing an intermediate portion of the border between the bus bars and transparency surface that is not covered by the bus bars. An electro-conductive coating is applied to the transparency to interconnect the bus bars and covers to the inner surface of the transparency, the bus bars and the intermediate portion of the ceramic material border so that electric current flowing between the bus bars must flow through the portion of the coating that covers the intermediate portion of the border.

Abstract: An improved welding rod having a solid homogeneous core of thermoplastic material and a resistance element comprised of a plurality of wires is presented with a method and apparatus for forming the welding rod. The welding rod is positioned between members of the thermoplastic material to be welded and a current and pressure is applied to the resistance element causing the thermoplastic material of the solid core and the adjacent thermoplastic members to fuse and form a unitary weld. Simultaneously the electrical resistance element is embedded in the weld, mechanically reinforcing and strengthening the connection. There is also disclosed a method for electric fusion welding of thermoplastic members wherein the welding rod is pre-attached to one of the thermoplastic members.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of glass sheets with a view to laminating them consists of curving the glass sheets by causing them to pass one after another along a curved trajectory, then cooling them by passage between blowing chests, and of dispatching them by batches to the assembling station, and a laminated pane, the sheets of which have, in the central zone, a core compressive stress of from 1 to 50 MPa.

Abstract: A conductive polymer composition in which a particulate conductive filler is dispsered in a polymeric component which is a mixture of an essentially amorphous thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin. In preferred compositions, the amorphous thermoplastic resin and the thermosetting resin are substantially mutually soluble. In order to improve the thermal stability of the composition on exposure to successive thermal cycles, it is preferred that the composition be cured by heating the uncured mixture of amorphous thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin, and particulate conductive filler at a rate of at least 15.degree. C./minute to the cure temperature.

Abstract: A glazing unit having incorporated therewith a solar control filter, comprising combinations of layers of transparent films adhered to the surface of a transparent glass sheet. A protective covering is provided over the coating stack. The coating stack includes at least three layers of zinc oxide and at least two layers of silver deposited alternately one upon another, with each layer of silver between two layers of zinc oxide. The glazing unit exhibits color compatibility in environments, where normally employed. The electrically conducting silver layers enable the coating stack to optionally be utilized as a defogging and deicing system for the unit.

Abstract: This invention relates to a laminated glazing pane which may be used as an aircraft windshield. The pane comprises at least two glass sheets connected together by an intermediate layer of polyvinyl butyral and, in its marginal zone, between at least one glass sheet and the intermediate layer, at least one adhesive ring comprising a plastic material which absorbs at least a portion of the stresses to which the pane is subjected during operation.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrically heatable coated transparency, particularly useful as a vehicle windshield, is disclosed. The method involves sputtering on a substrate surface layers of metal oxide, metal-containing primer, infrared reflective metal, metal-containing primer and metal oxide to produce an electroconductive coating, and applying first and second bus bars to the substrate in contact with the coating.

Abstract: A conductive polymer composition in which a particulate conductive filler is dispersed in a polymeric component which is a mixture of an essentially amorphous thermoplastic resin and a thermosetting resin. In preferred compositions, the amorphous thermoplastic resin and the thermosetting resin are substantially mutually soluble. In order to improve the thermal stability of the composition on exposure to successive thermal cycles, it is preferred that the composition be cured by heating the uncured mixture of amorphous thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin, and particulate conductive filler at a rate of at least 15.degree. C./minute to the cure temperature.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method by which an opening into a lateral pipe connection for a pipeline into which a liner is being installed may be sealed and protectively lined. The invention features a bushing which is emplaced in the lateral connection by use of an expandable mandrel and a control means. The bushing includes an integral heating element for softening the thermoplastic material from which the bushing is formed. O-rings are positioned between the bushing and the lateral pipe to form a seal.

Abstract: A terminal connector for a heated window, a heated window provided with a plurality of terminal connectors constructed and arranged for simultaneous engagement to corresponding terminals of a multiple terminal housing and a method of assembling a heated window provided with at least two of said terminal connectors in a terminal connection area along a side edge of said heated window.

Abstract: An electrical resistance heated window having at least three heatable zones and at least one of the heatable zones is generally centrally located on the window and can be heated faster to a higher temperature than the other of the zones for faster defogging and deicing of that particular zone.

Abstract: An electric heating device for heating and deicing the wiper rest zone of a vehicle windshield includes a resistance heating wire of either circular or rectangular cross-section attached to the exterior surface of the windshield along the lower edge thereof and outside the normal range of vision therethrough by means of an electrically non-conductive tape extending lengthwise of the wire. An arcuate or trapezoidal cross-section layer of electrically non-conductive sealant completely covers the tap and wire to provide water tight encapsulation thereof. The adhesive tape may be 4 provided with holes to allow the sealant to penetrate therethrough and form a mechanical interlock between the tape and windshield. The wiper blade is adapted to contact the sealant layer. The device may also be applied to the lower edge of the rear or side windows of a vehicle to melt ice or snow which may accumulate thereat.

Abstract: An electrically heated vision unit, such as a windshield, has bus bars extending substantially parallel to, and spaced from, each other in contact with an electrically conductive film provided on a surface of a transparent substrate. One bus bar extends laterally beyond the corresponding end of the opposite bus bar, an end portion at such corresponding end of the opposite bus bar being recessed away to avoid excessive current density at such recessed end portion.

Abstract: An electrically heatable windshield comprises two glass plates bonded to each other with an interlayer therebetween and a transparent conductive layer formed at contacting surface between one of the glass plates and the interlayer so that the windshield is heated by supplying a current to the transparent conductive layer through a bus bar for feeding power. A colored layer such as a ceramic color print is formed at the peripheral portion of the surface, in contact with the interlayer, of at least one of the glass plates. The bus bar is formed on the colored layer without expanding. A transparent protective layer is formed so as to cover the edge portion of the colored layer which is near the center of the glass plates, and the transparent conductive layer is formed over the transparent protective layer.

Abstract: Process for the production of contact strips on substrates, especially on plates of mineral glass. These substrates are provided with an electrically conductive surface coating which is coated on the side facing away from the substrate with at least one surface layer of a dielectric material. For the production of the contact strips, a noble metal suspension in a liquid is deposited according to the invention on the surface layer in the pattern of the contact strips. Then the substrate with the pack of layers is exposed to a heat treatment at at least 100.degree. C. until a lowered total resistance occurs through the conductive surface coating between the contact strips.

Abstract: A vehicle, preferably "hatchback", rear window defroster electrical connector using an adhesively secured threaded post to receive thereon a circular electrical element which is pressed into an electrical connection by a nut against the defroster conductive deposit on the rear window, thereby avoiding the use of solder which deteriorates upon exposure to weather elements occasioned by the frequent opening of the hatchback rear window door or panel.

Abstract: A heated transparency is provided with greater reliability by providing dual electrical connections to the bus bar that is at the edge portion remote from the edge at which attachment to the power source are made. Unique features disclosed herein include the provision of leads connected to the remote bus bar that extend along the same side edge of the transparency, and/or the provision of connections to the remote bus bar at locations spaced from the ends of the remote bus bar.

Abstract: A discontinuity detection system for a heated transparency such as a windshield is provided wherein a break in any portion of the bus bars is detected. A voltage sensor lead extends from the farthest extremity of the longest length of bus bar.

Abstract: A laminated window is prepared by applying an ultraviolet curable acrylate resin to a transparent rigid outer layer. The acrylate is carried in a solvent that swells a plastic surface of the outer layer to promote adhesion. After evaporating substantially all of the solvent the base coat is exposed to ultraviolet radiation to polymerize the acrylate. An electrically conductive metal layer is deposited on a portion of the base coat. When this is completed the window may be laminated with a conventional interlayer and rigid transparent inner layer.

Abstract: A heated transparency is provided with first and second bus bars along opposing edges of a transparency interconnected by an electroconductive coating. The bus bars and coating are applied to the same surface of the transparency. Electrical leads are spaced from the coated surface and are electrically insulated from the coating and bus bars.

Abstract: A motor-vehicle window comprises a glass pane having an outer edge and a peripheral black obscuration band extending around the pane edge and leaving a central portion of the pane clear and unobstructed. This band is at least partially formed of a coating-deposited black conductor capable of generating heat when an electric current is passed through it. Thus an electrical current can be passed through the conductor to heat at least a portion of the pane at the obscuration band. The conductor may be positioned side-by-side with the band, disposed in a recess in the band or overlie the band. The conductor may define a heated wiper rest zone on the window.

Abstract: A system for preventing frost from accumulating on a window of a motor vehicle has a heating element provided on the window, a temperature switch, which is closed when the temperature of window is lower than 0.degree. C., and a humidity switch, which is closed when the humidity of air outside of the window becomes slightly lower than 100% relative humidity. When both the switches are closed, an electric circuit is closed to connect a battery with the heating element, thereby preventing the formation of frost on the window.

Abstract: A heatable window, especially for optical equipment, comprising an elongate heating element located in one or more grooves formed in the window and maintained in place by adhesive material.

Abstract: An improvement is provided for an electrically heated glass panel of the type where a resistive film is disposed on the panel and is connected between and along the length of a pair of spaced bus bars each of which is terminated in a respective voltage input terminal and where one of the bus bars includes a connector section to which the resistive film is not connected extending from the input terminal of the bus bar to a junction point on the bus bar beyond which the resistive film is connected to the bus bar. A sensor conductor is disposed on the glass panel and connected from at or beyond the junction point on the one bus bar to a sensor terminal and extends generally adjacent to the connector section of the bus bar.

Abstract: Uniform electrical heating of a circular, single crystal germanium window (18) uses its bulk resistance and pairs of electrodes (20) equally spaced about the window's periphery. The electrode pairs are sequentially switched at a rate high enough to avoid thermal switching transients.

Abstract: An electrically heated transparency such as may be employed in a vehicle to provide defrosting, deicing, or defogging capability for the vehicle windows includes a transparent, electroconductive, heat-producing coating, e.g., a film including silver, on a major surface of a transparent sheet, e.g., a glass sheet. First and second bus bars contact the coating along first and second opposite edge portions of the transparency. A pair of electroconductive extensions extend from opposite ends of the second bus bar to a location near the first edge portion along third and fourth edge portions of the transparency, with the extensions being electrically insulated from the coating and the first bus bar. Terminal areas of the extensions and the first bus bar are connected to a power source. The extensions reduce the power losses in the bus bars, produce a more uniform heating pattern, and provide redundancy should one of the extensions fail.

Abstract: A sheet electrical heating element comprising warp yarns which are constituted of a plurality of warp electrically conductive yarns disposed at predetermined intervals and a plurality of warp electrically non-conductive yarns, one or more of which are arranged in each of said intervals of the warp electrically conductive yarns; and weft yarns which are constituted of a plurality of adjacent weft electrically non-conductive yarns and a weft woven electrode of predetermined length in the warp direction. The woven electrode is constituted of weft electrically conductive yarns forming fancy twill weave together with the warp yarns so that the texture may be loose and flexible.

Abstract: A transparent, laminated window, particularly for use as a vehicle windshield, has improved deicing capability and high luminous transmission and near IR rejection, comprises an optical element having a low sheet resistivity of less than about 6 ohms per square and less than about 11% normal incidence reflection of 400-700 nm wavelength light, such element containing at least two transparent metal layers less than 150A thick which are electrically conductively associated with bus bar(s) and separated by one or more dielectric layers.

Abstract: A transparent, laminated window, particularly for use as a vehicle windshield, has improved deicing capability and high luminous transmission and near IR rejection, comprises an optical element having a low sheet resistivity of less than about 3 ohms per square, such element containing at least two transparent metal layers electrically conductively associated with bus bar(s) and separated by one or more dielectric layers.

Abstract: In a thermal head comprising a ceramic substrate, a glaze layer partially formed on the ceramic substrate, heat-generating resistors and electrodes connected to both the ends of the heat-generating resistors, if the width of individual electrodes located outside the glaze layer is made narrower than the width of corresponding electrodes on the glaze layer, formation of a short circuit between adjacent individual electrodes because of the presence of voids on the ceramic substrate can be effectively prevented.

Abstract: Methods of making electrically heated windows (10, 100) and products produced thereby. In an embodiment of the method of our invention for producing a product of laminated construction (10), a pair of glass sheets (12, 20) are laminated together by an interposed laminated interlayer (18). This lamination is carried out in a manner that a first (12) of the pair of glass sheets defines both a first glass surface forming the outer surface of the window and a second glass surfaces in juxtaposition with the laminating interlayer, and a second (20) of the pair of glass sheets defines both a third glass surface in juxtaposition with the laminating interlayer and a fourth glass surface forming the inside surface of the window. An electrically conductive coating (16) is formed in association with one of the glass surfaces in juxtaposition with the laminating interlayer.

Abstract: An electrically conductive substrate having a conductive layer formed on one surface of the substrate, a busbar and electrical lead assembly is adhesively bonded onto the conductive layer with the electrical lead portion of the assembly being connected to an electrical source or ground. The substrate can be used as a window or viewing screen. The conductive layer can be used as a defogger or as a means for dissipating static electricity or errant electrical emissions.

Abstract: A perforated flat ribbon heating element embedded or sandwiched between the porous material and perforated sheet of honeycomb acoustic panel material used for sound suppression and deicing on ice buildup areas of an aircraft engine.