Abstract: The present invention relates to a radioactivity measurement method and a radioactivity measurement system. A radioactivity measurement method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: measuring radioactivity while performing energy scanning and temporal scanning; preparing a database from a time-energy-related data set obtained in result of the scanning; and obtaining a radioactivity measurement value of desired time from the database.

Abstract: A non-destructive inspection system 1 includes a neutron detecting unit 4 and an arithmetic unit 60. The neutron detecting unit 4 includes a collimator 30 and a neutron detector 20 integrated together. The collimator 30 has a wall defining a through passage P. The wall is made from a material that absorbs neutrons produced via an inspection object. The neutron detector 20 is capable of detecting neutrons that have passed through the collimator 30. The arithmetic unit 60 generates information on a position and composition of the inspection object, based on information on the neutrons detected by the neutron detector 20, positional information indicating the position of the neutron detecting unit 4, and posture information indicating the posture of the neutron detecting unit 4. The positional information and the posture information are detected by a position and posture detecting unit 5.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting Compton scatter are provided. The system includes a first detector configured to detect incident radiation and output a first detector signal; more than one second detectors surrounding the first detector and configured to detect incident radiation scattered by the first detector, wherein each of the second detectors output a second detector signal, and wherein a signal decay time of the first detector signal differs from the signal decay time of the second detector signals; and a digitizer configured to receive a single input consisting of output signals from each of the first detector and the plurality of second detectors, wherein the digitizer is further configured to simultaneously digitize the signals to produce a digitized output waveform, and wherein a shape of the output waveform is indicative of a presence or an absence of a Compton scatter signal. The systems and methods are also configured to detect pulse pileup, with or without second detectors.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for forming a radiation detector. The method comprises forming a radiation absorption layer and bonding an electronics layer to the radiation absorption layer. The electronics layer comprises an electronic system configured to process electrical signals generated in the radiation absorption layer upon absorbing radiation photons. The method for forming the radiation absorption layer comprises forming a trench into a first surface of a semiconductor substrate; doping a sidewall of the trench; forming a first electrical contact on the first surface; forming a second electrical contact on a second surface of the semiconductor substrate. The second surface is opposite the first surface. The method further comprises dicing the semiconductor substrate along the trench.

Abstract: A neutron detector comprises one or more neutron detector modules (20). Each neutron detector module (20) comprises a neutron moderating block (22) having a plurality of neutron detector blades (2) embedded therein. Each neutron detector blade (2) is generally planar and comprises conversion layers on either side of a light-guiding sheet (8). Each conversion layer (4a, 4b) comprises a mixture of a neutron absorbing material and a scintillation material. This light-guiding sheet (8) is arranged to receive photons emitted from the scintillation material. A photodetector (10) is optically coupled to the light-guide (8) and arranged to detect photons generated in the conversion layers (4a, 4b) as a result of neutron absorption events and received into the light-guiding sheet (8).

Abstract: An ion chamber has a chamber having an interior volume. There is a first electrode and a second electrode in the chamber and separated by a gap. A collector electrode is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The collector electrode is shaped to occlude a portion of the first electrode from the second electrode.

Abstract: A computer implemented method of detecting neutrons in images from a tunable sensor system comprises training a deep learning process to recognize known radiation-dependent signature patterns created by neutrons in test images. The method further comprises splitting an input image into a plurality of frames and passing the plurality of frames through the deep learning process in order to recognize neutrons in the plurality of frames. Subsequently, the method comprises recombining the plurality of frames back into the input image. For each pixel within the input image, the method comprises examining pixels connected to a respective pixel to determine if a signature pattern particular to neutrons is present within the input image and counting a number of neutrons within the input image using results from the examining.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting radiation includes a sensor medium disposed within a cavity in a silicon-based substrate. An electrode arrangement is provided for collecting charge generated within the sensor medium by interactions with impinging radiation and drifted through the sensor medium. The electrode arrangement is constituted, in part, by a silicon portion of the substrate that is doped to increase its electrical conductivity and that defines part of the cavity wall.

Abstract: A device for determining the location of a source of radiation, based on data acquired at a single orientation of the device without iteration or rotations. Embodiments may comprise two side detector panels positioned closely parallel to each other and adjacent to each other, plus a front detector positioned orthogonally in front of the side detectors, without collimators or shields. The various detectors have contrasting angular sensitivities, so that a predetermined angular correlation function can determine the sign and magnitude of the source angle according to the detection rates of the front and side detectors. Embodiments enable rapid detection and localization of nuclear and radiological weapon materials for greatly improved inspection of cargo containers and personnel. Advanced detectors such as those disclosed herein will be needed in the coming decades to protect against clandestine weapon transport.

Abstract: A neutron capture therapy system includes a neutron beam irradiation unit that applies neutron beams, a treatment table on which an irradiation object irradiated with the neutron beams is mounted, a storage unit that stores distribution data indicating a distribution of hydrogen atoms or nitrogen atoms of a part to be irradiated of the irradiation object, a gamma ray detection unit that detects gamma rays generated from the irradiation object due to irradiation with the neutron beams, and a neutron flux distribution calculation unit that calculates a distribution of neutron flux in the irradiation object on the basis of the distribution data stored in the storage unit and gamma ray distribution data detected by the gamma ray detection unit.

Abstract: An arrangement for detecting neutrons. In an aspect, the arrangement includes a first neutron detector including a neutron-sensitive substance, and the first neutron detector having an associated gain performance. The arrangement includes a second neutron detector including neutron-sensitive substance, and the second neutron detector having an associated gain performance. The gain performance of the second neutron detector matching the gain performance of the first neutron detector. In an aspect, the arrangement includes a first neutron detector including at least some helium. The arrangement includes a second neutron detector including at least some helium and at least some Boron-10.

Abstract: A semiconductor neutron detector and a semiconductor process is provided to manufacture a semiconductor neutron detector. First, a substrate with flat surface having a dielectric layer is formed thereon is provided. Thereafter, a masking pattern is applied and etched into the dielectric layer to expose semiconductor features on opposite sides of the substrate. The semiconductor substrate is submerged into an etchant composed of a semiconductor etching solution to etch deep cavities into the substrate in the exposed regions. Afterwards, dopant impurities are introduced and are driven into the semiconductor, under high temperature, into opposite sides of the etched features to produce one or more rectifying junctions. Afterwards, LiF and/or B particles are forced into the cavities through high velocity methods.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting radiation is provided. In embodiments, at least one sensor is disposed on a surface of a wafer-like substrate. At least one sensor medium is fixed relative to the substrate, optically or electrically coupled to the sensor, and separated from the sensor by no more than the substrate thickness. An electronic signal-processing circuit is connected to the sensor and configured to produce an output when the sensor is stimulated by a product of an interaction between the sensor medium and impinging radiation. The sensor is configured to collect, from the sensor medium, charge and/or light produced within the sensor medium by interactions with impinging radiation.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a neutron spectrometry system, comprising a plurality of semiconductor detector portions arranged in close proximity, wherein the detector portions are arranged in at least two non-parallel axes, wherein each detector portion is arranged to output a detection signal indicative of energy deposited in the detector portion by ionising particles induced in the device by incident neutrons, and a control unit arranged to receive the plurality of detection signals, and to allocate detection signals to one or more of a plurality of channels based on a number of substantially coincident detection signals for determining a spectrum of incident neutrons based thereon.

Abstract: A silicon carbide Schottky diode solid state radiation detector that has an electron donor layer such as platinum placed over and spaced above the Schottky contact to contribute high energy Compton and photoelectrical electrons from the platinum layer to the active region of the detector to enhance charged particle collection from incident gamma radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus for neutron detection is provided. The apparatus comprises a sensor medium in electrical contact with an electrode arrangement conformed to collect radiation-generated charge from the sensor medium. The sensor medium comprises a borazine and/or a borazine-based polymer.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a neutron detector. The neutron detector comprises a conversion layer comprising a mixture of a neutron absorbing material and a scintillation material; and a photodetector optically coupled to the conversion layer and arranged to detect photons generated as a result of neutron absorption events in the conversion layer; wherein the apparatus is adapted to be carried by a user and the conversion layer is positioned within the neutron detector such that when the apparatus is being carried by a user in normal use neutrons are absorbed in the conversion layer after passing through the user such that the user's body provides a neutron moderating effect. In some cases the apparatus may be carried in association with a backpack or clothing worn by a user, for example, the neutron detector may be sized to fit in a pocket. In other cases the apparatus may be a hand-held device with the conversion layer arranged within a handle of the device to be gripped by a user when being carried.

Abstract: A method for detecting particles is presented. The method comprises generating a reaction to a plurality of particles using a converter material, wherein the converter material is operable to interact with the plurality of particles, and wherein a subset of the plurality of particles comprises neutrons. Further, the method comprises converting a response to the reaction to a readable electrical signal using a sensor, wherein the sensor comprises an array of pixels. Also, the method comprises processing the readable electrical signal from the sensor to generate information for each pixel on the array of pixels and transmitting the information to a processing unit. Also, the method comprises executing a discrimination procedure using the information for distinguishing between instances of impingement of neutrons and non-neutron particles on the array of pixels. Further, the method comprises determining the radionuclide or non-radionuclide source of origin of the neutron and non-neutron particles.

Abstract: A method for detecting particles is presented. The method comprises generating a reaction to a plurality of particles using a converter material, wherein the converter material is operable to interact with the plurality of particles. Further, the method comprises converting a response to the reaction to a readable electrical signal using a sensor, wherein the sensor comprises an array of discrete pixels. Also, the method comprises processing the readable electrical signal from the sensor to generate information for each pixel on the array of discrete pixels and transmitting the information to a processing unit. Furthermore, the method comprises analyzing the information using the processing unit to determine instances of impingement of the plurality of particles on said array of discrete pixels. Finally, the method comprises an aggregate of sensors that function in parallel to result in a highly sensitive particle detection system.

Abstract: Neutron-detecting structures and methods of fabrication are provided which include: a substrate with a plurality of cavities extending into the substrate from a surface; a p-n junction within the substrate and extending, at least in part, in spaced opposing relation to inner cavity walls of the substrate defining the plurality of cavities; and a neutron-responsive material disposed within the plurality of cavities. The neutron-responsive material is responsive to neutrons absorbed for releasing ionization radiation products, and the p-n junction within the substrate spaced in opposing relation to and extending, at least in part, along the inner cavity walls of the substrate reduces leakage current of the neutron-detecting structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pixilated neutron detector including one or more pixel-cells defined by a plurality of perimeter walls, the pixel-cells including a cathode and an anode, the cathode being at least one wall of the pixel-cell, the cathode being lined with an interaction material, the anode disposed inside the pixel-cell, the cathode and anode structured to provide an electrical field within the pixel-cell to collect charged particles released by neutrons interacting with the interaction material lining, and a signal processing chain communicably coupled to each of the one or more pixel-cells to transmit a signal indicative of a neutron interaction event within the pixel-cell, the signal processing chain including analog signal processing electronics communicably coupled to digital signal processing electronics. In one embodiment inserts coated with interaction material are provided along the length of the anode to enhance the detector efficiency.

Abstract: Provided is an isotope delivery system and a method for irradiating a target and delivering the target to an extraction point. The isotope delivery system may include a cable including at least one target for irradiation, a drive system configured for moving the cable, and a first guide configured to guide the cable for insertion and extraction from a nuclear reactor. The method for irradiating a target and delivering a target may include pushing a cable with an attached target through a first guide and into a nuclear reactor using a drive system, irradiating the target in the nuclear reactor, pulling the cable with the attached irradiated target towards the drive system, pushing the cable with the irradiated target towards a loading/unloading area using the drive system, and placing the irradiated target into a transfer cask, wherein the cable is pulled and pushed by the drive system.

Abstract: An apparatus (200) for detecting slow or thermal neutrons (160). The apparatus (200) includes an alpha particle-detecting layer (240) that is a hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n diode structure. The apparatus includes a bottom metal contact (220) and a top metal contact (250) with the diode structure (240) positioned between the two contacts (220, 250) to facilitate detection of alpha particles (170). The apparatus (200) includes a neutron conversion layer (230) formed of a material containing boron-10 isotopes. The top contact (250) is pixilated with each contact pixel extending to or proximate to an edge of the apparatus to facilitate electrical contacting. The contact pixels have elongated bodies to allow them to extend across the apparatus surface (242) with each pixel having a small surface area to match capacitance based upon a current spike detecting circuit or amplifier connected to each pixel.

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a microchannel plate having a structure that defines a plurality of microchannels, and layers of materials disposed on walls of the microchannels. The layers include a layer of neutron sensitive material, a layer of semiconducting material, and a layer of electron emissive material. For example, the layer of neutron sensitive material can include at least one of hafnium (Hf), samarium (Sm), erbium (Er), neodymium (Nd), tantalum (Ta), lutetium (Lu), europium (Eu), dysposium (Dy), or thulium (Tm).

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a microchannel plate having a structure that defines a plurality of microchannels, and layers of materials disposed on walls of the microchannels. The layers include a layer of neutron sensitive material, a layer of semiconducting material, and a layer of electron emissive material. For example, the layer of neutron sensitive material can include boron-10, lithium-6, or gadolinium.

Abstract: A solid state detector with alpha rhombohedral red boron is disclosed. The solid state detector detects neutrons, especially thermal neutrons. The detector may include a body of alpha rhombohedral red boron disposed between electrodes, a power supply for applying a voltage to said electrodes, and a detecting device that detects and measures a current pulse emitted from said body of alpha rhombohedral red boron to detect the neutrons.

Abstract: A device for detecting neutrons with gamma discrimination and/or gamma radiation includes a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer, an electron separator layer between the first semiconductor device and the second semiconductor device, and a gadolinium-containing layer between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Radiation sensitive devices include a substrate comprising a radiation sensitive material and a plurality of resonance elements coupled to the substrate. Each resonance element is configured to resonate responsive to non-ionizing incident radiation. Systems for detecting radiation from a special nuclear material include a radiation sensitive device and a sensor located remotely from the radiation sensitive device and configured to measure an output signal from the radiation sensitive device. In such systems, the radiation sensitive device includes a radiation sensitive material and a plurality of resonance elements positioned on the radiation sensitive material. Methods for detecting a presence of a special nuclear material include positioning a radiation sensitive device in a location where special nuclear materials are to be detected and remotely interrogating the radiation sensitive device with a sensor.

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a microchannel plate having a structure that defines a plurality of microchannels, and layers of materials disposed on walls of the microchannels. The layers include a layer of neutron sensitive material, a layer of semiconducting material, and a layer of electron emissive material. For example, the layer of neutron sensitive material can include boron-10, lithium-6, or gadolinium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pixel detector (10), comprising a semiconductor sensor layer (12), in which charges can be generated upon interaction with particles to be detected. The semiconductor layer defines an X-Y-plane and has a thickness extending in Z-direction. The detector further comprises a read-out electronics layer (14) connected to said semiconductor layer (12), said read-out electronics layer (14) comprising an array of read-out circuits (20) for detecting signals indicative of charges generated in a corresponding volume of said semiconductor sensor layer (12). The neighbouring read-out circuits (20) are connected by a relative timing circuit configured to determine time difference information between signals detected at said neighbouring read-out circuits (20).

Abstract: In exemplary embodiments, an apparatus, includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a first polygonal channel extending between the electrodes, the first channel having a first side having a center, and a second polygonal channel extending between the electrodes, the second channel having a second side contacting the first side, the second side having a center, wherein the center of the first side and the center of the second side are non-collinear in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the first side, and wherein the first and second channels do not have square cross sections perpendicular to longitudinal axes of the channels.

Abstract: Solid state neutron detection utilizing gadolinium as a neutron absorber is described. The new class of narrow-gap neutron-absorbing semiconducting materials, including Gd-doped HfO2, Gd-doped EuO, Gd-doped GaN, Gd2O3 and GdN are included in three types of device structures: (1) a p-n heterostructure diode with a ˜30 ?m Gd-loaded semiconductor grown on a conventional semiconductor (Si or B-doped Si); (2) a p-n junction or a p-i-n trilayer diode with a Gd-loaded semiconductoron one side and single-crystal semiconducting Li2B4O7 layer on the other side of the heterojunction; and (3) a p-n junction or a p-i-n trilayer diode with a Gd-loaded semiconductoron on one side and a boron nitride (BN) semiconductor layer on the other side of the heterojunction.

Abstract: A method and device include a conductive base layer, a semiconducting layer supported by and electrically coupled to the base layer, the semiconductor layer have integrated gadolinium nanoparticles presenting a high cross section to neutron particles, and a conductive top layer electrically coupled to the semiconductor layer, wherein the base layer and top layer are disposed to collect current from electrons resulting from neutron interactions with the gadolinium nanoparticles.

Abstract: Embodiments utilize high energy particles generated by nuclear reactions involving neutron radiation and neutron-sensitive materials to generate and maintain an electric potential gradient between an electrode and a region separated from the electrode by an electric insulator. System and methods contemplated by the invention thereby enable passive detection of neutrons without an externally applied electric potential bias by maintaining a charge accumulation facilitated by nuclear reactions involving neutrons. The charge accumulation produces an electric potential gradient within an electric insulator that separates the charge accumulation from an exterior region.

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a microchannel plate having a structure that defines a plurality of microchannels, and layers of materials disposed on walls of the microchannels. The layers include a layer of neutron sensitive material, a layer of semiconducting material, and a layer of electron emissive material. For example, the layer of neutron sensitive material can include boron-10, lithium-6, or gadolinium.

Abstract: A neutron imaging system detects both the phase shift and absorption of neutrons passing through an object. The neutron imaging system is based on either of two different neutron wavefront sensor techniques: 2-D shearing interferometry and Hartmann wavefront sensing. Both approaches measure an entire two-dimensional neutron complex field, including its amplitude and phase. Each measures the full-field, two-dimensional phase gradients and, concomitantly, the two-dimensional amplitude mapping, requiring only a single measurement.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention can include radiological material detector having a convertor material that emits one or more photons in response to a capture of a neutron emitted by a radiological material; a photon detector arranged around the convertor material and that produces an electrical signal in response to a receipt of a photon; and a processor connected to the photon detector, the processor configured to determine the presence of a radiological material in response to a predetermined signature of the electrical signal produced at the photon detector. One or more detectors described herein can be integrated into a detection system that is suited for use in port monitoring, treaty compliance, and radiological material management activities.

Abstract: A mobile electronic device for detecting nuclear radiation levels, where the device has image capturing means comprising a sensor capable of receiving nuclear radiation and converting same to a value indicative of the nuclear radiation level. The device also comprises a shutter translatable from a first orientation covering the sensor (in which radiation level monitoring is allowed) to a second orientation revealing the sensor (in which radiation level monitoring is disallowed). The device may be a modified cellular telephone, satellite telephone, personal digital assistant or tablet personal computer provided with a digital camera, such that camera functionality is maintained and permitted when the shutter is in the second orientation.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a neutron spectrometry system, comprising a plurality of semiconductor detector portions arranged in close proximity, wherein the detector portions are arranged in at least two non-parallel axes, wherein each detector portion is arranged to output a detection signal indicative of energy deposited in the detector portion by ionising particles induced in the device by incident neutrons, and a control unit arranged to receive the plurality of detection signals, and to allocate detection signals to one or more of a plurality of channels based on a number of substantially coincident detection signals for determining a spectrum of incident neutrons based thereon.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for detecting particles emitted by nuclear material. The systems comprise one or more semiconductor devices for detecting particles emitted from nuclear material. The semiconductor devices can comprise a charge storage element comprising several layers. A non-conductive charge storage layer enveloped on top and bottom by dielectric layers is mounted on a substrate. At least one top semiconductor layer can be placed on top of the top dielectric layer. A reactive material that reacts to particles, such as neutrons emitted from nuclear material, can be incorporated into the top semiconductor layer. When the reactive material reacts to a particle emitted from nuclear material, ions are generated that can alter the charge storage layer and enable detection of the particle.

Abstract: A radiation detecting device is provided, according to which it is possible use only one radiation detecting device to measure radiation and measure gamma ray and neutron at once and discriminately in a restricted space. The radiation detecting device includes a radiation detecting unit to measure gamma ray and neutron discriminately at once, and a signal processing circuit which applies voltage to the neutron detecting unit and indicates measured gamma ray and neutron discriminately.

Abstract: A neutron irradiation history sensor and detection method for detection of thermal neutrons exploit transmutation of 164Dy into 165Ho and 166Er and significant differences in optical properties of Dy, Ho, and Er in order to enable detection of relative fractions of Dy, Ho, and Er and thus the degree and timing of prior thermal neutron exposure that has occurred, providing a tamper-proof forensic record of the prior thermal neutron exposure. The irradiation history sensor and detection method advantageously employ Dy-containing nanocrytals (NCs) residing in a transparent host.

Abstract: A device for detecting neutrons includes at least one common module, where a number of solid state sensors are assembled. The sensors are configured in the module side by side and/or stacked in a layered structure. At least one of the sensors includes neutron reactive material as a neutron converter for interacting with neutrons incident thereon to be detected and to release ionizing radiation reaction products responsive to interactions with the incident neutrons. The neutron converters are coupled with corresponding semiconductor elements so that the semiconductor elements interact with the ionizing radiation reaction products for providing electrical charges in proportion to the energy of the ionizing radiation reaction products. The semiconductor elements are configured with electrodes for providing charge collection areas for collecting the electrical charges and to provide electrically readable signals proportional to the collected electrical charges.

Abstract: A method for detecting a neutron includes providing a first voltage to an input electrode of a microchannel plate, providing a second voltage to an output electrode of the microchannel plate, the second voltage being more positive than the first voltage, measuring a signal on the output electrode, and detecting a neutron based on a comparison of the signal at the output electrode with a baseline value.

Abstract: A neutron detector includes a microchannel plate having a structure that defines a plurality of microchannels, and layers of materials disposed on walls of the microchannels. The layers include a layer of neutron sensitive material, a layer of semiconducting material, and a layer of electron emissive material. For example, the layer of neutron sensitive material can include boron-10, lithium-6, or gadolinium.

Abstract: The present invention provides an innovative solid-state neutron detector that exhibits superior neutron-sensitivities. One embodiment of the present invention includes a Gadolinium-oxide (Gd2O3)-based neutron detector that is highly sensitive to the presence of neutrons, and experiences significant changes in film conductivity, capacitance or both as a result of thermal neutron exposure thereby providing for detection of nuclear radiation.

Abstract: A neutron irradiation history sensor and detection method for detection of thermal neutrons exploit transmutation of 164Dy into 165Ho and 166Er and significant differences in optical properties of Dy, Ho, and Er in order to enable detection of relative fractions of Dy, Ho, and Er and thus the degree and timing of prior thermal neutron exposure that has occurred, providing a tamper-proof forensic record of the prior thermal neutron exposure. The irradiation history sensor and detection method advantageously employ Dy-containing nanocrytals (NCs) residing in a transparent host.

Abstract: The invention relates to a neutron detector (1) comprising a semiconductor detector substrate (10) and a conductive neutron converting layer (20), such as of TiB2. The neutron detector (1) thereby comprises a conductive contact made of a neutron conversion material (20).

Abstract: An auxiliary neutron detector apparatus designed for attaching and supplementation to an existing gamma-ray spectrometer adds improved neutron detection capabilities. The apparatus uses the existing detector and so does not require additional detector materials, including 3He, which are required by conventional neutron detector attachments. Because of the cost and limited availability of detector materials, this invention is particularly valuable for upgrading systems without existing neutron detector, and for repairing systems with damaged neutron detectors.

Abstract: Energy devices such as energy conversion devices and energy storage devices and methods for the manufacture of such devices. The devices include a support member having an array of pore channels having a small average pore channel diameter and having a pore channel length. Material layers that may include energy conversion materials and conductive materials are coaxially disposed within the pore channels to form material rods having a relatively small cross-section and a relatively long length. By varying the structure of the materials in the pore channels, various energy devices can be fabricated, such as photovoltaic (PV) devices, radiation detectors, capacitors, batteries and the like.