Abstract: A dispense tip constructed and arranged to communicate with a material dispensing pump comprises an elongated neck and a molded base having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion. The neck extends from the first portion of the base. The second portion is constructed and arranged to abut an outlet surface of the pump. An outermost region of the second portion of the base includes a compressible fluid-tight surface that compliantly conforms to the outlet surface when the dispense tip is mounted to the pump.

Abstract: A detection apparatus having a read head including a plurality of microfluorometers positioned to simultaneously acquire a plurality of the wide-field images in a common plane; and (b) a translation stage configured to move the read head along a substrate that is in the common plane. The substrate can be a flow cell that is included in a cartridge, the cartridge also including a housing for (i) a sample reservoir; (ii) a fluidic line between the sample reservoir and the flow cell; (iii) several reagent reservoirs in fluid communication with the flow cell, (iv) at least one valve configured to mediate fluid communication between the reservoirs and the flow cell; and (v) at least one pressure source configured to move liquids from the reservoirs to the flow cell. The detection apparatus and cartridge can be used together or independent of each other.

Abstract: Silicon seed particles which can be used for producing polycrystalline silicon granules in a fluidized-bed reactor are prepared by a process wherein a milling gas stream is introduced into a chamber containing polycrystalline silicon granules, as a result of which individual particles of the polycrystalline silicon granules are accelerated in such a manner that they collide with other particles of the polycrystalline silicon granules, and in this manner the polycrystalline silicon granules are comminuted, wherein the milling gas stream is introduced into the chamber by at least one jet nozzle made of hard metal.

Abstract: A fluid dispense tip includes a bevel at an opening to reduce the amount of surface tension, or “land”, at the opening. The bevel is formed by grinding in a longitudinal direction such that any tooling scars resulting from the grinding operation are likewise longitudinally oriented, further reducing the amount of surface tension in the tip, thereby leading to heightened dispensing accuracy. The tip may be machined from stock as a unitary piece, to increase its lifetime, and may be formed with a bore of a relatively large diameter that is tapered down to a smaller diameter near the tip opening, to allow for delivery of fluid through the tip body at a decreased pressure. A cleaning tool may be provided for removing residual material from the inner surfaces of the tip. A removable liner sleeve may be provided within the bore to reduce the effective inner diameter of the dispense tip.

Abstract: A spray nozzle assembly including at least one wear part made from a hard and abrasion-resistant material and a protective housing made from a strong and resilient material and having a downstream chamber adapted to receive one or more of the wear parts in releasably trapped relationship, the downstream chamber having a wall including a post defined by a slot in the downstream chamber wall either side of the post, the post including an inwardly extending protuberance at or near its end and adapted to prevent the wear part from escaping from the downstream chamber.

Abstract: A spray nozzle assembly includes a body and a spray nozzle retainer cap, and further including a device for protecting wear components from damage. Preferably, housings are provided within the spray nozzle assembly for protecting wear components, such as a swirl chamber and an orifice disc from damage. A sealing device is included within the nozzle assembly, which is subject to only compressive forces.

Abstract: A substrate treating equipment includes a process tube receiving a boat in which a plurality of substrates are loaded, a heater assembly installed to surround the process tube, a nozzle unit supplying a process gas for forming a thin film on surfaces of the substrates into the process tube. The nozzle unit includes a heating reflecting member blocking and reflecting thermal energy provided from the heater assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method of constructing a stationary wear-resistant stationary nozzle 200 and/or nozzle liner 230 for solid fueled furnaces. A transition section 210 is constructed from several flat pieces 211-218 several that may have identical starting shapes. This reduces manufacturing complexity and costs. All pieces 211-218 have a high-wear weld overlay on their inner surface 316, 416. Corner pieces 215-218 are folded into a corner shape at an outlet edge 412 and rolled into a curved shape at an inlet edge 411. Horizontal 211, 212 and vertical pieces 213, 214 are only rolled at an inlet edge 311. The pieces have seam tab 240 along longitudinal edges that are welded together to construct a transition section 210. The transition section 210 may be used as a liner to reduce wear in an existing stationary nozzle or may be constructed to be connected to an inlet piece 220 to form a strong, wear-resistant coal nozzle 200.

Abstract: A diffuser structure and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed. The diffuser structure includes a substrate, a plurality of throughholes, and a glue layer. The throughholes are perpendicularly formed in the substrate. Each throughhole includes a gas-in part, a gas-out part, and a connecting part for connecting the gas-in part to the gas-out part. The glue layer is formed on a side wall of each gas-out part, and a thickness of the glue layer is between 1 ?m and 11 ?m. The present invention can solve a problem that particles are periodically generated after a periodic self-cleaning function is implemented in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system.

Abstract: Provided are a liner assembly and a substrate processing apparatus including the liner assembly. The liner assembly includes a side liner, an intermediate liner, and a lower liner. The side liner has a cylindrical shape with upper and lower portions opened. The intermediate liner is disposed under the side liner and has a plurality of first holes passing therethrough in a vertical direction. The lower liner is disposed under the intermediate liner. Here, the plurality of first holes are formed in different sizes and numbers in a plurality of regions.

Abstract: A formation method for forming a water repellent layer on a surface of a metal substrate forms asperities on a surface of a metal basis material of the metal substrate by irradiating the metal basis material with plasma ions. The formation method forms an alloy from atoms of a metal of the metal basis material and the plasma ions. The formation method forms the asperities with portions of the metal basis material, which are not etched due to the alloy, and portions of the metal basis material, which are not alloyed but are etched. The formation method forms the water repellent layer by forming the asperities.

Abstract: In a centrifuge nozzle a nozzle body defines an inlet in fluid communication with a nozzle outlet. The nozzle body is adapted to be releasably positioned in an aperture defined by a centrifuge bowl assembly. A camming portion projects outwardly from the nozzle body and defines a surface frictionally engageable with a portion of the bowl assembly. The nozzle body also defines a male mounting portion for slidably engaging a complimentarily shaped female slot defined by a nozzle insertion and extraction tool. The outlet of the nozzle is located adjacent to the male mounting portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel nozzle end cover, a fuel nozzle and a process of fabricating a fuel nozzle end cover. The fuel nozzle end cover includes a base material and one or more features extending from the base material into a cavity of the fuel nozzle end cover. The one or more features are secured to the base material by a process selected from the group consisting of beam welding, friction welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and combinations thereof. The fuel nozzle includes a fuel nozzle insert and a fuel nozzle end cover. The process of fabricating the fuel nozzle end cover includes providing a base material and securing one or more features to the base material by a welding process selected from the group consisting of beam welding, friction welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A tool component comprising a wear part covered at least in part by a connection member, the wear part having a specified hardness and the connection member being a metal or alloy, and the wear part comprising a surface that includes one or more depressions or projections therefrom, and the connection member having been pressed against that surface so that at least the surface of the connection member that faces the wear part surface follows the profile of the wear part, whereby relative movement between the wear part and connection member is substantially prevented. The metal or alloy connection member may be readily attached to a tool body for example by brazing of the like. The wear part may comprise a material that is not readily brazeable, for example a ceramic material or a cermet or a superhard material or a composite of such materials.

Abstract: A fuel head assembly (120) for a pulverized coal nozzle includes removeable back cover (123) that may be removed substantially horizontally to allow access to liners (141,143,145) inside of the fuel head assembly (120) for servicing. This may be used in places where there access from above the fuel head assembly (120) is restricted. The liners (141,143,145) are constructed of a wear-resistant material and include curved vanes (131,133) for more evenly distributing pulverized solid fuel particles, and for reducing erosion of the fuel head assembly (120).

Abstract: A fluid dispense tip includes a bevel at an opening to reduce the amount of surface tension, or “land”, at the opening. The bevel is formed by grinding in a longitudinal direction such that any tooling scars resulting from the grinding operation are likewise longitudinally oriented, further reducing the amount of surface tension in the tip, thereby leading to heightened dispensing accuracy. The tip may be machined from stock as a unitary piece, to increase its lifetime, and may be formed with a bore of a relatively large diameter that is tapered down to a smaller diameter near the tip opening, to allow for delivery of fluid through the tip body at a decreased pressure. A cleaning tool may be provided for removing residual material from the inner surfaces of the tip. A removable liner sleeve may be provided within the bore to reduce the effective inner diameter of the dispense tip.

Abstract: A composite spout obtained by injection forming a spout body in a state where a sleeve having a functional resin layer disposed as an intermediate layer is fitted as a core onto the core member of an injection-forming metal mold such that the inner peripheral surface only of the sleeve is substantially exposed on the inner peripheral surface of the spout body. A tilted surface is formed on the inner peripheral surface at one end of the spout body in at least a portion thereof in the circumferential direction, the tilted surface being tilted outward in the radial direction from a position in agreement with the inner peripheral edge at the one end of the sleeve or from the inside thereof in the radial direction facing the one end of the spout body.

Abstract: A fuel nozzle is provided. The fuel nozzle includes a heat shield, a fuel tube and a plurality of support members. The support members are radially interposed between the heat shield and the fuel tube. The support members are preferably cylindrical tubes, thus creating voids or pockets between the heat shield and the fuel tube. The cylindrical tubes are connected to one another at a first end are free at an opposed end. As such, the tubes can move or slide relative to one another. Further, the tubes preferably only contact one another with at most line contacts. The fuel nozzle may also include a tip portion that includes a tip heat shield that extends radially outward from the primary heat shield. The tip heat shield defines a cavity that connects with the central cavity of the heat shield. The fuel tube extends through the tip heat shield.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, an abrasion resistant nozzle has at least two sintered diamond bodies having flat, mating, exterior surfaces and a thickness, the surfaces being held against each other under compression. An enclosure is formed between the mating surfaces, at least one surface having a groove forming a portion of the enclosure and the other surface forming a remaining portion of the enclosure. The enclosure connects an entry and an exit formed in at least one side of at least one of the bodies.

Abstract: A liquid atomizer for agricultural use includes at least one canal in fluid communication via a chamber with an outlet. At least a section of the canal extends along a straight line and tangentially opens into the chamber.

Abstract: Industrial blast nozzles are disclosed which have liners made, at least in part, from a SiAlON-containing ceramic material which has a surface resistance of about 12 megaOhms or less and an erosion rate of about 1.9×10?4 cm3/g or less. The SiAlON-containing ceramic material preferably contains a two-phase SiAlON, silicon carbide, and a conductive phase that is one or more of titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, zirconium nitride, and titanium carbide.

Abstract: A fuel nozzle is provided. The fuel nozzle includes a heat shield, a fuel tube and a plurality of support members. The support members are radially interposed between the heat shield and the fuel tube. The support members are preferably cylindrical tubes, thus creating voids or pockets between the heat shield and the fuel tube. The cylindrical tubes are connected to one another at a first end are free at an opposed end. As such, the tubes can move or slide relative to one another. Further, the tubes preferably only contact one another with at most line contacts. The fuel nozzle may also include a tip portion that includes a tip heat shield that extends radially outward from the primary heat shield. The tip heat shield defines a cavity that connects with the central cavity of the heat shield. The fuel tube extends through the tip heat shield.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus and method of constructing a stationary wear-resistant stationary nozzle 200 and/or nozzle liner 230 for solid fueled furnaces. A transition section 210 is constructed from several flat pieces 211-218 several that may have identical starting shapes. This reduces manufacturing complexity and costs. All pieces 211-218 have a high-wear weld overlay on their inner surface 316, 416. Corner pieces 215-218 are folded into a corner shape at an outlet edge 412 and rolled into a curved shape at an inlet edge 411. Horizontal 211, 212 and vertical pieces 213, 214 are only rolled at an inlet edge 311. The pieces have seam tab 240 along longitudinal edges that are welded together to construct a transition section 210. The transition section 210 may be used as a liner to reduce wear in an existing stationary nozzle or may be constructed to be connected to an inlet piece 220 to form a strong, wear-resistant coal nozzle 200.

Abstract: A double valve set includes a housing, a first nozzle and a second nozzle. The housing includes an outlet tube formed thereon. The first nozzle is disposed in the outlet tube. When used alone, the first nozzle is adapted to transfer the natural gas. The second nozzle is detachably connected to the outlet tube. The second nozzle can be used to transfer the tanked gas without having to remove the first nozzle from the outlet tube.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a casting nozzle in which attachment and deposition of alumina or the like can be prevented while a drift of molten steel can be prevented. The casting nozzle according to the invention is characterized in that the casting nozzle has a molten steel flow hole portion in which “a plurality of independent protrusion portions and/or concave portions” are disposed so that each of the protrusion portions and/or concave portions has a size satisfying the expression (1): H?2 mm and the expression (2): L>2×H mm [in which “H” shows the maximum height of the protrusion portion or the maximum depth of the concave portion, and “L” shows the maximum length of a base portion of the protrusion portion or concave portion].

Abstract: A shield and nozzle assembly having a shield that is able to be attached to a nozzle assembly, which includes an air nozzle supported by a hand-held lance at a first end and having an end cap at a second end that is opposed to the first end. The nozzle is protected from damage while air flow through the nozzle is minimally impeded.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, an abrasion resistant nozzle has at least two sintered diamond bodies having flat, mating, exterior surfaces and a thickness, the surfaces being held against each other under compression. An enclosure is formed between the mating surfaces, at least one surface having a groove forming a portion of the enclosure and the other surface forming a remaining portion of the enclosure. The enclosure connects an entry and an exit formed in at least one side of at least one of the bodies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a burner with a burner head and burner tubes (A, I, Z), arranged in the burner head, which are made of metal and are intended for feeding at least one fuel (K) and an oxidizing agent (O) into a reaction space. At least one of the burner tubes (I) is provided with a cladding (V) which is composed of a ceramic material and entirely or partially covers the inner or the outer surface of the burner tube so that hot gas corrosion and mechanical abrasion are avoided. In order to minimize the mechanical loads acting on the cladding, the ceramic cladding (V) is connected to the metallic burner tube (I) by means of a form-fitting connection.

Abstract: High pressure nozzle and method for the manufacture of a high pressure nozzle. The high pressure nozzle has a jet director located within a supply channel leading to a discharge opening. In an area directly surrounding the supply channel median longitudinal axis, the jet director has a free flow cross-section.

Abstract: A dispense tip constructed and arranged to communicate with a material dispensing pump comprises an elongated neck and a molded base having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion. The neck extends from the first portion of the base. The second portion is constructed and arranged to abut an outlet surface of the pump. An outermost region of the second portion of the base includes a compressible fluid-tight surface that compliantly conforms to the outlet surface when the dispense tip is mounted to the pump.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle for cold gas spraying in which gas and spraying particles are accelerated. According to the invention, the cold gas spraying nozzle is at least partially coated at its inner wall.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, an abrasion resistant nozzle has at least two sintered diamond bodies having flat, mating, exterior surfaces and a thickness, the surfaces being held against each other under compression. An enclosure is formed between the mating surfaces, at least one surface having a groove forming a portion of the enclosure and the other surface forming a remaining portion of the enclosure. The enclosure connects an entry and an exit formed in at least one side of at least one of the bodies.

Abstract: A fluid dispense tip includes a bevel at an opening to reduce the amount of surface tension, or “land”, at the opening. The bevel is formed by grinding in a longitudinal direction such that any tooling scars resulting from the grinding operation are likewise longitudinally oriented, further reducing the amount of surface tension in the tip, thereby leading to heightened dispensing accuracy. The tip may be machined from stock as a unitary piece, to increase its lifetime, and may be formed with a bore of a relatively large diameter that is tapered down to a smaller diameter near the tip opening, to allow for delivery of fluid through the tip body at a decreased pressure. A cleaning tool may be provided for removing residual material from the inner surfaces of the tip. A removable liner sleeve may be provided within the bore to reduce the effective inner diameter of the dispense tip.

Abstract: Usable work can be obtained from the recompression of an incompressible fluid flowing into and through a nozzle's inlet and throat when that fluid has, by the exhaust end of the nozzle, been converted at least in part to a compressible gas, if the nozzle and fluid are prepared and the fluid stimulated in and by the nozzle so as to enable heat-releasing, presumably LENR, reactions that cause the phase change in the fluid.

Abstract: A cold gas dynamic spray system is provided that includes a powder feeder for providing a metallic powder. A carrier gas source provides a carrier gas. A nozzle assembly includes multiple plates secured to one another. One of the plates provides a nozzle profile, such as a venturi, having a gas carrier inlet receiving the carrier gas. The nozzle profile also provides a powder injection region receiving the metallic powder In one example, a profile plate includes an aperture providing the venturi. The venturi includes converging and diverging portions joined by a throat. The carrier gas inlet is in communication with the converging portion upstream from the throat. The powder injection region is in communication with the diverging section downstream from the throat. The profile plate includes an end from which the intermixed metallic powder and carrier gas exit the nozzle assembly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nozzle device for use in a paper machine, board machine, pulp dewatering machine etc., comprising a cylindrical body having an outer thread and an inner hexagon socket; a sealing element, and a nozzle insert having a cylindrical passage. The cylindrical body, the sealing element and the nozzle insert are preferably formed as a single part.

Abstract: A cold gas spray gun is disclosed. The spray gun includes a high-pressure gas heater which has a pressure vessel through which gas flows and a heating element situated in the pressure vessel, as well as a mixing chamber in which particles can be admixed with the gas through a particle feed. A Laval nozzle is arranged downstream in the direction of flow of the gas and consists of a convergent section, a nozzle throat and a divergent section. The high-pressure gas heater and/or the mixing chamber is/are at least partially insulated on the inside in the areas of contact with the gas.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are injectors and methods for use thereof. In one embodiment the injector comprises: an inner tip, a slurry tip disposed around the inner tip forming a second flow channel, and a wear insert disposed within the slurry tip and in contact with the second flow channel. The inner tip comprises a first flow channel attached to a first supply conduit that can supply a first media to the first flow channel. Attached to the slurry tip is a second supply conduit, which can supply a second media to the second flow channel. The wear insert comprises a metal oxide.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve for an automotive internal combustion engine comprises a needle valve and an opposite member which are in slidable contact with each other in presence of fuel. A hard carbon thin film is coated on at least one of the sliding sections of the base materials of the needle valve and the opposite member. The hard carbon thin film has a surface hardness ranging from 1500 to 4500 kg/mm2 in Knoop hardness, a film thickness ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 ?m, and a surface roughness (Ry) (?m) which satisfies a relationship represented by the following formula (A): Ry<(0.75?Hk/8000)×h+0.0875??(A) where h is the thickness (?m) of the hard carbon thin film; Hk is the surface hardness in Knoop hardness (kg/mm2) of the hard carbon thin film.

Abstract: A nozzle that produces an outlet velocity air, or other fluid jet, is provided with safety passages which achieve the safety requirement of automatically reducing the local exit pressure “dead end” limit to 30 psig or less when the nozzle outlet is partially or completely obstructed. The safety passages do not reduce the effectiveness of the normal function of the air, or other fluid, jet through the provision of a check valve to block undesirable reverse flow in the safety passage(s) thus avoiding ambient fluid flow to the nozzle exit that degrades the nozzle's normal operating air, or other fluid, jet. This is especially useful for supersonic air gun nozzles which have been adapted to digging in the ground, and other purposes, but it is also useful for sonic and subsonic nozzles that are used for other purposes such as cleaning, and other applications.

Abstract: In one aspect of the invention, an abrasion resistant nozzle has at least two sintered diamond bodies having flat, mating, exterior surfaces and a thickness, the surfaces being held against each other under compression. An enclosure is formed between the mating surfaces, at least one surface having a groove forming a portion of the enclosure and the other surface forming a remaining portion of the enclosure. The enclosure connects an entry and an exit formed in at least one side of at least one of the bodies.

Abstract: A fog nozzle with abrasion resistance is provided. The fog nozzle is disposed with a fluid throughway therein, and the fluid throughway is provided with a pusher therein. An embedded inner chamber is formed on one end of the fluid throughway. An abrasion resistant blockage with spray bores is provided and fixed within the embedded inner chamber. As a result, fluid entering the body of the nozzle pushes the pusher, and becomes fog when sprayed out from the spray bores of the abrasion resistant blockage. The high resistance affect of the abrasion resistant blockage can reduce the abrasion of the spray bores; as a result, the diameter of the spray bores is less likely to become bigger, and thus the lifetime of the product can be increased.

Abstract: A coating for fuel injector components adapted for use with low lubricity fuels is disclosed. The invention consists of a metal carbon material coating or a metal nitride coating to the fuel pump plunger or other fuel injection system components. The invention utilizes a coating on the fuel injector plunger that minimizes scuffing or seizure associated with the plunger and barrel.

Abstract: A novel blaster nozzle (10) used for assisting in the pneumatic removal of cloggings and cakings during the transport of particulate matter through an enclosure housing is set such that it can be removed and replaced from outside the enclosure housing. The blaster nozzle includes a nozzle head (12) having an orifice for the conduction of high-pressure fluid, wherein the nozzle head is composed of a refractory concrete having from about 4-20% by volume metal fibers therein. The blaster nozzle also includes a flange member (14) connected to the nozzle head and a connection tube (18) extends from the flange member for connecting the blaster nozzle to an air cannon.

Abstract: A system for retaining and locating a jewel of the type comprising a nozzle for a water cutting system includes a first support structure component having a water discharge passageway extending therethrough and having an exterior locating surface formed at the water receiving end of the water directing passageway. A second support structure component has a water directing passageway formed therein and has a jewel receiving cavity formed therein at the discharge end of the water receiving passageway. The second support structure component further comprises a chamber for receiving and retaining the first support structure component with the locating surface thereof positioned in engagement with the locating surface of the jewel.

Abstract: Various nozzles, components of nozzles, and methods, materials and devices for making them are disclosed.

Abstract: A paint spraying nozzle assembly includes a housing having a top wall, a bottom wall a peripheral wall that has a peripheral outer shoulder such that the bottom wall has a greater diameter than the top wall. An opening extends through the bottom and top walls. The opening includes a top portion having a smaller diameter than a bottom portion of the opening. The top wall has a slot therein and the opening extends into the slot. An insert is mounted within the opening. The insert includes an upper section positioned within the top portion and a lower section positioned within the bottom portion. A bore extends through the insert and is aligned with the opening. The housing may be positioned in a retaining nut and secured against a spray gun head such that paint ejected outwardly of the spray gun travels through the bore and outward of the slot.

Abstract: The sprinkler includes the following structural members: a body (1) with a channel for liquid supply, a thermally responsive unit with a valve (4) closing the sprinkler outlet, and a thermally responsive unit attachment. In the first alternative embodiment a sprinkler channel is formed by a segment (10) of a cylindrical configuration connected with a segment (11) made as a conical diffuser. To generate a fine uniform gas-and-drop stream of a high kinetic energy and space-uniform distribution the cylindrical segment (10) length exceeds the channel diameter at this segment. The segment (11) length in the form of conical diffuser exceeds the channel diameter at the cylindrical segment (10). In the second alternative embodiment the sprinkler has two coaxial liquid supply channels. The length of the axial cylindrical channel exceeds its diameter. The second annular channel is coaxial to the first channel and fitted with helical guide components.

Abstract: A fluid dispense tip includes a bevel at an opening to reduce the amount of surface tension, or “land”, at the opening. The bevel is formed by grinding in a longitudinal direction such that any tooling scars resulting from the grinding operation are likewise longitudinally oriented, further reducing the amount of surface tension in the tip, thereby leading to heightened dispensing accuracy. The tip may be machined from stock as a unitary piece, to increase its lifetime, and may be formed with a bore of a relatively large diameter that is tapered down to a smaller diameter near the tip opening, to allow for delivery of fluid through the tip body at a decreased pressure. The tip may optionally be formed with a Luer™-style fitting on the body, such that the tip is compatible with pumps that utilize such a fitting.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a thermal spray apparatus with improved thermal efficiency and wear resistance in both the nozzle and barrel combustion chamber. Specifically, disclosed herein is a thermal spray apparatus for spraying substrate coatings, comprising a high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) gun wherein said gun includes a combustion chamber generating heated flow therefrom and a nozzle downstream from said chamber. The nozzle and/or chamber contain a first layer of material heated by the flow, and a second layer of material which contacts the first layer when said first layer is heated. The first layer has a thermal conductivity that is lower than said second layer and preferably a lower thermal expansion coefficient. In use, the contact of the first heated layer of material with the second layer operates to remove heat from the first layer therein providing automatic/self-regulating temperature control of the HVOF apparatus.