Abstract: An orientation film evaluating apparatus and a rubbing processing apparatus by which the orientation capability for a liquid crystal orientation film can be measured quantitatively with high sensitivity and accuracy even during an actual production process, and an orientation condition is controlled precisely so as to obtain a stable production condition and to improve productivity and yield therefor. The orientation film evaluating apparatus includes: a unit for radiating infrared light; a polarizing portion which polarizes the infrared at varied angles to an orientation film, and for irradiating the polarized infrared lights to the orientation film; a detection portion which detects infrared light reflected upon the orientation film; and an evaluating portion which obtains a difference of absorbance of infrared light detected by the detection portion with respect to a polarized direction of the orientation film, and which evaluates an orientation capability of the orientation film.

Abstract: A thermal imaging system (10) including a housing (12) having a cavity (28) therein is provided. A plurality of thermal sensors (14) are placed in the cavity (28) of the housing and an IR window (16) in the opening of the cavity protects the thermal sensors (14). The IR window (16) includes first (18) and second (20) faceplates formed from an IR transmissive material and a honeycomb support structure (22) between the faceplates for supporting the faceplates. The window (16) may also include an adhesive layer (25 & 26) between each faceplate and the support structure (22) for adhering each faceplate to the support structure (22).

Abstract: The system comprises a focusing optics in the focal plane of which a linear array of photodetectors is disposed. A double prism located opposite to said photodetectors with respect to said focusing optics, is servo controlled in rotation relative to a support about its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the axis of said optics, said support being itself servo controlled in rotation about said optical axis in order to scan a space of about 2 .pi. steradians. A derotating prism aligned with said optical axis rotates about said optical axis at a speed half of that of said double prism, in order to hold the image of the target in a single direction in said focal plane, whatever the rotations of said support.

Abstract: A gas analyser and detector has an infra red source, a gas chamber and a detector cell; the detector cell has a gas sample inlet, inlet and exit paths for an infra red beam and reflector means in the chamber comprising a convex surface and a concave surface. The reflector means ensures a long path length for the beam whilst reducing beam divergence and signal loss.

Abstract: Non-invasive measurements of physiological chemicals such as glucose are made using infrared radiation and a signal processing system that permits the construction of a device suited for home use. The level of a selected physiological chemical in a test subject is determined in a non-invasive and quantitative manner by a method comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating a portion of the test subject with near-infrared radiation such that the radiation is transmitted through or reflected from the test subject; (b) collecting data concerning the transmitted or reflected infrared radiation using a detector; (c) digitally filtering the collected data to isolate a portion of the data indicative of the physiological chemical; and (d) determining the amount of physiological chemical in the test subject by applying a defined mathematical model to the digitally filtered data. The data collected may be in the form of an absorbance spectrum, i.e.

Abstract: An infrared imaging system comprises an optical system for forming an image of a target on an infrared detection array and an automatic focusing mechanism, wherein an output image signal of the infrared detection array is processed in a filter to extract high frequency components therefrom, The automatic focusing mechanism controls the optical system such that the high frequency components in the image signal is enhanced, In order to detect the maximum enhancement of the high frequency components, the high frequency components for the present moment and those for a past moment are compared while driving the automatic focusing mechanism, Further, the infrared imaging system is equipped with a predictive focusing control system that detects a moving speed of the target and activates the automatic focusing mechanism in advance when the moving speed of the target is fast.

Abstract: A gas analysis device for the remote detecting, measuring and recording of NO, CO, CO.sub.2, HC, and H.sub.2 O levels from the exhaust (30) of moving motor vehicles (28) utilizes a source (11) of collimated infrared and ultraviolet radiation (15) and includes a detector unit (16) positioned on the opposite side of the roadway for receiving and measuring the infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the source (11) tranmitted through the vehicle exhaust. The detector unit splits the combined infrared and ultraviolet radiation into separate infrared and ultraviolet beams (42) and (40). The ultraviolet beam is diffracted onto a photodiode array in a spectrometer that generates a signal indicative of NO in the vehicle exhaust. A rotating reflector (27) time-multiplexes the infrared beam to a plurality of infrared sensors that generate electrical signals indicative of, for example, CO, CO.sub.2, HC, and H.sub.2 O in the vehicle exhaust. A computer (17) then computes the relative concentrations of CO, CO.sub.

Abstract: An optical system is described including an array of photodetectors, each photodetector having a surface, and a focusing system employing a liquid crystal phased array for focusing a beam of electromagnetic energy on the surface of at least one of the photodetectors. The focusing system further includes a focus-defocus technique for periodically defocusing the beam of electromagnetic energy on the surface of at least one of the photodetectors. With such an arrangement, a focusing system is provided wherein fixed pattern noise can be decreased.

Abstract: A conventional rate-stabilized IR seeker is fitted with an improvement that esults in a wider FOV as well as much-reduced image smear. The improvement comprises a circular optical wedge rotatably mounted in front of the optics assembly of the seeker sensor. The combination of the primary scan vector generated by the circulating sensor of the seeker and the secondary scan vector generated by the rotating wedge produces a scan pattern that has a wider total FOV than that of the sensor alone while at the same time providing occasional points of zero or near-zero spatial scan velocity. Such points allow collection of "snapshot" data with little or no image smear.

Abstract: Gases such as pollutants are discerned in the open air, preferably using a laser to emit an infrared light beam along a sight path for illuminating the gases. A telescope is directed along the sight path and collects light from the gases, the combination of the laser and telescope permitting redirection of the sight path to any target, such as fugitive emissions of a stack. An optical tunable filter is coupled to the telescope for selecting a particular optical wavelength or band, and focusing the filtered wavelength on a detector. A processor 72) is coupled to the detector output and pulses the laser. The processor analyzes the light levels as a function of wavelength to discriminate for the presence of selected gases by determining a characteristic pattern of light absorption and light emission by the gases. The tunable filter has an acousto-optical crystal of Tl.sub.3 AsSe.sub.3, in which an RF acoustic wave is generated for varying diffraction of light by the filter, thereby selecting a wavelength.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting and measuring relative concentrations of pollutants such as HC, CO and CO.sub.2 in the exhaust emissions from passing vehicles includes an infrared (IR) beam source for directing an IR beam through a vehicle's exhaust plume and a detector disposed on one side of a roadway and a lateral transfer mirror (LTM) disposed on the other side of the roadway for lateral reflecting of the IR beam back through the vehicle's exhaust plume and onto the detector. The LTM allows for close spacing and precise alignment between the emitted and reflected beam paths and permits the IR beam source and detector to be disposed in a single module. Compensation for variation in a range of vehicle operating conditions is provided by adjustable, computer-controlled potentiometers, while audio and/or visible light feedback of the detected IR signal allows a single operator to precisely align the optical components of the apparatus.

Abstract: A noncontact bench flotation sensor system for use with a flotation bench. The system comprises a plurality of reflectors that are disposed on the body of the bench, typically on the inside of the skirt or overhanging portion of the table surface of the bench. Each reflector is such that it reflects over a narrow region, or angle. Two sensor assemblies, preferably infrared, are disposed adjacent each reflector and are located on each leg of the bench. Each of the sensor assemblies is comprised of an transmitter and an detector. The two sensor assemblies are separated by a distance that corresponds to upper and lower limits of bench flotation. The sensor assemblies transmit infrared energy, for example, at the reflector. In the event that the isolator moves to a point where one of the transmitters is aligned with the reflector, energy is reflected back to the associated detector, and the reflected energy is detected.

Abstract: A gas analysis device (10) for the remote detecting, measuring and recording of NO.sub.x, CO, CO.sub.2, HC and H.sub.2 O levels from the exhaust (30) of moving motor vehicles (28) utilizes a source (11) of collimated infrared and ultraviolet radiation (15) and includes a detector unit (16) positioned on the opposite side of the roadway for receiving and measuring the infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the source (11) tranmitted through the vehicle exhaust. The detector unit splits the combined infrared and ultraviolet radiation into separate infrared and ultraviolet beams (42) and (40). An ultraviolet sensor (44) receives the separate ultraviolet beam and generates a signal indicative of NO.sub.x. A rotating reflector (27) time-multiplexes the infrared beam to a plurality of infrared sensors that generate electrical signals indicative of, for example, CO, CO.sub.2, HC and H.sub.2 O in the vehicle exhaust. A computer (17) then computes the relative concentrations of CO, CO.sub.2, HC, NO.sub.x, and H.sub.

Abstract: Forward looking infra-red apparatus including an enclosure, a reflector riving infra-red energy from a field of view and a receiver, which receives the infra-red energy from the reflector and provides an output indication of an infra-red image of the field of view, wherein the receiver is hermetically sealed within the enclosure and the reflector is disposed outside of the enclosure and is foldably mounted with respect thereto so as to assume a first orientation when the apparatus is in operation and a second folded and more compact orientation than the first orientation when the apparatus is not in use.

Abstract: At geosynchronous and other high altitudes a dual cone scanner has been a convenient way of determining both pitch and roll utilizing a single horizon sensor positioned on an orbiting spacecraft whose attitude is to be determined. However, for large roll angles, one of the scans may leave the earth or reference body defeating the purpose of the sensor. In accordance with the present invention, a third cone angle is scanned between the original two, thereby providing two good scans preserving the pitch and roll attitude information, even if one of the scans has rolled off of the reference body.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting position or temperature distribution of an object has a lens which is rotated around a pyroelectric type infrared sensor to collect incident infrared ray on the sensor while scanning the incident infrared ray in a rotational direction. The optical scanning is operated also in the longitudinal direction by providing with a plurality of lenses having different view in the longitudinal direction, the lenses being rotated sequentialy around the sensor. Further, detection of temperature of an object is conducted without using optical chopper by alternately observing the object and a standard temperature material which is arranged in a part of view, or by providing a stationary slit unit on a curved surface formed around a center axis which is the same as the rotation axis of the lens and a movable slit unit having the same pitch and arranged adjacent to the stationary slit unit and rotating together with the lens to intermitting the incident infrared ray.

Abstract: An infrared microscopic spectrometer includes an optical system which allows for a shifting of the optical path interactive with a sample from a sample transmissive optical path to an optical path through an ATR crystal using ATR analysis. In the shown embodiment, the shift in the optical path is in a direction perpendicular to a transmissive optical axis, at least along a portion of the shift adjacent to the transmissive optical axis. The shift is undertaken by a moving means which moves the collecting element providing the infrared rays. A sample-holding structure allows the ATR crystal to be rotated or detachably removed, as necessary.

Abstract: An advance in-flight windshear detection system which utilizes a scanning mirror to direct infrared energy located in a three dimensional space in front of the aircraft which is divided into a plurality of variable columns, onto a linear array of photoconductive infrared detectors, the detector emitting a signal representative of the radiant energy at various points in said variable located columns, and a computer for generating a displayable representation of the air temperature in front of the aircraft, the computer further capable of interpolating and extrapolating the air temperatures in the three dimensional space based upon the known and or calculated lapse rate; and a display device for graphically displaying the air temperature in front of the aircraft and above the flight path vector so as to provide a more accurate indication of windshear which is less affected by the uncertainties arising from measuring air temperature in a typically more turbulent region along the flight path vector as the aircraf

Abstract: A parabolic light reflection device in a cathodoluminescence (CL) apparatus is integrated with a photosensitive solid state device mounted on a supporting plate, and supported in an electron microscope vacuum chamber specimen stage by an adaptor element. These components are optically aligned with respect to one another and a readily exchangeable unit is thus obtained. Designed for CL emission operation in an electron microscope, the parabolic light reflection device and the photosensitive solid state detection device are optically aligned and then mounted on a supporting plate of the photosensitive solid state device. The unit thus configured is supported by the specimen stage adaptor element to obtain a mechanical element which can be easily inserted in and removed from any standard electron microscope vacuum chamber stage as a single integrated unit.

Abstract: A temperature monitoring unit has a high degree of sensitivity and reliability even when monitoring the temperature of a relatively large rotary heating element. The temperature monitoring unit includes a mirror which is provided in the vicinity of the rotary heating element and is oriented to reflect infrared rays from the heating element in the radial direction thereof, the mirror being reciprocated linearly in the radial direction, a condenser lens provided radially outwardly of the heating element for converging the infrared rays reflected by the mirror, an infrared sensor on which the converged rays impinge, a plate provided between the mirror and the lens and which has a slit therein that is elongate in a direction approximately perpendicular to the surface of the heating element, and an image processor receiving the output of the infrared sensor. The sensitivity is high because infrared rays from around the thermal point of the heating element are blocked by the plate.

Abstract: An infrared microscope spectrometer is used to carry out attenuated total reflection (ATR) analysis of a sample. Either the collecting element assembly or focusing element assembly is mounted for selected movement with respect to the other so as to permit alignment of the output beam from the focusing assembly with the optical axis of the spectrometer, whenever an ATR crystal with sample is placed between the collecting and focusing assemblies.

Abstract: The accessary for attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy comprises a condenser mirror, a crystalline element, a sample-supporting portion holding the crystalline element, an objective mirror, and a slit. The crystalline element has an incident surface, a totally reflecting surface, and an exit surface. A sample to be investigated is contacted with the totally reflecting surface The focused point of the infrared radiation from the condenser mirror is at the point of measurement on the totally reflecting surface of the crystalline element The focus of the objective mirror can be brought to the point of measurement on the sample surface. A point analysis, line analysis, or area surface on the order of 10 .mu.m can be made while observing the sample with the naked eye with the objective mirror. The invention further includes improvements in the mechanism for automatically adjusting the focus of the objective mirror when the measurement point is changed.

Abstract: An oscillatory mirror device having a mirror and a pair of exciting systems to exert a couple of forces to turn the mirror around an axis of oscillation in an oscillating manner.

Abstract: A pupil/image reversal prism (FIG. 2) forms a pupil at an image location. Such a prism has specific applicability in a DCR scheme for a thermal imaging system (FIG. 3a, 31 and 32) in which a passive DCR source is implemented by a pupil imager that forms a pupil onto the image of a thermal scene, thereby providing scene-average radiation to a thermal detector array. The pupil/image reversal prism including an input reflective surface (A), an output reflective surface (B), a positive reflective surface (C) and an intermediate folding reflective surface (D). The reflective surfaces A and B use total internal reflection to provide both transmissive and reflective operation.

Abstract: An optoelectronic viewing system for imaging a field of view on a monitor includes a telescope for generating an optical image of the field of view, a scanning device for electronically scanning the optical image and an electronic evaluation unit for processing the scanning signals and displaying the image on the monitor. In order to create a field of view which is large enough for surveillance with a long-range viewing system that has sufficient resolution, a mirror system for pivoting the direction of beam incidence in the vertical and horizontal direction is placed ahead of the telescope. The mirror system is driven for reproducibly and consecutively passing through a succession of fixed predetermined pivoted positions. The scanned image signals obtained from the individual pivoted positions are combined into a field of view.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for accurately determining the horizon position of a celestial body is disclosed in the form of inner and outer detector portions arranged generally-concentrically relative to an optical axis. Difference-determining electrical circuitry determines a difference between the outputs of the two detectors.

Abstract: A horizon sensor scans an infrared detector over the earth's horizon generating first (A) and second (B) signals of finite pulse width representing radiation from the fields of view of the infrared detector as it is scanned across the earth's horizon. Signals (A-B) and (A+B)/3 are derived from the first (A) and second (B) signals. The horizon is detected when a threshold is exceeded when the absolute value (A-B) is less than the absolute value of (A+B)/3 whereby the detected horizon is essentially independent of the radiance variations of the earth's horizon. Sun and moon signals appearing in the field of view of the infrared detector are eliminated based on the smaller pulse width of such signals in comparison with the finite pulse width of the first and second signals. The method of radiance compensation can be implemented using a dual field of view for the infrared detector in a horizon crossing indicator sensor where the scanning of the detector is provided by the rotation of the satellite.

Abstract: An optical system focuses a portion of electromagnetic energy into a spot on a focal plane and rotates the focused spot about an optic axis. A plurality of detectors is disposed in a detector plane. The array of detectors is arranged in a plurality of sets of such detectors. Each one of such sets of detectors is disposed along a different region extending radially from a central region of the array. When the detector and focal planes are skewed, a processor processes signals produced by a selected one of the plurality of sets of detectors. The selected one of the sets is the set disposed in one of the radially extending regions disposed along, or adjacent to, a line formed by the intersection of the skewed detector and focal planes.

Abstract: In a radiation image read-out apparatus, a stimulable phosphor sheet, on which a radiation image has been stored, is scanned with a stimulating ray beam, which causes the stimulable phosphor sheet to emit light in proportion to the amount of energy stored thereon during its exposure to radiation. The light, which is emitted by part of the stimulable phosphor sheet being scanned with the stimulating ray beam, is photoelectrically detected and converted into an image signal. The beam diameter of the stimulating ray beam is adjusted such that it is larger than the size of each picture element in the radiation image. Each picture element is scanned with the stimulating ray beam by a plurality of scanning steps such that the position, which is scanned, is shifted for different scanning steps.

Abstract: A chopper, in an infrared imaging system, is used to scatter infrared radiation from a viewed scene. This scattered radiation is detected with an infrared detector and used to produce a reference signal, which represents the uniform average radiance of the scene. This reference signal may be substracted from a signal representing the unscattered radiation emitted by the scene, to produce a signal that represents only radiance differences and that is an optimal signal for amplification.

Abstract: Images of two fields of view of one or two scenes in a radiation sensor are generated by use of a single detector and common signal process circuitry. The two imaged fields of view, typically a narrow view and a wide view, are provided by two independent telescopes (18, 20), and are combined by use of a field-of-view switch (32) comprising a chopper wheel (34) or an optical switch in synchronized operation with a mirror scanner (22). The same field-of-view switch is employed in performing detector non-uniformity correction functions, such as automatic responsivity control and direct current restoration. Folding optics couples scanned radiation from the scanner to the switch. An additional field of view may be introduced by displacing a folding mirror of the folding optics. Also, a portion of a reflecting surface of the switch may be tilted to admit a reference beam of radiation useful in performing the functions of responsivity control and D.C. restoration.

Abstract: A heat imaging camera (3) for sensing convective conditions in boundary layer flows occurring on wind tunnel models (2), particularly at cryogenic temperatures, scans the model from the outside, thereby detecting the temperature distribution on the model surface. Detectors (9) that are sensitive to the long-wave infrared spectrum range are part of the camera and convert the heat information into electrical signals. The temperature distribution is displayed pictorially and graphically with the help of an evaluation unit (50). The detectors (9) are grouped in a detector mosaic (10) in the camera (3).

Abstract: Since known methods for investigating latch-up propagation have only a comparatively slight chronological resolution, a method and apparatus are proposed in which latch-up is periodically triggered and the intensity of the infrared radiation emanating from an integrated circuit is sensed at a plurality of measuring points that cover the circuit in a grid-like manner in order to respectively determine, at the measuring points, within what time span the intensity of the infrared radiation reaches a threshold, and to respectively register a measured value representing the time interval in a location-dependent manner.

Abstract: An efficient energy upconversion unit is optically coupled to a photomultiplier. The upconversion unit receives incident infrared electromagnetic energy of longer wavelengths and emits, in response, visible light of shorter wavelengths to which the photomultiplier is more responsive. Through such energy upconversion, the sensitivity of the photomultiplier is extended to much longer infrared wavelengths. The upconversion unit is a photoluminescent material specially formulated to have minimal phosphorescence so as to minimize noise.

Abstract: For the detection of heat sources within an area to be maintained under surveillance, several scanning units at different scanning stations are linked to a common radiation sensor by respective optical fibre transmission elements. A gating means, such as a rotary mask with an opening, is indexed stepwise to gate each transmission element in turn to the common sensor.

Abstract: A particular area or areas are monitored for the presence of gaseous materials, particularly pollutants by analyzing background infrared radiation present in the selected area with a spectrometer and making the results of this analysis available in a form understandable to the person or device monitoring the area for the presence of specified gaseous materials. The results of the spectrometric analysis may, for example, be displayed on a video unit or they may be printed. Apparatus useful in the practice of this invention generally includes an interferometer of the Michaelson-Morely type having specific optical characteristics, a sensitive infrared detector, electronic data processor, and a device which records and/or displays the results of the determination(s).

Abstract: An achromatic scanning system 25 subjects an incoming beam of light to reflection off four successive mirrors (35a, 42a, 42b, 35b). The mirrors at the input and output are preferably plane mirrors (35a-b) and are referred to as the scanning mirrors. They are movable and provide the desired beam displacement when appropriately driven. They face away generally from each other and are rotatable about respective axes. Each axis lies in the plane of its respective mirror and the two axes are non-parallel (preferably perpendicular) to each other. The two intermediate mirrors are concave mirrors (42a-b) that face each other and define an afocal assembly that transfers the light reflected from the first scanning mirror (35a) to the second scanning mirror (35b).

Abstract: In a spectroscopically operating infrared hygrometer, beams emitted by the beam source and formed by the lens arrangement disposed in front thereof, are reflected via two pairs of rotating lenses, fixed in two parallel planes which are at a fixed distance from each other, and via a fixed mirror, to the lens arrangement placed in front of the detector and are directed by this lens arrangement to the detector. In this infrared hygrometer the absorption distance change takes place very rapidly, so that it is possible during measurements over longer perids of time, for example, during measurements taken from an airplane, to relate with small time constants the individual measurement values for the two absorption distances continuously. Furthermore, intermediate calibration is not required with this infrared hygrometer.

Abstract: A multispectral band imaging and detecting device for use with a catoptric zoom optical device having a focal plane. A plurality of electromagnetic radiation detectors are provided that are sensitive to one or more portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. An optical bench has the plurality of electromagnetic radiation detectors disposed thereon. A torque motor or the like is operatively connected to move the optical bench relative to the focal plane to move a selected one of the detectors into coincidence with the focal plane.

Abstract: An IR sensing system wherein the focal area is located outside the casing at holds a detector array and a bundle of optical fibres leads from the focal area to the detector array in the array such that the inner, emitting end of each fibre of the bundle is in proximate relationship with only one single detector.

Abstract: A radiation detector, serving as an infrared movement monitor, which is reactive to thermal radiation includes a housing having a window admitting the radiation and optics. The window having a size being coordinated with the angle of coverage of the optics disposed behind it. The optics focussing the radiation onto an optical sensor, preferably through a Fresnel lens. The window having a frame for accepting and guiding at least one masking element formed of a strip-shaped plastic film diminishing the infrared radiation and being slideably displaced in a guide channel along the window for covering the optics in a variable sub-region thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with displaying moving objects (targets) wherein two time-shifted object signatures are imaged on a detector. Target scanning is with a prismatic rotating wheel, the periphery of which has a plurality of adjacent, recessed, and oppositely reflecting triplet mirror surfaces which alternately reflect the two signatures onto the detector. The position coordinates of the objects are defined by taking the difference of the detector output signals of the two object signatures. The display is characterized in that the first signature scan is delayed by an intermediate storage so that it shall be simultaneously available with the second signature scan. After taking the difference of the signals of these signature scans, the uncanceled individual signals remaining in the storage are defined as the coordinates of the moving objects and appear as electronic outputs.

Abstract: An electrooptic support measure comprised of black hole radiometer within a orward looking infrared (FLIR) scanning imaging video processing system to provide friendly military personnel with the capability of surveying terrain to determine if enemy thermal imaging devices (TIDs), which have cryogenic temperature detectors therein, are being used in surveillance against the friendly military personnel. The lens and scanners of the FLIR scanning imaging video processing system have wide field of view (FOV) for search operation, and each of the plurality of the IR detectors that form an IR detector array operate as a plurality of radiometers having narrow (FOVs) when the black hole radiometer capability circuit of this disclosure is being used.

Abstract: An infrared spectrum measuring microscope apparatus which is suitable for accurately identifying the material at a microfine portion. A sample stage is vertically moved and special optical means are provided in the sample stage for enabling high-sensitivity spectral measurement of a microfine portion of samples of various sizes. The infrared microspectometer of the present invention also enables the chemical species of the sample to be identified by the fluorescence spectrum in addition to the information of the infrared spectrum.

Abstract: A horizon sensor which senses the horizon and produces a signal which indicates orientation with respect thereto is provided for scanning the horizon or distant line of discontinuity in optical radiation by a detector sensitive to such radiation and using the signals generated by the detector in crossing the line of discontinuity in optical radiation for attitude control of moving bodies. A scanner for the detector has two successive reflecting elements in optical alignment with the detector for reflectively applying predetermined optical radiation from a scanned field of view which includes the line of discontinuity in optical radiation.

Abstract: Appartaus is disclosed for harmonizing onto a common reference axis the optical/optronic axes (4;5;18) of an aiming apparatus consisting of day sight channel (3) and combined thermal image/laser reception channel (1) with a stand alone laser transmitter (2). The laser radiation (9) reflected by the target is incident together with the target and ambient inherent radiation (11) via the scanning mirror (12) on selected elements of the detector row array (30), is optoelectronically converted and represented on the light-emitting diode array (25). Via the back of the mirror the signals are imaged on the retina by means of the deflection mirror (23) swung into the ray path. The visible radiatioin (19) imaged in the plane of the day reticle (21) also passes to the observer's eye when the deflection mirror is swung out. The visible radiation (19) in the day sight channel (3) can be observed when the deflection mirror is swung out via an imaging in the plane of the day reticle (21).

Abstract: A scanning system and method for optically measuring parameters such as dry basis weight, basis weight and moisture content of fibrous sheets during manufacture. The system includes a first track that extends generally parallel to one face of a traveling web in the cross direction; a stationary light source arranged to direct collimated light generally parallel to the first track; a first reflector that travels along the first track and focuses the collimated light against the adjacent face of the web; a second track that extends parallel to the first track adjacent the opposite face of the web; a second reflector that travels along the second track and collects and collimates rays that are transmitted through the web; and stationary light detectors that detect the intensity of the collected rays at least at two selected ranges of wavelengths to measure the absorption properties of the traveling web at selected locations.

Abstract: A universal microscope for use with a commercial FT-IR spectrophotometer comprises a visible light microscope for selecting and masking an area of a sample and an infrared microscope for sampling the masked area. The visible light microscope and the infrared microscope share a common optical path between one or more remote sample image plane masks and the sample plane such that both the visible light and the infrared radiant energy are masked twice to spatially define the same area at the sample plane. The first sample image plane mask removes energy from outside the target area at the sample focus. The second sample image plane mask removes energy from outside the target area that is diffracted by the first mask or the focusing optics. The first remote sample image plane is imaged onto the second remote image plane with the radiant energy gaining spectroscopic information and additional image information by passing through or reflecting off a sample located at the intervening sample plane.

Abstract: In the case of a device for detecting the spatial orientation of excessively heated points of wheel bearings and/or wheel running treads of rail vehicles, it is suggested that a deflecting device, such as an oscillating mirror 5, that can be varied periodically in its slope, be inserted into the path of the rays from a measuring point to a heat radiation sensor 7. The ray that is deflected when the slope of the deflecting device is changed can in this way also arrive on reflecting surfaces 10 for the purpose of autocollimation, thereby enabling an improvement in measuring precision. Radiation emitted from the detector is periodically reflected back onto the detector to provide a reference signal.

Abstract: In optical scanning system of laser printer, laser lights are scanned at uniform speed on a photosensitive plane through the projection lens which brings focuses on the photosensitive element. The f.multidot..theta. correction technique is required so that the light reflected from the rotating mirror at the angle .theta. formed between the light ray and the light axis may be made incident at a position c constant times as large as the angle .theta. onto the photosensitive drum. The f.multidot..theta. correction is, without constituting and using the known optical system by a plurality of lenses, electrically performed by attaching to the rotating polygon mirror a chopper grooved at intervals, corresponding to the uniform speed correction to generate the pulse signal, thereby obtaining the optimum width of picture line.