Abstract: Provided is a sensor device including: a sensor device including: a sensor unit that emits light and receives light reflected by an object; and a reflection mirror unit that reflects light emitted from the sensor unit. A reflection surface of a reflection mirror included in the reflection mirror unit includes a first part and a second part having lower reflectance than the first part.

Abstract: A lidar system for scanning a scanning range. The lidar system includes a transmitter unit for generating beams and for emitting the generated beams along a scanning range, the transmitter unit having at least one radiation source. The lidar system also includes at least one receiver unit for receiving and evaluating beams reflected or scattered back in the scanning range. The scanning range acted upon by the generated beams is subdivided into at least two sections. At least one first section is scanned using a higher radiant power than a second section of the scanning range. A control unit is also described.

Abstract: A Cassegrain or quasi-Cassegrain structure objective lens is used in a polar MOKE metrology system. The quasi-Cassegrain reflective objective lens includes a primary concave mirror and a secondary mirror. The primary concave mirror has a wider diameter than the secondary mirror and defines an aperture through which the laser beam is configured to be transmitted toward the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror can be convex, concave, or have a flat surface.

Abstract: A tracking device including an image sensor, a light source and a processor is provided. The image sensor senses reflected light or scattered light formed by the light source illuminating a work surface. The processor calculates a trace of the tracking device according to one of the reflected light and the scattered light that generates more apparent image features so as to increase the adaptable work surfaces.

Abstract: Various implementations relate generally to multi-sensor devices. Some implementations more particularly relate to a multi-sensor device including a ring of radially-oriented photosensors. Some implementations more particularly relate to a multi-sensor device that is orientation-independent with respect to a central axis of the ring. Some implementations of the multi-sensor devices described herein further include one or more additional sensors. For example, some implementations include an axially-directed photosensor. Some implementations also can include one or more temperature sensors configured to sense an exterior temperature, for example, an ambient temperature of an outdoors environment around the multi-sensor. Additionally or alternatively, some implementations include one or more of an infrared sensor or infrared sensors, a cellular communication circuit, and a GPS module.

Abstract: The disclosure belongs to the technical field of precision test and measurement, and provides a two-dimensional photoelectric autocollimation method and device based on wavefront measurement and correction. According to the disclosure, a link of wavefront measurement and correction of a reference light path is added to a traditional autocollimator measuring method. By using wavefront distortion information of the reference light path in the instrument and driving a deformable mirror to compensate for phase distortion of a beam, the link realizes measurement and control on aberration of the optical system of the autocollimator and improves the imaging quality and spot positioning accuracy of the optical system, thereby improving the angle measurement accuracy of the autocollimator.

Abstract: A system includes a focus optic configured to converge an electromagnetic radiation (EMR) beam to a focal region located along an optical axis. The system also includes a detector configured to detect a signal radiation emanating from a predetermined location along the optical axis. The system additionally includes a controller configured to adjust a parameter of the EMR beam based in part on the signal radiation detected by the detector. The system also includes a window located a predetermined depth away from the focal region, between the focal region and the focus optic along the optical axis, wherein the window is configured to make contact with a surface of a tissue.

Abstract: In one embodiment, described herein is an apparatus for projecting linear illumination fanned out along the slow axis of a laser source array. In addition to the laser source array, the apparatus can include a number of fast axis collimators (FACs) to collimate the laser beams from the laser source array along the fast axis, a cylinder lens array for converting the collimated laser beams to parallel laser beams, and a prism array pair for reducing the pitch of the parallel laser beams. The system further includes a first cylinder lens for focusing the laser beams from the prism array pair onto a MEMS mirror, which redirects the laser beams as a linear laser beam towards a predetermined direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling a wind turbine system, more particular for a method for determining shadow flicker at a location and identifying a wind turbine in a wind park with a plurality of wind turbines causing the shadow flicker. A remote detector located at or near the location is determining the presence of shadow flicker and generating flicker data representative of the shadow flicker. A target wind turbine potentially causing a shadow at the location is identified based on the turbine position and the position of the sun. Operational data from the target wind turbine is obtained and it is verified whether the target wind turbine generates the shadow flicker by comparing the flicker data and the operational data.

Abstract: A laser cleaning method and device for improving uniformity of a laser cleaning surface are provided. The laser cleaning method includes: applying a peaked-top sine wave signal to a motor; controlling a galvanometer to swing in a reciprocated manner by the motor; shaping a laser beam emitted by a laser to a linear beam by the reciprocated swing of the galvanometer; and performing laser cleaning using the shaped linear beam.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a scanning unit including a light source, a rotatable polygonal mirror, and a sensor. The image forming apparatus includes setting of an operation in a first mode and setting of an operation in a second mode. The image forming apparatus further comprises, a surface identifying portion and a correction data storing portion configured to prestore correction data including first correction data for a first rotational speed and second correction data for a second rotational speed. Positional deviation in a main scan direction of laser light is corrected on the basis of the first correction data or the second correction data.

Abstract: A tracking device including an image sensor, a light source and a processor is provided. The image sensor senses reflected light or scattered light formed by the light source illuminating a work surface. The processor calculates a trace of the tracking device according to one of the reflected light and the scattered light that generates more apparent image features so as to increase the adaptable work surfaces.

Abstract: A diagnostic test system includes a housing, a reader, and a data analyzer. The housing includes a port constructed and arranged to receive a test strip that includes a flow path for a fluid sample, a sample receiving zone couple to the flow path, a label that specifically binds a target analyte, a detection zone coupled to the flow path and comprising a test region exposed for optical inspection and having an immobilized test reagent that specifically binds the target analyte, and at least one reference feature. The reader is operable to obtain light intensity measurements from exposed regions of the test strip when the test strip is loaded in the port.

Abstract: An embodiment of a support structure for adjusting the position of a plurality of optical elements is described that comprises a base plate comprising a centering pin, a first translation slot, and a second translation slot; and a translatable plate configured to operatively couple with a plurality of the optical elements and move relative to the base plate, wherein the translatable plate comprises a centering slot configured to engage with the centering pin, a first cam configured to engage with the first translation slot and control movement of the translatable plate along a first axis, and a second cam configured to engage with the second translation slot and control movement of the translatable plate along a second axis.

Abstract: A method includes providing a body, an actuator coupled to the body, a stage coupled to the actuator, an image sensor coupled to the stage, a first staring focal plane array that is located at a first location, and a second staring focal plane array that is located at a second location that is offset from the first location in two dimensions. The method also includes determining a velocity of the body, causing the actuator to backscan the stage in one or more directions at a drive velocity corresponding to the velocity of the body, causing the first staring focal plane array to capture a first strip of images of a target, and causing the second staring focal plane array to capture a second strip of images of the target. The second strip of images is offset from the first strip of images in the two dimensions.

Abstract: Methods and devices to implement mid-wave and long-wave infrared point spectrometers are disclosed. The described methods and devices involve bi-faceted gratings, high-operating-temperature barrier infrared and thermal detectors. The disclosed concept can be used to design flight spectrometers that cover broad solar reflectance plus thermal emission spectral ranges with a compact and low-cost instrument suitable for small spacecraft reconnaissance of asteroids, the Moon, and planetary satellites as well as mass-constrained landed missions.

Abstract: An optical adapter for connecting between a beam splitter of a surgical microscope or an ophthalmic slit lamp microscope and a digital camera equipment including mobile phones, tablet computers, cameras, video cameras with image capturing function is provided. The optical adapter includes a lens group located on an optical path and an optical image rotating lens group for adjusting a direction of an optical image on a photosensitive unit of the digital camera equipment. The optical image rotating lens group is configured to be either independently rotatable around optical axis or be set fixedly. Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for real-time adjustment of the direction of an optical image on the photosensitive unit of a digital camera equipment, where regardless of the position of the digital camera a satisfactory direction of the optical image can be obtained with a simple user friendly and convenient structure.

Abstract: A low cost, low power, passive optical methane monitoring system for fixed-position installation at oil and gas production well pads and gathering centers is disclosed. The optical methane monitoring system disclosed can be a scannable field of view Near Infrared (NIR) filter photometer to detect and quantify methane concentration in a two dimensional or a three dimensional grid above and around a facility. A randomized fiber optic bundle is disclosed that can be used to direct the total optical power from a collection lens to two or more isolated optical channels. Band pass filters isolate a desired wavelength range for transmission measurements for the two or more channels. Also disclosed is an absorption algorithm which accounts for variable background spectral intensity as well as correcting for water vapor and overall scattering effects to measure methane concentration for a given field of view.

Abstract: A distance measurement device includes a light source, a polarization optical member, a reflective member, a first light-receiving element, and a second light-receiving element. The reflective member varies a scan angle for scanning an object to be measured with light from the light source and reflects the light from the light source for each varied scan angle. The polarization optical member guides the light reflected by the reflective member to the object to be measured. The light-receiving element receives reflected light after the light guided by the polarization optical member is reflected by the object to be measured. In a case where the scan angle of the reflective member is a specific angle, the light-receiving element receives the light reflected by the reflective member and the polarization optical member in this order.

Abstract: A line beam scanning optical system includes: a plurality of laser light sources disposed so as to be aligned in a direction corresponding to a long side of a line beam; an optical deflector; a first cylindrical lens configured to converge laser light from the plurality of laser light sources, into substantially parallel light in a direction perpendicular to an alignment direction in which the laser light sources are aligned, and to cause the laser light to be incident on a mirror; and a second cylindrical lens configured to condense the laser light from the plurality of laser light sources, in the alignment direction in which the laser light sources are aligned, and to cause the laser light to be incident on the mirror. The plurality of laser light sources are disposed at positions shifted from a focal position on the laser light source side of the second cylindrical lens.

Abstract: A fractional handpiece and systems thereof for skin treatment include a passively Q-switched laser assembly operatively connected to a pump laser source to receive a pump laser beam having a first wavelength and a beam splitting assembly operable to split a solid beam emitted by the passively Q-switched laser assembly and form an array of micro-beams across a segment of skin. The passively Q-switched laser assembly generates a high power sub-nanosecond pulsed laser beam having a second wavelength.

Abstract: A system includes a focus optic configured to converge an electromagnetic radiation (EMR) beam to a focal region located along an optical axis. The system also includes a detector configured to detect a signal radiation emanating from a predetermined location along the optical axis. The system additionally includes a controller configured to adjust a parameter of the EMR beam based in part on the signal radiation detected by the detector. The system also includes a window located a predetermined depth away from the focal region, between the focal region and the focus optic along the optical axis, wherein the window is configured to make contact with a surface of a tissue.

Abstract: To provide an optical scanning device including a lower housing including an opened top part, an upper housing that covers the top part of the lower housing, a rotating polygon mirror that reflects a beam, an f? lens on which the beam reflected by the rotating polygon mirror is incident, and a reflection mirror that reflects the beam. The lower housing is provided with a bottom surface opening including an opened bottom surface between the rotating polygon mirror and the reflection mirror.

Abstract: A hand-held device for providing a dermatological treatment by scanning laser beams to form a pattern of treatment spots on the skin includes a laser source configured to generate an input laser beam, an automated scanning system, and a treatment spot control system. The automated scanning system includes a rotating multi-sector scanning element configured to repeatedly scan the input laser beam, each scan of the input laser beam providing an array of output laser beams corresponding to the multiple sectors of the scanning element and forming a scanned row of treatment spots on the skin. The rotating multi-sector scanning element is configured such that the each sector provides a constant-angular-direction output laser beam as that sector rotates through the input laser beam. The treatment spots of each scanned row are spaced apart from each other by areas of non-irradiated skin.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a polygonal mirror using a metal mold including a first mold, a second mold, a third mold, and a fourth mold includes a step of forming the molded member by providing the third mold and the fourth mold between the first mold and the second mold in a state in which the third mold and the fourth mold are in contact with each other and then by injecting a resin material into the metal mold, and a step of separating the third mold from the first crossing surface of the molded member in a direction crossing the first crossing surface.

Abstract: A beam-forming and deflecting optical system for a laser machining device includes at least two optical elements, which are arranged one behind the other in the direction of the laser beam and which are formed by wedges with respective wedge angles, wherein at least one optical element is connected to a drive for the rotation of the optical element about the optical axis, whereby an optical wedge can be rotated relative to the at least one other optical wedge. Also a method for machining a workpiece uses a collimated laser beam. In order to achieve different shapes of the laser beam on the workpiece, each of the optical wedges, which are arranged one behind the other, in each case cover only a part of the laser beam.

Abstract: A pipe joining system and pipe joint are shown in which two sections of plastic pipe, particularly molecularly oriented pipe, are joined. A ring-shaped elastomeric body is installed within a mating groove provided in a mouth region of female pipe section. The ring-shaped body is formed of an injection molded elastomeric material which is joined to a series of arcuate gripping segments which have teeth on an inner surface thereof which are designed to engage an outer surface of a mating male pipe section to restrain movement of the male pipe after assembly of a pipe joint. The gripping segments are separated by a gap which is open prior to assembly, but which closes during assembly. Each of the segments also has a positive stop feature to prevent over travel of the male pipe section relative to the female pipe section.

Abstract: According to one implementation, a positioning device positions a hole inspection device to a hole formed in an object. The positioning device includes a guide unit and a detachable member. The guide unit has a positioning hole and a flat supporting face. A cylindrical or columnar positioning member is slidably inserted into the positioning hole. At least a tip of the positioning member is inserted into the hole. A central axis of the positioning hole and a reference line of the hole inspection device for measuring or inspecting the feature of the hole lie on a same straight line. The guide unit is set by contacting the flat supporting face to a surface of the object surrounding the hole or a flat surface of a jig placed on the object. The detachable member attaches a part or all of the guide unit to the hole inspection device.

Abstract: Baffled Calotte dome observation and/or communications systems are disclosed. For instance, a visible or infrared telescope and associated sensor systems, a laser, etc., may be enclosed in a Calotte dome with a baffle mounted on the opening and a window and/or filter mounted on top of the baffle. The Calotte dome steers the baffle in both elevation and azimuth, enabling the system to point and track objects moving on arbitrary trajectories.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a body, a stage coupled to the body, and an actuator coupled to the body and the stage. The actuator is configured to move the stage in one or more directions relative to the body. The imaging system also includes a focal plane array including one or more detectors and coupled to the stage and a controller coupled to the actuator. The controller is configured to determine a velocity of the body and to cause the actuator to backscan the stage in the one or more directions at a drive velocity corresponding to the velocity of the body. Moreover, the controller is communicatively coupled to the one or more detectors and causes the one or more detectors to capture image data during the backscan.

Abstract: Methods of manufacturing electrochromic windows are described. Insulated glass units (IGU's) are protected, e.g. during handling and shipping, by a protective bumper. The bumper can be custom made using IGU dimension data received from the IGU fabrication tool. The bumper may be made of environmentally friendly materials. Laser isolation configurations and related methods of patterning and/or configuring an electrochromic device on a substrate are described. Edge deletion is used to ensure a good seal between spacer and glass in an IGU and thus better protection of an electrochromic device sealed in the IGU. Configurations for protecting the electrochromic device edge in the primary seal and maximizing viewable area in an electrochromic pane of an IGU are also described.

Abstract: A device for a sending and receiving unit of a communication arrangement is provided. The device includes: a first passage for electromagnetic waves and a second passage for electromagnetic waves; a partially transparent surface which is transparent for electromagnetic waves of a first wave length range and which is reflective for electromagnetic waves of a second wave length range, wherein the second wave length range differs from the first wave length range; and a first retroreflective surface which is retroreflective for electromagnetic waves of the first wave length range. A direction of reflection of the electromagnetic waves of the first wave length range differs from a direction of reflection of the electromagnetic waves of the second wave length range if the electromagnetic waves of the first wave length range as well as the electromagnetic waves of the second wave length range are incoming through the same passage.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring amplitude of a scanning mirror are disclosed. The device includes a light source (20) for outputting an optical signal; a diaphragm (21) for modifying size and shape of a light spot of the optical signal output by the light source (20); a scanning mirror retainer for placing a scanning mirror (22) to be measured, the scanning mirror, after being retained, being able to periodically reflect the optical signal; a photoelectric sensor (23) including three or more sensing elements and configured to detect and collect the optical signal reflected by the scanning mirror (22); and a signal acquisition and processing unit (24) for processing a signal collected by the photoelectric sensor (23) to derive an amplitude of the scanning mirror (22). Therefore, it is possible to characterize the scanning mirror (22) before the scanning mirror (22) is used, determining performance of the scanning mirror (22).

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser to dispense a plurality of layers of feed material on a top surface of the platform, and an energy delivery system. The energy delivery system has one or more light sources configured to emit a first light beam and a second light beam, and one or more reflective members each having reflective facets to redirect the first light beam or the second light beam toward an uppermost layer of feed material to deliver energy to the uppermost layer. The one or more reflective members are each rotatable such that motion of each sequential facet of the reflective facets of each of the one or more reflective members sweeps the first light beam along a first path on the uppermost layer or sweeps the second light beam along a second path on the uppermost layer.

Abstract: A color based heating system is disclosed. A film for repair of aircraft components of fiber reinforced plastic has color changing properties that can include being temperature-dependent. The color changing properties can be reversible. A system for heating a repair site of a component of fiber reinforced plastic includes the film, a camera and a heating plate. The heating plate can have individually controllable heating zones. A controller can use local color signals of the camera for locally controlling local heating zones of the heating plate. The controller can assign local color signals of the camera to temperatures.

Abstract: This rotary drive apparatus includes a stationary portion including a stator; and a rotating portion supported through a bearing portion to be rotatable about a central axis extending in a vertical direction with respect to the stationary portion, the rotating portion including a magnet arranged opposite to the stator. The bearing portion includes an upper bearing portion, and a lower bearing portion arranged below the upper bearing portion. A center of gravity of the rotating portion is located below an upper end of the upper bearing portion and above a lower end of the lower bearing portion.

Abstract: A projection optical system according to the present disclosure includes, in order from a side on which a light source is located to a projection side along an optical axis: a first lens group that includes one or more lenses, has a positive focal length, and condenses light from the light source on a primary image-forming point that is an image of the light source; a deflector that scans light from the first lens group; and a second lens group that includes one or more lenses, has a positive focal length, and forms an image of light from the deflector at a position of a secondary image-forming point that is an image of the primary image-forming point, and the first lens group forms the primary image-forming point between the first lens group and the second lens group along the optical axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a variable sized aperture for an imaging device includes a first plate having a first plurality of plate apertures extending therethrough and a second plate having a second plurality of plate apertures extending therethrough. A first motor is operably connected to the first plate and a second motor is operably connected to the second plate. The first and second motors are configured to move the first plate and the second plate with respect to one another so as to align any of the first plurality of plate apertures with any of the second plurality of plate apertures to define a plurality of light beam apertures.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for a stray-light testing apparatus. In one aspect, the apparatus includes an optical assembly including a spatially extended light source and one or more optical elements arranged to direct light from the spatially extended light source along an optical path, a moveable frame supporting the optical assembly including one or more adjustable alignment features for guiding positioning of the stray-light testing apparatus relative to an onboard camera on a vehicle, and a shrouding mechanism attached to the frame and positioned on the frame such that, when the stray-light testing apparatus is aligned relative to the onboard camera on the vehicle and the optical path of the optical assembly is within the field of view of the onboard camera, ambient light exposure for the onboard camera is below a threshold.

Abstract: A 3D sensor for an apparatus for determining the 3D coordinates of an object comprises in accordance with the invention at least one camera and at least three plane projectors.

Abstract: An optical unit contains an optical element made of resin obtained by integrally forming a reflector in which a reflecting surface which reflects a light flux is formed on an outer peripheral side surface, and a flange extending in a direction orthogonal to the reflector to support the reflector; a rotary driving body which rotates the optical element; and a connecting device which connects the flange of the optical element to the rotary driving body, the optical element being capable of rotating around a rotational axis of the rotary driving body.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including a polygon mirror that deflects a light beam includes: a light emitter that emits the light beam; an optical sensor that is disposed at a position on which the light beam deflected by the polygon mirror is incident; a detector that detects a minimum level being a light intensity level of the light beam, the lowest within a range detected by the optical sensor; a switcher that switches a light intensity level of the light beam emitted from the light emitter until the detector detects the minimum level; and a determiner that determines a degree of contamination of a component on an optical path of the light beam extending from the light emitter to the optical sensor, on the basis of the minimum level detected when the light intensity level is switched by the switcher.

Abstract: A transparent rotating device comprising a shaft, a transparent rotating assembly and a motor is provided. The transparent rotating assembly includes at least one first transparent sheet and at least one second transparent sheet that are annularly and alternatively arranged around a shaft. A motor is connected to the shaft, wherein the first transparent sheet and the second transparent sheet sequentially enter the transmission path of the image beam. The angle at which the first transparent sheet is inclined with respect to the shaft is different from the angle at which the second transparent sheet is inclined with respect to the shaft. The image beam penetrates the first transparent sheet to be deflected and transmitted to a first position, and the image beam penetrates the second transparent sheet to be deflected and transmitted to a second position.

Abstract: An infrared microscope includes an illumination optical system which guides infrared red to an analysis position on a sample; a connection optical system which guides infrared light, supplied from an infrared spectrophotometer, to said illumination optical system; a visible light source unit which outputs visible light to a region including said analysis position on the sample; an image acquisition unit which inputs visible light from the region including said analysis position on the sample to a detection surface and acquires a visible light image; and a detection unit which detects infrared light from said analysis position on the sample. The connection optical system can be positionally adjusted, and said image acquisition unit is capable of acquiring an infrared light image by inputting infrared light to a detection surface.

Abstract: A light source system (26) illuminating an optical system to be inspected (3) and making light fluxes of a plurality of wavefront measurement visual fields be emitted from the optical system to be inspected; a single wavefront sensor (28) calculating wavefront aberration on a basis of measurement of the light fluxes of the plurality of wavefront measurement visual fields emitted from the optical system to be inspected (3); and an optical path optical system (31) are included. The optical path optical system selectively makes the light fluxes of the plurality of wavefront measurement visual fields emitted from the optical system to be inspected (3) be incident on the wavefront sensor (28).

Abstract: According to an aspect, a light source device includes: a light emitting device that emits a light beam capable of being modulated; and a scanning device that deflects the light beam in a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction. The light beam has a light quantity varying region in which a light quantity decreases outward from a center of the light beam in at least one of the first direction or the second direction. The scanning device overlaps the light quantity varying regions of a plurality of the light beams with each other with respect to a scanning direction along directions in which the light quantities of the light beams decrease.

Abstract: A device for calibrating an in-line sensor is disclosed, including a housing having a first aperture and a second aperture arranged along an optical path extending through the housing, a first filter and a second filter disposed within the housing such that the filters are moveable from an operating position to a calibration position. In the calibration position the filters are arranged in the optical path and the housing includes a connection adjacent each of the first aperture and the second aperture, the connection structured to enable the housing to be reversibly attached to a flow cell, a detector and a light source of an in-line sensor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring surface properties of a polishing pad which measures surface properties such as surface topography or surface condition of a polishing pad used for polishing a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer. The apparatus for measuring surface properties of a polishing pad includes a laser beam source configured to emit a laser beam, and a photodetector configured to detect scattered light that is reflected and scattered by the polishing pad, an optical Fourier transform being performed on the detected scattered light to produce an intensity distribution corresponding to a spatial wavelength spectrum based on surface topography of the polishing pad. The laser beam is applied to the polishing pad at such an incident angle that the laser beam does not reach a bottom portion of a pore formed in the surface of the polishing pad.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for cleaning the surface of a printing roll, such as an anilox roll. The device includes a laser-equipped assembly adapted to project a laser beam on the surface of the printing roll. The laser-equipped assembly uses a reflector and a lens to guide the laser beam along a predetermined path on the surface of the printing roll. In some embodiments, an autofocus system may be included to move the lens so that the desired focal point for the laser beam on the printing roll surface is achieved.

Abstract: A scanning laser having a wavelength compatible with a coating binder so as to cure it as the laser scans and irradiates the coating on a moving web. A system and method for curing flakes by providing a scanning laser which scans across a moving coated substrate in a magnetic field allows images to be formed as magnetically aligned flakes are cured into a fixed position. The images have regions of cured aligned flakes. The scanning laser cures the magnetically aligned flakes within it region it irradiates. Alternatively an array of lasers can be used wherein individual lasers can be switched on and off to fix irradiated coating as a moving web is moved at a high speed.