Adjusting Means Coaxial Of Coil Spring Patents (Class 248/578)
  • Patent number: 11590406
    Abstract: A ski binding reduces a likelihood of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the tibia is accomplished by absorption in the binding to limit loads transmitted through the boot-binding interface. Release based on an injury threshold includes a binding response tower attached to the ski and adapted for selective engagement with the ski, such that the binding response tower permits biased vertical and lateral horizontal displacement, prior to a release threshold. The binding is in communication with the boot heel and is adapted for slideable engagement in response to vertical and lateral forces exerted from the boot heel. The binding response tower adapted to disengage, or release upon reaching at least one a predetermined lateral displacement or a predetermined vertical displacement, such as when the boot heel is forced sufficiently sideways or upwards due to skier movement that would tend to cause an ACL injury.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: April 13, 2018
    Date of Patent: February 28, 2023
    Assignee: Worcester Polytechnic Institute
    Inventors: Jacob J. Billington, Jonathan D. Comden, Sean J. Regan, Thomas C. Roberti, Christopher A. Brown
  • Patent number: 11268709
    Abstract: The vibration-dampening support for an HVAC unit is configured for use with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The vibration-dampening support for an HVAC unit is a pedestal structure that forms a load path that transfers the load of the HVAC equipment to a supporting surface. The vibration-dampening support for an HVAC unit is an elastic structure. The elastic nature of the vibration-dampening support for an HVAC unit protects the HVAC equipment by absorbing vibrations generated by the HVAC equipment. The vibration-dampening support for an HVAC unit comprises a pedestal plate, a spring housing, a mounting tube, and a compression spring. The spring housing contains the compression spring. The pedestal plate and the mounting tube attach to the spring housing.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 7, 2020
    Date of Patent: March 8, 2022
    Inventor: James Zeeff
  • Patent number: 11253077
    Abstract: A chair according to the present invention has a reference position P located midway in a front-back direction in a movable range of a seat 2. The chair includes a return force generation mechanism 4 configured to generate a return force in a direction to return the seat 2 moved from the reference position P at least in the front-back direction to the reference position P. The return force generation mechanism 4 includes an elastic member 40 configured to increase the return force in the direction to return the seat to the reference position P as the amount of movement of the seat from the reference position P increases.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: December 21, 2016
    Date of Patent: February 22, 2022
    Assignee: KOKUYO CO., LTD.
    Inventors: Toshiki Yajima, Takao Sugano
  • Patent number: 11123833
    Abstract: A locating fixture includes an adjustable locating member for supporting and restraining a part. The adjustable locating member allows for rotational and translational adjustment for aligning to a particular part configuration. The adjustable locating member utilizes a plurality of indicia and a position indicator to assist in the alignment of the adjustable locating member to a desired position, which is then restrained at a desired position by a restraining element.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: December 18, 2018
    Date of Patent: September 21, 2021
    Assignee: Ford Motor Company
    Inventors: Erik Riha, Michael Dean Blodgett
  • Patent number: 11097570
    Abstract: A tire stabilizer is provided that includes an upper block, a lower block, and a biasing device. The upper block has an inclined surface that is inclined relative to a bottom surface. The biasing device is disposed between the upper block and the lower block. A method of rotating a lug nut of a vehicle that is elevated above a ground surface is also provided. The method includes positioning a tire stabilizer between the ground surface and a tire of the vehicle, placing a wrench over the lug nut, rotating the wrench, removing the wrench from the lug nut, and removing the tire stabilizer from the tire. The tire stabilizer includes an upper block having an inclined surface, a lower block partially disposed within the upper block, and a biasing device disposed between the upper block and the lower block.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 21, 2019
    Date of Patent: August 24, 2021
    Assignee: Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
    Inventors: Benjamin B. MacArthur, Benjamin D. Deboer
  • Publication number: 20140209778
    Abstract: The invention relates to a vibration isolator that includes a coil spring. In a horizontal direction, the coil spring is rigidly connected to the base or to the load to be isolated.
    Type: Application
    Filed: January 27, 2014
    Publication date: July 31, 2014
    Inventor: ARNDT EVERS
  • Publication number: 20140096664
    Abstract: To provide a spring force adjustment structure in a high-hat stand that allows a user to easily adjust a spring force with one hand without reducing a floor space, easily understand the amounts of adjustments made, easily estimate the amount of adjustment to be made when making a fine-tuning afterward, and easily return the spring force to the state before the adjustment.
    Type: Application
    Filed: October 10, 2013
    Publication date: April 10, 2014
    Applicant: SAKAE RHYTHM MUSICAL INSTRUMENT LTD.
    Inventors: Eizo NAKATA, Shunsaku TSUJI, Manabu MORIOKA
  • Patent number: 8613558
    Abstract: A constant preload device of a ball bearing is provided. The preload device includes an elastic member having a hollow shape with openings at both sides in an elastic direction, and two holders inserted into the openings at the both sides of the elastic member, respectively. Each holder includes a flange part configured to contact an end portion of the opening, into which the holder is inserted, to regulate an extension of the elastic member in the elastic direction, and a claw part configured to engage with the other holder to regulate separation from the other holder. The holders are engaged to each other by the claw parts such that the elastic member is exposed from the holders. When the preload device applies preload to the ball bearing, the ball bearing contacts the preload device only at an outer ring of the ball bearing.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 29, 2011
    Date of Patent: December 24, 2013
    Assignee: Minebea Co., Ltd.
    Inventors: Yuuki Takahashi, Yuzuru Suzuki
  • Publication number: 20120228463
    Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are related to tension adjustment for a tension spring in a flex arm. Example embodiments include a tension adjustment mechanism comprising a handle, a collar, and an adjustment nut. The adjustment nut is centrally threaded and engages with a threaded shaft. The adjustment nut is positioned between the collar and the tension spring of the flex arm. The collar surrounds the shaft and comprises at least one pin that protrudes toward the adjustment nut. The adjustment nut comprises a plurality of radial slots each separately configured to receive a pin. The handle is connected to the collar and configured to rotate the collar to displace the adjustment nut along the shaft. The handle may be further configured to disengage the pin with a radial slot, rotate to align the pin with a different radial slot, and engage the pin with the newly aligned radial slot.
    Type: Application
    Filed: March 9, 2011
    Publication date: September 13, 2012
    Inventors: Troy A. Nelson, Dave Terrill
  • Patent number: 7905464
    Abstract: The invention relates to a longitudinally adjustable intermediate piece with a first and second longitudinal element. A spindle nut is placed inside the second longitudinal element and rests via one of its two faces on a friction surface of the second longitudinal element while covering a large area or can be brought into contact therewith. However, a friction-reducing axial bearing is provided between the other face of the spindle nut and the second longitudinal element so that the spindle nut can be set in rotation over the thread when applying an axial tractive force to the longitudinal elements and the longitudinal elements can be continuously pulled out of one another. However, the rotation of the spindle nut is blocked when applying an axial compressive force to the longitudinal elements by means of the frictional resistance between the spindle nut and the friction surface thereby preventing the longitudinal elements from being pushed together.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: January 12, 2006
    Date of Patent: March 15, 2011
    Inventor: Flaviano Fabbri
  • Patent number: 7845660
    Abstract: The invention relates to an anti-roll/pitch system for use in a vehicle, in which a first mass, for instance a cabin, is suspended to a second mass, for instance a chassis, by means of a bearing arm, which is pivotally connected to the second mass around a pivot axis, via spring means. The anti-roll/pitch system comprises means to adjust a point of application of a spring force acting on the bearing arm, so as to adjust a moment exerted by said spring force on said bearing arm to counteract a load exerted on the bearing arm by the first mass. The spring force is exerted on the bearing arm through a flexible, elongated member, such as a string or cable, which takes up little space when adjusting the point of application. The invention furthermore relates to a built-in unit and a vehicle, equipped with an anti-roll/pitch system according to the invention.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 19, 2005
    Date of Patent: December 7, 2010
    Assignee: Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
    Inventor: Albertus Clemens Maria van der Knaap
  • Patent number: 7845614
    Abstract: A shock-absorbing wheel mounting structure used in a horizontal jack is disclosed. The wheel mounting structure includes an axial sleeve (4) affixed to a rear wheel mount (5) of the horizontal jack (100), and a shaft (2), vertically slideably mounted in the axial sleeve (4) and riveted to a bracket (1). The bracket (1) supports a wheel (71). A compression spring (3) is sleeved onto the shaft (2) and stopped between a stop flange around the periphery of the shaft (2) and the top wall of the axial sleeve (4). This arrangement serves to impart a downward pressure to the shaft (2) relative to the axial sleeve (4).
    Type: Grant
    Filed: April 13, 2007
    Date of Patent: December 7, 2010
    Assignee: Shinn Fu Corporation
    Inventor: Bin Liu
  • Publication number: 20090008524
    Abstract: A single spring supporting device includes a connecting seat, a fixing seat, and a fixing mechanism. The connecting seat and the fixing seat are respectively connected to two sides of the fixing mechanism. The connecting seat is for connecting a display, while the fixing seat is for fixing the supporting device to a position. The fixing mechanism further has a holder, in which a blocking plate and a fixing rod are arranged. One side of the fixing rod is arranged through the blocking plate. An elastic element, in addition, is arranged through the fixing rod, another side of which is rotationally connected to a nut. The display is adjusted to an optimally viewing angle by in cooperation with the blocking plate to control a telescoping operation of the elastic element and by adjusting the relative angles of the fixing mechanism with respect to the connecting seat and the fixing seat.
    Type: Application
    Filed: July 2, 2007
    Publication date: January 8, 2009
    Inventors: Shian-Nung HUANG, Ming-Tsung Hsieh
  • Patent number: 7055791
    Abstract: A counter-balancing mechanism is provided that includes a support for supporting an article to be tilted about a horizontal axis, and an annular cam movable with the support, wherein the cam has a cam surface which varies in height in a direction normal to the plane of rotation of the support. A cam follower is loaded by a resilient member, whereby, as the support rotates, the cam follower and resilient member cause a return force to be exerted on the cam surface to substantially counteract the torque caused by the rotation of the support.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: February 8, 2002
    Date of Patent: June 6, 2006
    Assignee: Ronford-Baker Engineering Company Ltd.
    Inventor: Jeffrey Lawrence
  • Publication number: 20040051024
    Abstract: A counter-balancing mechanism comprising a support (1) for supporting an article to be tilted about a horizontal axis; a cam (4) movable with the support, the cam surface of which varies in a direction normal to the plane of rotation of the support; and a cam follower (9) loaded by a resilient means (12) whereby, as the support rotates, the cam follower and resilient means causes a return force to be exerted to substantially conteract the torque caused by the rotation of the support. Preferably, a means for varying the return force in accordance with a load on the support is provided, wherein the cam and resilient means is able to rotate about a center offset from the central axis about which the support rotates and including means for setting a variable reaction point, against which the cam follower force reacts, at or offset from said central axis, thereby to cause the return force exerted due to rotation of the support about a particular angle to be varied.
    Type: Application
    Filed: August 8, 2003
    Publication date: March 18, 2004
    Inventor: Jeffrey Lawrence
  • Patent number: 6663076
    Abstract: A seat post includes a tube having a stop secured in the middle portion. A pipe is slidably extended through the stop. A rod is secured to the pipe and has a seat cushion secured on top. A spring may bias the pad to engage with a stop of the tube and to cushion the rod. A bolt is threaded to the tube and engaged with the pad for adjusting the spring force of the pad and the spring against the pipe. A barrel is secured on the tube and one or more studs are engaged between the barrel and the rod for preventing the rod from rotating relative to the barrel.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: September 9, 1999
    Date of Patent: December 16, 2003
    Inventor: Suei Der Tsai
  • Patent number: 6079690
    Abstract: A screw spindle of a swivel chair according to the present invention comprises a spindle which is placed in an outer case; an elastic body which is placed in the spindle; a bearing support which is placed in the spindle; a ball bearing component which is placed in the spindle; a screw nut and a clutch, each having a corresponding furrow and ridge with curved surfaces, which are placed in the spindle; a screw shaft which is placed in the spindle; a fixer and a clip which hold the screw shaft in place; and a stopper which is formed at the screw shaft and limits the height of the seat; a spindle bushing located between the screw shaft and the elastic body. The screw shaft further includes an idling protection component and a fixing end, and the fixer includes an idling protection hole corresponding to the idling protection component.The screw spindle of the present invention has the following advantages.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: May 27, 1998
    Date of Patent: June 27, 2000
    Assignee: Samhongsa Co., Ltd.
    Inventor: Young Ki Yoon
  • Patent number: 5395089
    Abstract: A suspension seat for an automotive vehicle has a seat frame which is vertically movably supported on a parallel link mechanism. A compression spring and a shock absorber of a suspension unit are coaxially assembled. A spring bracket is disposed on the compression spring and screwed with a rod of the shock absorber. A fixing nut is fixed to the rod on the spring bracket to adjust elastic force of the compression spring by changing the position of the spring bracket. A projection of the spring bracket projects from a slit of a suspension unit support bracket with scale division. A resilient bracket supports the parallel link mechanism and outwardly projects to function as a bumper for a seat frame. Therefore, the suspension seat suppresses shock or sound due to impact during an operation of the seat and realizes a simple adjustment of hardness of the suspension unit.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: April 16, 1993
    Date of Patent: March 7, 1995
    Assignee: Ikeda Bussan Co., Ltd.
    Inventors: Yoshihiko Yamauchi, Naoki Sugihara
  • Patent number: 5296918
    Abstract: A multi-picture treatment apparatus which, can display several video signals on one screen, and which can compress input signals to be displayed on one screen in multi-pictures, and at the same time, can transmit external input messages to the multi-pictures so as to be displayed along with the pictorial images.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: June 24, 1992
    Date of Patent: March 22, 1994
    Assignee: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
    Inventor: Jae-Chul Kim
  • Patent number: 5236169
    Abstract: A shock absorbing bicycle seat mounting post assembly is mounted in a hollow tubular socket member, by means of a binder clamp, in the frame of a bicycle. The shock absorber includes a compression spring which will effectively absorb shocks which are carried through the frame when the wheels encounter obstacles and holes when traveling along the ground. The bicycle seat mounting post assembly includes a number of shims which will adapt the post assembly to varying sizes of bicycle frames. A bellows is provided to keep dirt and dust out of the spring area and protect skin and fingers from being pinched. Stabilization is enhanced by the provision of a piston at the lower end of the movable shaft upon which the seat is attached. A variable volume reducing device may be positioned below the seat mounting post to adjust the volume of air trapped below the piston.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: May 4, 1992
    Date of Patent: August 17, 1993
    Assignee: T.J.S.W. Inc.
    Inventor: Thore Johnsen
  • Patent number: 5236170
    Abstract: A shock absorbing bicycle seat mounting post assembly is mounted in a hollow tubular socket member, by means of a binder clamp, in the frame of a bicycle. The shock absorber includes a compression spring which will effectively absorb shocks which are carried through the frame when the wheels encounter obstacles and holes when traveling along the ground. The bicycle seat mounting post assembly includes a number of shims which will adapt the post assembly to varying sizes of bicycle frames. A bellows is provided to keep dirt and dust out of the spring area and protect skin and fingers from being pinched. Stabilization is enhanced by the provision of a piston at the lower end of the movable shaft upon which the seat is attached. A variable volume reducing device may be positioned below the seat mounting post to adjust the volume of air trapped below the piston.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 12, 1991
    Date of Patent: August 17, 1993
    Assignee: T.J.S.W. Inc.
    Inventor: Thore Johnsen
  • Patent number: 5116016
    Abstract: A suspension device for automotive seat which is provided with a hydraulic damper and a compression coil spring wound therearound, such that the coil spring is adjusted in elastic repercussion force by way of worm gear and worm wheel so as to permit a fine adjustment of the repercussion force of the coil spring. A casing may be provided for housing the worm gear and worm wheel, and an indicator is formed on the casing. Below the casing, a scale plate having a desired plural graduation lines or marks is provided, to thereby precisely set a desired reprecussion force of the spring.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: July 29, 1991
    Date of Patent: May 26, 1992
    Assignee: Tachi-s Co., Ltd.
    Inventor: Kojiro Nagata
  • Patent number: 5011109
    Abstract: A suspension device for seat which includes a torsion bar interposed between an upper movable frame and a lower base frame, the torsion bar being adapted to bias the upper movable frame upwardly, and a spring provided on a shock absorber which is extended between the upper movable and lower base frames. The repercussive force of the suspension device is increased by the torsion bar and spring, against a downward load applied on the seat.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 16, 1989
    Date of Patent: April 30, 1991
    Assignee: Tachi-S Co., Ltd.
    Inventor: Kojiro Nagata
  • Patent number: 4909472
    Abstract: A pivoting support for chairs, seats and the like comprises a main support member which is connected to the base structure of the chair and a seat support member which is pivotably connected to the main support member with the interposition of an auxiliary support member. The latter is articulated to the main support member about a first horizontal axis and to the seat support member about a second horizontal axis parallel to and in front of the first horizontal axis. First resilient means are interposed between the main support member and the seat support member for biassing the seat support member towards a position in which it is rotated upwardly relative to the auxiliary support element. Second resilient means are also interposed between the main support member and the auxiliary support member for biassing the auxiliary support member towards a position in which it is rotated upwardly relative to the main support member.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: May 10, 1988
    Date of Patent: March 20, 1990
    Assignee: Pro-Cord S.r.l.
    Inventor: Giancarlo Piretti
  • Patent number: 4844547
    Abstract: A ski rest is adapted to be affixed to the side of a ski lift to provide an adjustable resting point for supporting a skier's skies, ski boots, and legs while riding the ski lift so as to relieve the discomfort normally associated with supporting such weight on the back of the skier's legs against the forward edge of the ski lift chair. The ski rest includes a slidable foot rest and biasing means for carrying the weight of the skier's skis, ski boots, and legs as the skis are placed upon the foot rest.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: September 28, 1987
    Date of Patent: July 4, 1989
    Inventor: Keith W. Adkins
  • Patent number: 4771979
    Abstract: An equilibrator for a universal head which is simple in construction, light-weight, and small-sized. The equilibrator includes a cylindrical cam which has an axis extending in a substantially horizontal direction, and is mounted on a base so as to be rotatable about the axis, and having a cam surface formed on an end thereof, in addition to a compression spring which is arranged so as to be substantially coaxial with the cylindrical cam and resiliently engaged with the cam surface of the cylindrical cam. The cam surface has a configuration sufficient to allow the balance between the force transmitted to the cam surface due to the inclination of the universal head and the restoring force of the spring, to be kept at any inclination of the universal head.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: May 21, 1987
    Date of Patent: September 20, 1988
    Assignee: Shotoku Ltd.
    Inventors: Shouji Nakazawa, Kuniaki Tan, Akio Miura
  • Patent number: 4753409
    Abstract: An adjustable chair support comprises an upstanding spindle and a tubular standard telescopically received on the spindle for vertical movement relative thereto. Stop means are provided for maintaining the vertical position of the standard relative to the spindle. Actuating means contained within the standard are operable to release the stop means and thus release the standard from one such vertical position for movement to another vertical position relative to the spindle. The actuating means, though enclosed within the standard, are operable from without the standard at an upper portion thereof.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 27, 1987
    Date of Patent: June 28, 1988
    Assignee: Herman Miller, Inc.
    Inventor: Jeffrey S. Wilcox
  • Patent number: 4752101
    Abstract: A tilt control arrangement for office furniture chairs of the type having a chair seat structure mounted on a supporting base for rearward and forward tilting movement of the chair seat about an essentially horizontal axis extending essentially crosswise of the seat. The tilt control arrangement comprises a bifurcated seat structure mounting member defining a pair of parallel arms for pivotally mounting the seat structure for its tilting movement. Depending from the underside of the chair seat structure 15 a lug that projects below the level of the chair seat tilt axis. A front to rear extending rod member extends freely through the chair seat lug to have its rear end threadedly engaged with a nut anchored to the chair base, and the rod member having its forward end headed. A resiliently elastomeric cylindrical body is made fast to the rod member only at the rod member head, with the elastomeric body being placed in compression between the rod member head and the seat lug.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: June 12, 1987
    Date of Patent: June 21, 1988
    Assignee: Allsteel Inc.
    Inventors: James R. Yurchenco, Rickson Sun
  • Patent number: 4681294
    Abstract: A tension rod for the immediate suspension of a conduit is provided with a threaded-on abutment element for abutment of a spring casing from above or from below. The spring casing contains a compression spring for tensioning between the bottom of the casing and a spring disk secured to the tension rod, an internal sleeve extending from the bottom of the casing prevents complete compression of the spring; the threaded on abutment adjustably limits decompression of the spring; through supplemental structure the tension rod can be locked to the casing in a load independent fashion.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 24, 1984
    Date of Patent: July 21, 1987
    Assignee: Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft
    Inventor: Peter Soltysiak
  • Patent number: 4356992
    Abstract: An upper member to which a machine or other equipment piece to be protected is securable is supported directly or indirectly upon one or more resilient support columns, like coil springs. The resilient support columns are supported from a lower member which is adapted to be fixed to the load supporting surface for the equipment. Downwardly extending looping surfaces secured to the upper member define open or closed loops about transverse horizontal restraint bolts secured in pairs of transversely separated jaws rising from the lower member at each end of the member. The looping surfaces and the restraint bolts serve to limit relative motion in the transverse and longitudinal directions between the upper and lower members. Shock cushions about each bolt and between the looping surfaces and the jaws further limit relative motion.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: August 29, 1980
    Date of Patent: November 2, 1982
    Inventor: Donald E. Benkert
  • Patent number: 4328943
    Abstract: A tilt control mechanism for a chair utilizing a control housing and a pivot block mounted for pivotal movement with respect to each other about an axis. An actuator block is supported for movement along that axis and carries a pin thereon. In one position of the actuator block, the pin engages a flange on the control housing, preventing pivotal movement of the control housing with respect to the pivot block. In another position of the actuator block along the axis, pivoting movement is permitted. In a third position of the actuator block along the axis, a gas cylinder mechanism is actuated controlling the height of the chair.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: June 11, 1979
    Date of Patent: May 11, 1982
    Assignee: Knoll International, Inc.
    Inventor: James B. Eldon, III
  • Patent number: 4232900
    Abstract: A chair control for adjustment of the rest position of a resiliently pivotable chair back, and of the degree of resiliency of the connection of the chair back to the chair frame. A spring brace is mounted on the frame beneath the seat and provides an aperture. A rod assembly connected to the chair back at a universal joint has its remote and extending through the aperture, the rod assembly being slidable through the aperture. A spring tension handwheel concentric with the rod assembly is disposed between the spring brace and the universal joint, and is internally threaded for axially adjustable connection to the rod assembly. A spring retainer is provided on the face of the spring brace nearest the universal joint, and has an aperture corresponding with the spring brace aperture. A compression spring concentric with the rod assembly is confined between the spring retainer and the spring tension handwheel.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 26, 1979
    Date of Patent: November 11, 1980
    Assignee: Collier-Keyworth Company
    Inventor: James A. Parker
  • Patent number: 4206898
    Abstract: A spring support of the constant spring force type suitable for supporting pipes in installations where the pipes are liable to move laterally while in use, as for example in the case of pipes through which steam is conveyed, is arranged so that the pipe or other load which the support has to carry in use can be attached to a pivoted lever of the support at various positions at different distances from the pivot. The load is attached through load connecting means to a carrier which is variably positioned on the lever. By adjusting the position of the carrier the turning moment produced on the lever by any one of a range of loads can be arranged to be equal and opposite to the turning moment produced by the spring force which acts on the lever. The facility for adjustment has the manufacturing advantage that a standard form of lever can be produced for supporting a range of loads.
    Type: Grant
    Filed: March 10, 1978
    Date of Patent: June 10, 1980
    Assignee: Salter Support Systems
    Inventor: Colin J. Salter