Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a cheering tool structure including: a light collection unit mounted on a light portion of a smartphone or a flash device to collect light emitted from the light portion; a light delivery unit which extends upward from an upper portion of the light collection unit to deliver the light collected by the light collection unit; and a radiation unit installed at an end of the light delivery unit to radiate the light delivered through the light delivery unit.

Abstract: A multi-photon imaging system includes a laser module having a first channel for outputting a two-photon excitation laser pulse and a second channel for outputting a three-photon excitation laser pulse. The system further includes a first optical path for guiding the two-photon laser pulse from the first channel of the laser module and a second optical path for guiding the three-photon laser pulse from the second channel of the laser module. A microscope is also provided for simultaneously receiving the two-photon laser pulse from the first optical path and the three-photon laser pulse from the second optical path, and simultaneously, or with well controllable delays, delivering the two-photon laser pulse and the three-photon pulse to a target volume. The system further includes a photodetector configured to collect photons generated within the target volume in response to simultaneous excitation of the target volume by both the two-photon laser pulse and the three-photon laser pulse.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are radiotherapy methods and systems that can display a workflow-oriented graphical user interface(s). In an embodiment, a method comprises presenting, by a server, a graphical user interface for display on a screen positioned on a gantry of a radiotherapy machine, wherein the graphical user interface comprises a page corresponding to a radiotherapy treatment of a patient, wherein the page comprises a first graphical element indicating at least one attribute of alignment data corresponding to the radiotherapy treatment of the patient.

Abstract: Disclosed is a computer-implemented method for determining a position of an anatomical tracking structure in a tracking image usable for controlling a radiation treatment such as at least one of radiotherapy or radio surgery of a patient, a corresponding computer program, a non-transitory program storage medium storing such a program and a computer for executing the program, as well as a system for the position of an anatomical tracking structure in a tracking image usable for controlling a radiation treatment such as at least one of radiotherapy or radio surgery of a patient, a system comprising an electronic data storage device and the aforementioned computer.

Abstract: Portable lighting devices, systems and methods are provided. The portable lighting devices may include a light source, a rechargeable battery, a battery charging and control circuitry, a power connector port and a wireless communication circuitry. The battery charging and control circuitry may be configured to control transmission of current from the rechargeable battery to the light source, and transmission of current from the rechargeable battery through the power connector port and onto an external device. The transmission of current to the external device may occur when the rechargeable battery has a charge capacity above a predetermined threshold level and terminates when the charge capacity of the rechargeable battery is at or below the predetermined threshold level. The wireless communication circuitry may be configured to transmit a battery condition information of the rechargeable battery to an external communication device through a wireless link.

Abstract: A luminescent yarn and a manufacturing method thereof. The luminescent yarn is a multilayered structure, a cross-section of the yarn includes a main body and at least one luminescent surface layer having multiple luminescent particles and positioned on at least one surface of the main body. Accordingly, the luminescent surface layer is positioned on the surface of the luminescent yarn to directly absorb energy and emit luminescence, whereby the luminescent yarn has better luminance and longer luminescence-emitting time. The manufacturing method of the luminescent yarn includes steps of: manufacturing a film material, the film material having a substrate material and at least one luminescent layer disposed on at least one surface of the substrate material; and cutting the film material to form the luminescent yarn.

Abstract: A phosphorescent writing sheet and system along with methods of production and use are provided. The writing/drawing system includes a writing sheet and a light source. The writing sheet includes a generally transparent substrate sheet or film, phosphorescent paint, and a generally transparent covering sheet or film. To create the writing sheet, a thin layer of the phosphorescent paint is deposited onto the inner surface of the substrate. When the paint is dry, the covering sheet is positioned above the paint layer. The layers are then laminated to adhere the substrate layer to the covering layer with the paint enclosed between them to form the transparent or translucent writing sheet. To use, the light source is run along either the front or back outer surface to create a track, which triggers the phosphorescent paint to luminesce to create glowing traces along the track of the light source.

Abstract: A system to align an object using a light reflector, including: an input unit for pre-setting a first region in which radiation is to be emitted to the object; a display unit for displaying information on the first region; a radiation unit for emitting radiation to the first region; a reflector formed to correspond to the shape of the first region and configured to be attached to the first region; a light unit for emitting light in the same direction as the radiation to the first region; a camera for photographing a region of the reflector when the reflector reflects light emitted by the light unit; and a control unit for controlling the display unit to display the region of the light reflector which reflects light photographed by the camera, and determining whether the radiation is aligned to the first region of the object based on whether the region of the light reflector is included in the shape of the first region.

Abstract: A treatment bed arranged in a tip direction of an irradiation nozzle and constructed movably, a treatment information system that manages prescription data, a treatment control system that receives a target position stored in the treatment information system to cause a main display system to display the target position, a pendant to input a movement command for the treatment bed, the main display system that receives the target position of the treatment bed from the treatment control system and displays an actual position of the treatment bed, and a patient positioning support system that calculates correction values for the target position thereof to provide the correction values to the treatment control system and the pendant are included, wherein the treatment control system sends the target position thereof to the treatment information system at a period shorter than an operation sequence thereof and stores initial values to be sent in advance.

Abstract: A color or shade assessment system and a method of assessing color or shade of an object. The system may include a color or shade measurement device having a probe portion terminating at a distal end, a light emitter assembly, and a light receiver assembly. Furthermore, a spacer including a sleeve extending from a proximal end to a distal end and defining a passageway may be coupled to the probe portion. The spacer may be alterable between (1) a first state in which the spacer is detached from the probe portion; and (2) a second state in which at least a portion of the probe portion extends into the central passageway of the sleeve and the distal end of the probe portion is located between the proximal and distal ends of the sleeve.

Abstract: A photoluminescent writing pad, wherein a) the writing pad is fastened to a back cover of a notebook and arranged to be turned to a writing pad of a page of the notebook, b) the writing pad is arranged to gleam through a writing page thus enabling reading and writing in darkness and c) the writing pad has notches for accommodating a spiral wire, especially spiral or wire or similar binding, of a notebook for securing the writing pad under the page of the notebook to function as an interleaf.

Abstract: The latch device for the trunk lid of the vehicle includes an electric open lever that causes a ratchet to withdraw from a latch when the electric open lever rotates, and a release actuator that rotates the electric open lever. An output gear that rotates by driving force of the release actuator is provided near the electric open lever, a pair of a first cam projection and a second cam projection with phases shifted from each other by 180 degrees is provided at the output gear, and the output gear is configured such that when the output gear rotates by 180 degrees, the first cam projection abuts against and rotates the electric open lever, and rotation of the output gear is blocked by the second cam projection abutting against the rotated electric open lever.

Abstract: A direct and back view LED lighting system is disclosed. Embodiments of a lighting system and example light fixture are described. LED devices provide the light source. The LED devices can be positioned with a heatsink at or near the top of the system proximate to a back reflector. In example embodiments, the LED devices emit light downward. The system can be used in a troffer style fixture with a support structure and a pan. The system or fixture can have a lens arrangement including lenses, lens plates or sections with differing optical characteristics, including a partially reflective lens plate or section that passes and diffuses some light from the LED light source, but reflects some light back to the back reflector. Additional lenses or lens plates serve as diffusers.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a composition comprising a pigment, wherein the composition is suitable for coating a surface that is, or is expected to be, exposed to the sun. The pigment comprises particles that fluoresce in sunlight, thereby remaining cooler in the sun than coatings pigmented with non-fluorescent particles. The particles comprise solids that fluoresce or glow in the visible or near infrared (NIR) spectra, or that fluoresce when doped. Suitable dopants include, but are not limited to, ions of rare earths and transition metals.

Abstract: A rear space arrangement for a vehicle includes a trunk and with a tailgate, which is transferrable from a closed state into an opened state, a backseat bench, a trunk wall and a trunk cover. The tailgate, the backseat bench, the trunk wall and the trunk cover jointly enclose the trunk. The trunk cover includes a front cover portion that is directed forward towards the backseat bench and a rear cover portion which is directed rearward towards the tailgate. The rear space arrangement includes at least one front coupling portion, to which the front cover portion is coupled in a coupled state. The front cover portion can be decoupled from the at least one front coupling region and transferrable into a decoupled state when the tailgate assumes the closed state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to organic copolymers and organic semiconducting compositions comprising these materials, including layers and devices comprising such organic semiconductor compositions. The invention is also concerned with methods of preparing such organic semiconductor compositions and layers and uses thereof. The invention has application in the field of printed electronics and is particularly useful as a semiconducting material for use in formulations for organic thin film transistor (OTFT) backplanes for displays, integrated circuits, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), photodetectors, organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, sensors, memory elements and logic circuits.

Abstract: A system and method for radiotherapeutic treatment of a patient (20) are provided. The system comprises a patient carrier (11) for receiving the patient (20), means for monitoring (12) positions of at least two different body parts of the patient (20), a processor (14) and feedback means (13). The processor (14) is coupled to the means for monitoring (12) positions and is operative to analyze the monitored positions to determine, for each body part of the at least two body parts, a displacement of the respective body part with respect to a particular desired position. The feedback means (13) are coupled to the processor (14) for interacting with the patient (20) and to provide feedback concerning the displacement of the respective body part.

Abstract: Systems and processes of locating a medical imaging device relative to a person support apparatus and/or a patient are provided. An example system includes an optical sensor disposed at the person support apparatus and/or the imaging device. In embodiments, optical markers may also be disposed on one or more of the medical imaging device, the person support apparatus and/or patient for determining the relative location of the imaging device and the person support apparatus and/or patient. In other embodiments, an optical sensor may use image recognition processes to determine the relative locations. By locating and positioning the medical imaging device without taking recursive medical images to position the device, the imaging device can be positioned for a subsequent image without exposing the patient and healthcare professionals to additional radiation generated while positioning the medical imaging device, thereby reducing risk to the patient and the medical staff.

Abstract: The present inventions relate to optical components which include quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles include a ligand attached to a surface thereof, the ligand being represented by the formula X-Sp-Z, wherein: X represents: a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a urea, a thiourea, an imidizole group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate group, a phosphonic or arsonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphate group, a phosphite group, a phosphinic acid group, a phosphinate group, a phosphine oxide group, a phosphinite group, a phosphine group, an arsenic acid group, an arsenate group, an arsenous acid group, an arsenite group, an arsinic acid group, an arsine oxide group, or an arsine group; Sp represents a group capable of allowing a transfer of charge or an insulating group; and Z represents a multifunctional group including three or more functional groups capable of communicating a specific property or chemical reactivit

Abstract: A device for the body relaxation and renewal is described. It includes a perpendicular housing, which is a body with two side walls, a rear wall, and a front wall. The walls include vents situated in a lower and an upper part of said walls. A light panel is located inside at least one of said walls with alternately mounted fluorescent lamps and halogen lights. The fluorescent lamps are mounted in three rows of three pieces, in a vertical plane, one above another. The halogen lamps are set in slots mounted to vertical brackets and placed symmetrically in two vertical rows in three sections of two pieces.

Abstract: Provided is a solution comprising a polymer and an organic semiconductor compound, wherein the semiconductor compound is a thiophene derivative, and wherein the solvent is a mixture comprising a) at least one of 4-methyl anisole, indane and an alkylbenzene with a linear or branched alkyl group containing from 4 to 7 carbon atoms; and b) at least one of tetrahydronaphthalin and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for characterizing interactions or proton beams in tissues. In certain embodiments, charged particles emitted during passage of protons, such as those used for therapeutic and/or imaging purposes, can be detected at relatively large angles. In situations where beam intensity is relatively low, such as in certain imaging applications, characterization of the proton beam with charged particles can provide sufficient statistics for meaningful results while avoiding the beam itself. In situations where beam intensity is relatively high, such as in certain therapeutic applications, characterization of the proton beam with scattered primary protons and secondary protons can provide information such as differences in densities encountered by the beam as it traverses the tissue and dose deposited along the beam path. In certain situations, such beam characterizations can facilitate more accurate planning and monitoring of proton-based therapy.

Abstract: A system for counting fetal and maternal red blood cells (RBCs) including a microscope and image capturing device to capture at least one image from a slide holding the fetal and maternal RBCs; a computer readable medium for storing the at least one image; a processor for executing computer readable instructions stored on a computer readable medium; wherein the computer executable instructions include instructions for: indentifying red blood cells from the at least one image; distinguishing between fetal and maternal red blood cells; and counting the fetal and maternal red blood cells.

Abstract: A stairway apparatus for use with an endoscope storage cabinet includes a slidable door to open or close the cabinet's interior compartment. The stairway apparatus includes a base member disposed on a ground and placed against the cabinet, the base member having a first step with a front face, a rear face opposite the front face, and a top face connecting the front and rear faces, the front face having a lip coupled thereto and positioned to remain flush with the top face of the first step. The front face of the first step contacts front edges of the cabinet. The lip extends into the interior compartment of the cabinet when open and contacts side walls of the cabinet, thereby preventing lateral movement of the base member.

Abstract: There is provided a scanning endoscope including an optical scanning unit in which an angle at which illumination light is emitted from a leading edge of an insertion portion is changed to scan the emitted illumination light on an object, a plurality of light receiving portions which is circumferentially spaced apart at the leading edge of the insertion portion and receives return light returning from the object as a result of the optical scanning unit scanning the illumination light, a light detection unit that detects the intensity of the received return light, a return light selection unit that selects the return light whose intensity is equal to or smaller than a predetermined threshold, and a storage unit that stores the intensity of the return light selected by the return light selection unit in association with the position where the optical scanning unit scans the illumination light.

Abstract: A coupling includes a first input port and a photoluminescent portion associated with the first input port. The first input port may be one or more of a gastric port, a jejunal port, or a balloon port. The first port may have a first glow-in-the dark feature and a second port may have a second glow-in-the-dark feature, which may be different from one another. The coupling may include means for orientation that assists a user in properly orienting a connector to be mounted in the first port in proper orientation and a first connector for coupling to the first port.

Abstract: A tape measure includes a housing assembly having a first side wall, a second side wall, and a peripheral wall extending from the first side wall to the second side wall. The housing assembly defines a cavity, and the peripheral wall defines a bottom surface and a tape port. A measuring tape is rotatably supported by the housing. At least a portion of the measuring tape forms a spool disposed within the cavity. The measuring tape extends and retracts from the cavity through the tape port. A hook member is fixedly coupled to an end portion of the measuring tape. A first lamp is coupled to the housing assembly and is oriented to illuminate a portion of the measuring tape.

Abstract: A testing method for an escape path marking which has an installation position and is illuminated by a light source located in a defined position relative to the installation position, in order to charge the escape path marking for achieving afterglow, the following steps: An excitation curve A (?) for the escape path marking is provided; the irradiance E (?) of the light source is recorded for the installation position of the escape path marking; a weighted irradiance B (?) is determined as a product of the irradiance and the excitation curve; a charging irradiance (BiL) is determined as an integral over the weighted irradiance across the wavelength; and a characteristic curve Kt1 (BiL) depending upon the charging time t1 specifies what afterglow time emerges for the escape path marking with the charging time t1 for the charging irradiance (BiL).

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes an input unit that accepts input data, a detecting unit that detects line information from the input data, the line information indicating color information about a line included in the input data, color information about the background of the line, the width of the line, and a converting unit that converts the line information based on a contrast integrated value and the difference between the color information about the background and the color information about the line, the contrast integrated value being determined by the color information about the background, the color information about the line, and the width of the line.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a display panel unit and a top plate. The display panel unit has a first surface with a display screen and a second surface opposed to the first surface. The top plate has a third surface in contact with the second surface, a fourth surface opposed to the third surface, and a fifth surface connecting an end portion of the third surface and an end portion of the fourth surface, the top plate containing a fluorescent dye to collect light toward the fifth surface.

Abstract: A tethered display frame has a planar backer sheet, a top sheet of transparent or translucent material overlaying the planar backer sheet, a border attached along a common periphery of the planar backer sheet and the top sheet, a plurality of straps fastened to the frame, and a fastener affixed to distal ends of each of the straps whereby the frame can be releasably fastened to an article. The border encloses the planar backer sheet and the top sheet on three sides with a fourth side providing means for a user to insert a display item between the top sheet and the planar backer sheet.

Abstract: There is provided a particle detector that can increase a detection sensitivity to fluorescence emitted from biogenic particles. A particle detector for detecting biogenic particles includes a substrate having a principal surface and configured to collect the biogenic particles on the principal surface, a light emitting element configured to irradiate particles collected on the principal surface with excitation light, and a light receiving element configured to receive fluorescence emitted from the particles when the particles are irradiated with the excitation light from the light emitting element. An optical axis of the Fresnel lens and a ray direction of the excitation light intersect with each other. The principal surface is a mirror surface.

Abstract: There is provided a system and method for providing and utilizing objects having invisible three-dimensional images. There is provided an object comprising an inner material and an outer material. The inner material is formed in a three-dimensional shape and includes a first portion having a first ratio based on a first fluorescent dye and a first transparent material, wherein the first ratio is selected such as to cause the first portion to remain transparent when exposed to a visible light and the first portion to emit a first visible color when exposed to an invisible light. The outer material comprises a second transparent material formed around the inner material such as to hide the three-dimensional shape of the inner material. By exposing the object to the invisible light, the three-dimensional shape of the inner material is revealed.

Abstract: An article comprising an array of semiconductor nanocrystals arranged in a predetermined pattern, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystals are capable of generating light of one or more predetermined wavelengths in response to ambient light. In one embodiment the semiconductor nanocrystals emit light of different predetermined wavelengths.

Abstract: A fluorescence intensity correction method including: receiving fluorescence emitted from fluorescent pigments, collecting detected values from each light detector, and obtaining a fluorescence spectrum of each fluorescent pigment as one spectrum group; separating the obtained spectrum group into a plurality of small spectrum groups; comparing the separated small spectrum groups with a fluorescence wavelength distribution of each fluorescent pigment obtained in advance and specifying the small spectrum groups as the fluorescence spectrum of any fluorescent pigment; comparing a differential spectrum between small spectrum groups that are not specified and one or more specified small spectrum groups with the fluorescence wavelength distribution of unspecified fluorescent pigments obtained in advance, and specifying the differential spectrum as the fluorescence spectrum of any fluorescent pigment; and calculating the intensity of fluorescence emitted from each fluorescent pigment.

Abstract: Statistical analysis techniques based on auto- and cross-correlations/cumulants, of image stacks of fluctuating objects are used to improve resolution beyond the classical diffraction limit and to reduce the background. The time trajectory of every pixel in the image frame is correlated with itself and/or with the time trajectory of an adjacent pixel. The amplitude of these auto- or cross-correlations/cumulants of each pixel, at a given time lag or averaged or integrated over an interval of time lags, is used as the intensity value of that pixel in the generated superresolved optical fluctuation image.

Abstract: An optical instrument is provided for simultaneously illuminating two or more spaced-apart reaction regions with excitation beams generated by a light source. The light source can include an area light array of light emitting diodes, one or more solid state lasers, one or more micro-wire lasers, or a combination thereof. According to various embodiments, a Fresnel lens can be disposed along a beam bath between the light source and the reaction regions. Methods of analysis using the optical instrument are also provided.

Abstract: An optical instrument is provided for simultaneously illuminating two or more spaced-apart reaction regions with excitation beams generated by a light source. The light source can include an area light array of light emitting diodes, one or more solid state lasers, one or more micro-wire lasers, or a combination thereof. According to various embodiments, a Fresnel lens can be disposed along a beam bath between the light source and the reaction regions. Methods of analysis using the optical instrument are also provided.

Abstract: An instrument is provided that can monitor nucleic acid sequence amplification reactions, for example, PCR amplification of DNA and DNA fragments. The instrument includes a multi-notch filter disposed along one or both of an excitation beam path and an emission beam path. Methods are also provided for monitoring nucleic acid sequence amplifications using an instrument that includes a multi-notch filter disposed along a beam path.

Abstract: A luminescent system includes a layer of donor material, an acceptor material and a barrier layer therebetween. The energy transfer between the donor and acceptor is biased to the acceptor layer, by an asymmetric energy transfer efficiency created by the barrier layer. Energy from the donor material is converted into photo-luminescence in the acceptor layer by discouraging photo-luminescence quenching caused by energy backflow.

Abstract: Provided are a light emitting device package and a method of fabricating the light emitting device package. The light emitting device packages includes a body, a light emitting device disposed in the body, and a wavelength converting partwavelength converting part disposed on the light emitting device to convert a wavelength of light emitted from the light emitting device. The wavelength converting partwavelength converting part has a thickness decreasing in a direction away from a center of the light emitting device.

Abstract: A coating material (20) for coating a machine component (10), especially a gas turbine or a part thereof, comprises a mixture of at least a refractory material and an indicator material having an optical emission (e.g. fluorescence) spectrum which varies in response to a physical parameter of the coated component. In a preferred embodiment, the coating consists of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) or yttrium stabilized zirconium. The dopant is preferably a rare earth metal, e.g. Eu, Tb, Dy.

Abstract: An efficient and portable method for remote detection of a target mineral material through frequency domain fluorimetry, a detection technique that measures the time lag between absorption and emission of photons, thereby determining the lifetime of said target mineral material. As claimed and disclosed in the present invention, mercury vapor lamps, a common source of industrial facility lighting, emit radiation that overlaps the UV/blue absorption spectrum of many fluorophores and may be used as an efficient and portable excitation source for remote frequency domain fluorimetry.

Abstract: A non-powered photoluminescent paving brick includes a substrate defining one of a cavity and a channel that extends from one end to an opposite end of the substrate. A photoluminescent portion includes a light transmissive resin including a suspension of photoluminescent particles. The photoluminescent portion is arranged in the one of the cavity and the channel and wherein the light transmissive resin has an exposed outer surface that directly receives light.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally provide an apparatus and method for forming a display screen assembly that comprises multiple panel assemblies which are positioned to form a tiled display device that has improved visual characteristics, is easy to assemble and has a reduced manufacturing cost. In general, each panel assembly is formed so that when it is positioned in a display screen assembly the grid pattern, formed by the gap between the illuminated regions in adjacent panel assemblies, can be minimized. In one embodiment, the unwanted visual effect of the grid pattern is mitigated by minimizing and controlling the space, or gaps, formed between the illuminated area in adjacent panel assemblies. Embodiments of the present invention may also provide an apparatus and method for forming a single panel assembly that is used to display an image.

Abstract: A luminescent system includes a layer of donor material, an acceptor material and a barrier layer therebetween. The energy transfer between the donor and acceptor is biased to the acceptor layer, by an asymmetric energy transfer efficiency created by the barrier layer. Energy from the donor material is converted into photo-luminescence in the acceptor layer by discouraging photo-luminescence quenching caused by energy backflow.

Abstract: Nanoparticles comprising tungsten, methods of manufacturing nanoparticles comprising tungsten, and applications of nanoparticles comprising tungsten, such as electronics, optical devices, photonics, reagents for fine chemical synthesis, pigments, and catalysts are provided.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for differentiating multiple detectable signals by excitation wavelength. The apparatus can include a light source that can emit respective excitation light wavelengths or wavelength ranges towards a sample in a sample retaining region, for example, in a well. The sample can contain two or more detectable markers, for example, fluorescent dyes, each of which can be capable of generating increased detectable emissions when excited in the presence of a target component. The detectable markers can have excitation wavelength ranges and/or emission wavelength ranges that overlap with the ranges of the other detectable markers. A detector can be arranged for detecting an emission wavelength or wavelength range emitted from a first marker within the overlapping wavelength range of at least one of the other markers.

Abstract: A scintillating composition for detecting neutrons and other radiation comprises a phenyl containing silicone rubber with carborane units and at least one phosphor molecule. The carborane units can either be a carborane molecule dispersed in the rubber with the aid of a compatiblization agent or can be covalently bound to the silicone.

Abstract: A light source module of light emitting diode includes a substrate having circuits, a light-converted component, and several of light emitting diodes. The light-converted component includes a transparent substrate and a fluorescence material layer positioned on the transparent substrate. The fluorescence material layer is divided into a central region and several of surrounding regions surrounding the central region. The central region has a greatest concentration of fluorescence material. The concentration of fluorescence material in the surrounding regions decreases from the center to the outer periphery of the fluorescence material layer. The light emitting diodes form an array and are positioned on the substrate between the substrate and the fluorescence material layer. Each of the light emitting diodes is electrically connected to the circuits.