Abstract: A technology is described for spatially estimating thermal emissivity. A method can include obtaining spectral emissivity data and satellite imaging data for a geographic area. A weighted emissivity model of emissivity values may be generated for surfaces included in the geographic area from the spectral emissivity data and the satellite imaging data, wherein the spectral emissivity data is mapped to the satellite imaging data to generate the weighted emissivity model. Thermal imaging data for the geographic area may be received from an airborne thermal imaging sensor and a thermal emissivity map can be generated for the geographic area using the thermal imaging data and the weighted emissivity model. The emissivity values from the weighted emissivity model can be used to estimate thermal emissivity values.

Abstract: An inspection device includes: an illumination device that irradiates an object with near-infrared light; a spectroscope that disperses reflected light from the object irradiated with the near-infrared light; an imaging device that takes a spectroscopic image of the reflected light dispersed by the spectroscope; and a processor. The processor obtains spectral data at a plurality of points on the object based on the spectroscopic image obtained by the imaging device, selects, from among the spectral data at the plurality of points, a group having a highest density of luminance values of a predetermined wavelength component as a dense spectral data group, and performs a predetermined analysis for the object based on the dense spectral data group and detects a different type of object.

Abstract: A gas concentration measurement system and an airway adapter thereof are provided. The gas concentration measurement system includes the airway adapter and a gas concentration detection device including a main body. The main body includes an accommodating passageway, a check unit, a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The airway adapter includes an inlet section, a detection section, an identification part and an outlet section. The detection section includes a light entering detection window and a light exiting detection window that are integrally formed. The identification part has an identification chip disposed therein. When the airway adapter is mated with the accommodating passageway of the gas concentration detection device along an axis of the airway adapter, the identification chip of the identification part is read to check whether or not the airway adapter is matched with the gas concentration detection device.

Abstract: An infrared camera includes a housing containing a pixel array. The pixel array includes: image pixels forming an image sensor arranged to receive infrared light from an image scene; and a plurality of parasitic heat sensing pixels arranged to receive infrared light from different portions of an interior surface of the housing.

Abstract: A control method of a spectroscopic imaging device including an imaging element and a spectral element, the control method includes causing the spectroscopic imaging device to generate a first measurement spectrum consisting of N1 wavelengths by imaging a target object by making output wavelengths of a spectral element different when the spectroscopic imaging device is in a high accuracy mode and causing the spectroscopic imaging device to generate a second measurement spectrum consisting of N2 wavelengths by imaging the target object by making the output wavelengths of the spectral element different when the spectroscopic imaging device is in a high speed mode, in which N1 is an integer greater than or equal to two, and N2 is an integer less than N1.

Abstract: A stable and highly accurate gas detections apparatus is provided. A gas detection apparatus 1 includes a light emitting element 3 provided on a main surface 20 of the substrate 2 for emitting light from a light emitting surface 31; a light receiving element 4 provided on the main surface 20 of the substrate 2 for receiving the light on a light receiving surface 41; and a light guide member 5 for guiding the light emitted by the light emitting element 3 to the light receiving element 4. In plan view of the main surface of the substrate, the light emitting surface 31 and the light receiving surface 41 are shaped to have corners, and side of the light emitting surface 31 after being subjected to a magnification or reduction and a translation do not overlap sides of the light receiving surface 41.

Abstract: A gas detect ion system includes: a sending aerial vehicle in which a light-emitting unit is installed; a small unmanned aerial vehicle including a receiving aerial vehicle in which a light-receiving unit is installed; a gas computing and displaying unit that computes and displays gas information; and a photographing-route computing unit that computes a photographing route for the small unmanned aerial vehicle. The receiving aerial vehicle receives light from the light-emitting unit of the sending aerial vehicle by using the light-receiving unit thereof and sends the result as gas data to the gas computing and displaying unit. The gas computing and displaying unit computes the gas information from the gas data. The photographing-route computing unit computes the photographing route from the position of the small unmanned aerial vehicle and the amount of energy remaining in the small unmanned aerial vehicle.

Abstract: The invention of the present application relates to a system for accurately measuring fine-dust precursors. Among apparatuses that measure concentrations of NOx and SOx which are precursors of fine dust by use of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), an apparatus that can control a temperature of a measurement cell equipped with prism-type multi-passes by using thermoelectric elements without vibration is provided.

Abstract: A method for increasing localization utilizing overlapped broadband pulses includes using a transform to convert broadband returns into wavelength based returns. The wavelength based returns are grouped into at least two wavelength group returns for each location having different focal diameters. Intra-return probabilities of object location are computed from the group returns. Inter-return probabilities are computed for overlapping regions of the pulse returns. A pixel grid is established for displaying the calculated object location probabilities. By further processing, the pixel grid can be refined to show finer details.

Abstract: A quality evaluation method includes, acquiring light intensity distribution information related to a distribution of absorbance with respect to the measurement light in the cell mass by irradiating a cell mass with measurement light including near-infrared light; and evaluating a quality of the cell mass based on the information. A quality evaluation device includes a light source that irradiates a cell mass with measurement light including near-infrared light; a light receiving unit that, by receiving transmitted light or diffusely reflected light from the cell mass, acquires light intensity distribution information related to a distribution of absorbance with respect to the measurement light in the cell mass, the transmitted light or the diffusely reflected light being emitted from the cell mass by irradiating the cell mass with the measurement light; and an analyzing unit that evaluates a quality of the cell mass based on the information.

Abstract: An indicia reader that utilizes its image sensor for more than one function is disclosed. The image sensor's functionality is derived by designating areas on the image sensor according to function and then filtering the light focused onto each area according to the area's particular function. The data (i.e., pixel information) from each area may then be processed accordingly to facilitate a variety of functions such as image capture and object detection.

Abstract: Problem: To provide an observation auxiliary device that can appropriately and readily perform observation using an exciting light as a light source. Resolution Means: Provided are an imaging unit 104 that uses a light emitted from a second beam splitter 202 of a microscope 2 that can use an exciting light and an observation light, which is a light including a wavelength other than that of the exciting light, as a light source by switching there between and is provided with the second beam splitter 202 to image images of the same observation region of the microscope 2 in situations where the exciting light and the observation light are used as the light source and an output unit 106 that overlaps, synthesizes, and outputs the images imaged by the imaging unit 104 respectively using the exciting light and the observation light as the light source.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for determining a concentration of a target species in an object is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit. The optical system can have components defining at least two optical channels thereof, said at least two optical channels being spatially and spectrally different from one another. Each of the at least two optical channels can be positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA. The system can include a processing unit containing a processor that can be configured to acquire multispectral optical data representing said target species from the IR radiation received at the optical FPA. Said optical system and said processing unit can be contained together in a data acquisition and processing module configured to be worn or carried by a person.

Abstract: A system mounted in a vehicle for classifying light sources. The system includes a lens and a spatial image sensor. The lens is adapted to provide an image of a light source on the spatial image sensor. A diffraction grating is disposed between the lens and the light source. The diffraction grating is adapted for providing a spectrum. A processor is configured for classifying the light source as belonging to a class selected from a plurality of classes of light sources expected to be found in the vicinity of the vehicle, wherein the spectrum is used for the classifying of the light source. Both the image and the spectrum may be used for classifying the light source or the spectrum is used for classifying the light source and the image is used for another driver assistance application.

Abstract: A quantitative, non-invasive optical spectroscopy technique for measuring dynamic changes in adipose tissue structure and metabolism in vivo. The technique requires multiple wavelengths of light in the near-infrared (650-1000 nm). Using these wavelengths of light, adipose tissue is illuminated and light that returns to a photodetector is analyzed. From the return signals, the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (?a and ?s?) at each wavelength are calculated. The obtained ?a and ?s? values allow for quantification of biomarkers and indices which allow for measurement of fat composition and metabolism. The concentration of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, the fractional water and lipid content, and information about the size distribution of light scatterers in the adipose tissue are also determined. A detailed and quantitative understanding of fat composition and metabolism is thereby provided which describes the effectiveness of interventions to improve the health of a patient.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for multi-color fluorescence imaging under a single exposure, an imaging method and system. The imaging system includes: a fluorescence microscope, configured to obtain a real image of the sample; a spatial mask, disposed behind the fluorescence microscope, and configured to perform mask modulation on the real image of the sample; a 4f system, disposed behind the spatial mask, in which the real image of the sample passes through the spatial mask to the 4f system; an optical granting, disposed on a Fourier plane in middle of the 4f system, and configured to split the real image of the sample to obtain a split real image; and an image sensor, configured to obtain the split real image to obtain an image of the sample. The present disclosure advantages of improving imaging rate in multi-spectrum fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract: A self-referencing mobile-compatible spectrophotometric system, including at least one light source, at least one spectral detection unit, and at least one reference sample. The system is configured to apply light from the at least one light source to a sample and receive a reflected light from the sample, and apply light to the at least one reference sample, and receive a reference reflected light from the at least one reference sample.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes one or more lens elements configured to receive and focus light in a first wavelength range reflected off of one or more first objects onto an image plane, and to receive and focus light in a second wavelength range reflected off of one or more second objects onto the image plane. The imaging lens further includes an aperture stop and a filter positioned at the aperture stop. The filter includes a central region and an outer region surrounding the central region. The central region of the filter is characterized by a first transmission band in the first wavelength range and a second transmission band in the second wavelength range. The outer region of the filter is characterized by a third transmission band in the first wavelength range and substantially low transmittance values in the second wavelength range.

Abstract: A star tracker includes a lens slice, a pixelated image sensor, an ephemeral database and a processor configured to estimate attitude, orientation and/or location of the star tracker based on an image of one or more celestial objects projected by the lens slice onto the pixelated image sensor. The lens slice is smaller and lighter than an optically comparable conventional lens, thereby making the star tracker less voluminous and less massive than conventional star trackers. A lens slice is elongated along one axis. Optical performance along the elongation axis is comparable to that of a conventional circular lens of equal diameter. Although optical performance along a width axis, perpendicular to the elongation axis, of a lens slice can be significantly worse than that of a conventional lens, use of two orthogonal lens slices provides adequate optical performance in both axes, and still saves volume and mass over a conventional lens.

Abstract: An eyewear device has an optical element, a patterned optical filter, and a camera. The optical element receives light that includes light in a visible band and light in an infrared (IR) band. The patterned optical filter is disposed on the optical element and has a filtering portion and a plurality of non-filtering portions. The filtering portion is transmissive to light in the visible band and filtering of light in the IR band. The non-filtering portions are transmissive to light in the visible band and transmissive to light in the IR band. Some portion of the received light in the IR band passes through the non-filtering portions and illuminates a portion of an eye of a user with a pattern. The camera captures images of the portion of the eye that is illuminated with the pattern.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for rapidly detecting, localizing, imaging, and quantifying leaks of natural gas and other hydrocarbon and greenhouse gases. Scanning sensors, scan patterns, and data processing algorithms enable monitoring a site to rapidly detect, localize, image, and quantify amounts and rates of hydrocarbon leaks. Multispectral short-wave infrared detectors sense non-thermal infrared radiation from natural solar or artificial illumination sources by differential absorption spectroscopy. A multispectral sensor is scanned to envelop an area of interest, detect the presence and location of a leak, and raster scan the area around the leak to create an image of the leak. The resulting absorption image related to differential spectral optical depth is color mapped to render the degree of gas absorption across the scene. Analysis of this optical depth image, with factors including known inline pressures and/or surface wind speed measurements, enable estimation of the leak rate, i.e.

Abstract: There is provided an optical characteristic measurement system that can be set up in a relatively short time and can increase a detection sensitivity. The optical characteristic measurement system includes a first measurement apparatus. The first measurement apparatus includes: a first detection element arranged in a housing; a first cooling unit at least partially joined to the first detection element that cools the detection element; and a suppression mechanism that suppresses temperature variations occurring around the detection element in the housing.

Abstract: There is provided an optical characteristic measurement system that can be set up in a relatively short time and can increase a detection sensitivity. The optical characteristic measurement system includes a first measurement apparatus. The first measurement apparatus includes: a first detection element arranged in a housing; a first cooling unit at least partially joined to the first detection element that cools the detection element; and a suppression mechanism that suppresses temperature variations occurring around the detection element in the housing.

Abstract: A soil mapping system for collecting and mapping soil reflectance data in a field includes an implement having a furrow opener for creating a furrow and an optical module. The optical module is arranged to collect soil reflectance data at a predetermined depth within the furrow as the implement traverses a field. The optical module includes two monochromatic light sources, a window arranged to press against the soil, and a photodiode for receiving light reflected back from the soil through the window. The two light sources have different wavelengths and are modulated at different frequencies. The photodiode provides a modulated voltage output signal that contains reflectance data from both of the light sources. Additional measurement devices are carried by the implement for collecting additional soil property data, such as electrical conductivity, pH, and elevation, which can be used together with the optical data to determine variations in soil organic matter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for actuating an acousto-optical component for manipulating light passing therethrough, in particular for manipulating the illumination and/or detection light in the beam path of a microscope, preferably a laser scanning microscope, where the illumination and/or detection wavelength is adjusted by means of at least one frequency generator connected to the acousto-optical component and controlling the manipulation, the frequency generator generates a signal which generates a spectral spread for the intensity distribution of the wavelength of the illumination and/or detection light for ensuring a temperature-independent manipulation. Actuation is effected by two or more actuation signals in such a way that two or more overlapping and/or superposing main lobes of the transfer function of the acousto-optical component or main maxima are generated.

Abstract: Disclosed are examples of spectrometer-equipped devices that provide general illumination supplied by artificial or natural light, and that also detect substances in the environment around the device. In some examples, light may be emitted by a spectrometer light source. The spectrometer detects the light from any of a natural light source, artificial general illumination light or light from the spectrometer light source passed, reflected or shifted and regenerated by substances in the air or on a surface in the vicinity of the device. In response, the spectrometer generates signals representative of the spectral power distribution (e.g. intensities of given wavelengths in the optical spectrum) of the detected light. A controller analyzes the spectrometer generated signals and initiates action based on or outputs a report indicating the environmental condition detected by the spectrometer-equipped device.

Abstract: A method for measuring furnace temperatures. The method includes obtaining radiance measurements from a plurality of regions of interest (ROIs) using a plurality of thermal imaging cameras, and measuring a surface temperature using a radiance measurement obtained from an ROI selected from the plurality of ROIs. Measuring the surface temperature includes determining an effective background radiance affecting the selected ROI using radiance measurements obtained from ROIs different from the selected ROI, obtaining a compensated radiance by removing the effective background radiance from the radiance measurement obtained from the selected ROI, and converting the compensated radiance to the measured surface temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for measuring the body fat percent and fat accretion during pregnancy, which preferably utilizes a Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) fat determination method. The FT-NIR results can be used to measure and monitor body fat percent, and used to measure the mother's fat accretion rate. A method to monitor weight gain in a pregnant subject is provided wherein the body fat percentage of the subject is maintained at a constant level during gestation, and the subject's fat accretion rate is monitored so as to follow the fat accretion rate provided by using pre-defined fat accretion determination formulae. By measurement of the body fat percent and fat accretion rates, the weight gain of a subject can be monitored and/or controlled during pregnancy.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-linear optical crystal containing pyridinium represented by the following Formula (1), 4-substituted phenylsulfonate represented by the following Formula (2a), and 2,4,6-substituted phenylsulfonate represented by the following Formula (2b).

Abstract: A key structure includes a pedestal, an upper cover, a light-emitting element, a triggering element, an array-type sensing element and a control unit. The light-emitting element emits a light beam. The triggering element is arranged between the pedestal and the upper cover. The triggering element includes a reflecting part. The light-emitting element and the array-type sensing element are located under the reflecting part. When the key structure is depressed, the key structure is moved relative to the pedestal. The light beam from the light-emitting element is reflected by the reflecting part and then received by the array-type sensing element. As the triggering element is moved, the array-type sensing element generates plural images. The control unit generates a corresponding pressure sensing signal according to the plural images.

Abstract: A spectral imaging system includes a spectrometer and an optics imaging system. The spectrometer is operable for generating spectral signatures of objects from a scene. The optics imaging system is operable to generate six or more responses from the same scene. Each of the six or more responses represents different spectral content of the objects in the scene. The responses generated by the optics imaging system can be used to generate a hypercube using spectral reconstruction techniques. In an embodiment, the spectral imaging system could be implemented as part of a mobile phone.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an optical apparatus of collecting three dimensional information of an object, which includes a first optical module, a second optical module and an optical detector. The first optical module provides a first light beam of a first wavelength range in accordance with light reflected from the object. The second optical module provides a second light beam of a second wavelength range in accordance with the light reflected from the object. The optical detector detects the first light beam and the second light beam.

Abstract: In a spectrum analysis apparatus, a controller controls selection of an adequate the correction device based on a plurality of corrected absorption spectra corrected by a plurality of correction devices acquired in advance for eliminating an effect of stray light.

Abstract: An optical sectioning apparatus using optical interference microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, including: a beam splitter capable of splitting an incident light beam into a reflected light beam and a transmitted light beam; a wide band light source for providing the incident light beam; a reference arm unit for making the transmitted light beam travel a round trip along an adjustable optical path; a short wavelength light source; a first dichroic splitter, with a first side facing the short wavelength light source and a third side facing the beam splitter, being capable of providing a light-blocking effect on wavelengths shorter than a preset wavelength; an objective lens, with a collimated side facing a second side of the first dichroic splitter; a sample carrier unit facing a focal side of the objective lens; and a projection lens and a sensor units for receiving an output light beam.

Abstract: Coherent light is used to image cells/molecules at wavelengths in the near-infrared (NIR) region in second, third and fourth spectral windows. Optical attenuation from thin tissue slices of normal and malignant breast and prostate tissue, and pig brain are placed between matched bandpass filters, within desired windows and measured within an NIR spectral window at wavelengths selected to highlight the desired cells/molecules. Due to a reduction in scattering and minimal absorption, longer attenuation and clearer images can be seen in the second, third and fourth NIR windows compared to the conventional first NIR window. The spectral windows have uses in microscope imaging one or more collagens, elastins, lipids and carotenoids in arteries, bones, breast, cells, skin, intestines, bones, cracks, teeth, and blood due to less scattering of light and improved signal to noise to provide clearer images.

Abstract: A breast scanning apparatus which uses photoacoustic ultrasonic waves is provided. The breast scanning apparatus includes a body which includes a first hole and a second hole which are horizontally parallel to each other; a first compression plate and a second compression plate, at least one of which is movable in a vertical direction with respect to the body; a first sliding plate and a second sliding plate, which are respectively installed on surfaces of the first compression plate and the second compression plate and are facing each other and are movable in a first direction; a first ultrasonic transducer array in the first compression plate and facing the first sliding plate; and a first laser head in the first compression plate, which is movable in a second direction which is perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: A thermal infrared sensor for gas measurement including a sensing element. The sensing element includes a thermal detection layer that outputs an electric signal based on a temperature change, a light-receiving surface electrode disposed on a light-receiving surface of the thermal detection layer, and a back electrode disposed on the thermal detection layer opposite the light-receiving surface electrode. The light-receiving surface electrode has a periodic structure configured to selectively absorb infrared light having an absorption wavelength of a sample gas.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an infrared (IR) imaging system for determining a concentration of a target species in an object is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit. The optical system can have components defining at least two optical channels thereof, said at least two optical channels being spatially and spectrally different from one another. Each of the at least two optical channels can be positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA. The system can include a processing unit containing a processor that can be configured to acquire multispectral optical data representing said target species from the IR radiation received at the optical FPA. Said optical system and said processing unit can be contained together in a data acquisition and processing module configured to be worn or carried by a person.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a medicament dosage form which consists of at least one piece which in each case comprises at least one medicament and at least one additive, the medicament and the additive being mixed and extruded from a die as a strand and the strand being cut into pieces of precise weight. The invention additionally relates to a device.

Abstract: An improved compact spectrometer system comprising an improved spatially variable filter is disclosed herein. A spatially variable filter may be configured to have a plurality of different transmission profiles at different locations of the filter, to spectrally separate light incident on the filter. The spatially variable filter may comprise a plurality of different filter regions having different transmission profiles, and a plurality of similar filter regions comprising similar transmission profiles. The spatially variable filter may be optically coupled to a detector comprising a plurality of detector elements configured to measure the intensity of light. The measurement data generated by the plurality of detector elements coupled to the plurality of similar filter regions can be used to determine a spatial variation on incident light intensity.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating 3D-maps for acquiring three-dimensional (3D) maps are presented. The method includes analyzing at least one image acquired by a passive sensor to identify a plurality of objects in the at least one image; classifying the plurality of objects; determining, based on the classification, whether to passively measure a distance to each of the plurality of objects; passively measuring the distance to at least one of the plurality of objects based on the determination; actively measuring a distance to some of the plurality of objects, wherein the distance to one of the same of the plurality of objects is actively measured when the distance to the object cannot be passively measured; and generating a 3D map of a scene based on the distance measured to each of the plurality of objects.

Abstract: A method for determining temperature information for a plurality of tubes in a furnace where one or more digital images provide temperature information for imaged tubes, and temperature information for non-imaged tubes is determined from the temperature information for the imaged tubes and measured temperatures of combined effluent from the imaged and non-imaged tubes.

Abstract: A diagnostic instrument comprises a monochromatic light source, transmission means to transmit light from the light source to a test site, collection means to transmit scattered light from the test site, and spectral analysis apparatus to receive light from the collection means, the spectral analysis apparatus comprising a diffraction grating having a first grating element and a second grating element, wherein the first grating element diffracts light within a first wavelength range and the second grating element diffracts light within a second wavelength range, the spectral analysis apparatus further comprising a light-sensing apparatus, the first grating element arranged to diffract light onto a first area of the light-sensing apparatus and the second grating element arranged to diffract light onto a second area of the light-sensing apparatus.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for moisture measurement. In some embodiments, a reflectance measurement is corrected based on a soil characteristic map. In other embodiments, a first reflectance measurement at a first depth is corrected based on a second reflectance measurement at a second depth.

Abstract: A sensor and method of making a sensor for detecting an incident signal is provided. The sensor includes a frame, an antenna and a platform configured to detect the incident signal, and a holding arm connected to the frame, the holding arm configured to structurally support the antenna and the platform, and further configured to operably connect the platform to an electronic device external to the frame. The holding arm includes a conductor having an axial length and a plurality of disturbance elements formed along the axial length of the conductor.

Abstract: An infrared thermal sensor for detecting infrared radiation, comprising a substrate and a cap structure together forming a sealed cavity, the cavity comprising a gas at a predefined pressure; a membrane arranged in said cavity for receiving infrared radiation; a plurality of beams for suspending the membrane; a plurality of thermocouples for measuring a temperature difference between the membrane and the substrate; wherein the ratio of the thermal resistance between the membrane and the substrate through the thermocouples, and the thermal resistance between the membrane and the substrate through the beams and through the gas is a value in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. A method of designing such a sensor, and a method of producing such a sensor is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for a frequency selective imager. In particular, the frequency selective imager includes an array of pixels arranged in a focal plane array. Each pixel includes at least one nanoparticle-sized diameter thermoelectric junction that is formed between nanowires of different compositions. When a nanoparticle-sized diameter thermoelectric junction senses a photon, the nanoparticle-sized diameter thermoelectric junction emits an electrical pulse voltage that is proportional to an energy level of the sensed photon. In one or more embodiments, the frequency selective imager is a frequency selective optical imager that is used to sense photons having optical frequencies. In at least one embodiment, at least one of the nanowires in the frequency selective imager is manufactured from a compound material including Bismuth (Bi) and Tellurium (Te).

Abstract: An NIR analyzer with the optical probes across a pipe, or in a bypass configuration, after a stabilizer in an oil or condensate production plant. Prior to use, liquid samples from the plant are analyzed in a chemical lab to obtain reference vapor pressure or compositional values. A chemometric model using known techniques is then built with the captured absorption spectra and the reference lab results. Preprocessing methodologies can be used to help mitigate interferences of the fluid, instrument drift, and contaminate build up on the lenses in contact with the fluid. The chemometric model is implemented through the NIR analyzer as the calibration curve to predict the vapor pressure or other values of the flowing fluid in real time.

Abstract: An optical radiation source produced from a disordered semiconductor material, such as black silicon, is provided. The optical radiation source includes a semiconductor substrate, a disordered semiconductor structure etched in the semiconductor substrate and a heating element disposed proximal to the disordered semiconductor structure and configured to heat the disordered semiconductor structure to a temperature at which the disordered semiconductor structure emits thermal infrared radiation.

Abstract: A soil mapping system for collecting and mapping soil reflectance data in a field includes an implement having a furrow opener for creating a furrow and an optical module. The optical module is arranged to collect soil reflectance data at a predetermined depth within the furrow as the implement traverses a field. The optical module includes two monochromatic light sources, a window arranged to press against the soil, and a photodiode for receiving light reflected back from the soil through the window. The two light sources have different wavelengths and are modulated at different frequencies. The photodiode provides a modulated voltage output signal that contains reflectance data from both of the light sources. Additional measurement devices are carried by the implement for collecting additional soil property data, such as electrical conductivity, pH, and elevation, which can be used together with the optical data to determine variations in soil organic matter.