Abstract: A method of fabricating a multichannel plate is provided. The method includes providing a N layers, each layer having an array of wells formed therein. The N layers are aligned and stacked. The stack of N layers are sliced along a first and second line of the array of wells. The first line of the array of wells provides a first surface corresponding to a first array of channel openings of the MCP, and the second line of said array of wells provides a second surface corresponding to a second array of channel openings of the MCP. This method provides several functional benefits compared to conventional methods. These include, but are not limited to: the ability to produce well known and well characterized channels; the ability to produce well known and well characterized periods between channels; the ability to produce channels having any desired secondary electron emission enabling material therein; the ability to fabricate the substrate and/or final MCP of silicon.

Abstract: A system comprised of a one or more rapidly flashing thermal image beacons, a plurality of sensors, a control subsystem, input means, and a power source. Each beacon being comprised of a precision machined and polished parabolic or elliptical mirror. A resistive heating element is nominally positioned at the mirror focal point. The heating element is mounted on a carriage which can be moved backwards and forwards by a microprocessor-controlled mechanism. The resulting oscillatory action creates a rapidly changing coded flashing thermal image.

Abstract: A heat emitting beacon having a rotating parabolic mirror to concentrate the heat from a gas heat source, said mirror back being coated with a passive cold emission material comprised of a metalized plastic film creased and crumpled to form a multitude of reflective facets and preventing any reflected light. In a second embodiment, a rotating, single- or double-sided surface is coated with the passive cold emission material. In another embodiment, a signal beacon is comprised of a plurality of detachable strips of the passive cold emission material. In another embodiment, a plurality of surface elements covered with the passive cold emission material is arranged as a louver.

Abstract: Radiation module for thermal or UV irradiation processing procedures with a large number of radiation sources essentially adjacent and parallel to one another for electromagnetic radiation whose main effective range is in the UV spectrum, visible spectrum, and/or near infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum, particularly at wavelengths between 250 nm and 1.5 ?m, whereby each of the radiation sources possesses an elongated central section, two bent ends, and two bent sections connecting the ends with the central section, and a reflector and cooler body bearing the radiation sources, whereby the reflector and cooler body possesses two end reflector sections assigned to the bent sections of the radiation source from the straight elongated main section to the ends formed as one piece.

Abstract: An EUV light generation system and method is disclosed that may comprise a droplet generator producing plasma source material target droplets traveling toward the vicinity of a plasma source material target irradiation site; a drive laser; a drive laser focusing optical element having a first range of operating center wavelengths; a droplet detection radiation source having a second range of operating center wavelengths; a drive laser steering element comprising a material that is highly reflective within at least some part of the first range of wavelengths and highly transmissive within at least some part of the second range of center wavelengths; a droplet detection radiation aiming mechanism directing the droplet detection radiation through the drive laser steering element and the lens to focus at a selected droplet detection position intermediate the droplet generator and the irradiation site.

Abstract: A reflective optical illumination collector is described. In one example, the collector has a ring to collect light from a light source within a range of incident angles and to reflect the light off an inner surface of the ring to a target image of the collector. A plurality of rings concentric to the first ring may also be used. Each ring collects light from the light source within a range of incident angles and reflects the light off an inner surface of the respective ring to the target image of the collector.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing wavelength stabilized electromagnetic radiation is provided, the apparatus comprising a broadband semiconductor radiation source configured to produce broadband electromagnetic radiation having a mean wavelength ?m, and a bandpass radiation filter, an input of said bandpass radiation filter being in optical connection to an output of said radiation source, and a common temperature stabilizer being in thermal contact with both, the radiation source and the radiation filter. In a preferred embodiment, the radiation source—which is, for example, a superluminescent light emitting diode—and the bandpass radiation filter are provided on a common mount which is in contact with a thermoelectric cooler acting, together with temperature sensing means and control means, as temperature stabilizer.

Abstract: An electric lamp assembly 10 for emitting near infrared radiation includes a reflector housing 20 and a lamp vessel 24 positioned within the reflector housing. A source of illumination 28 is enclosed within the lamp vessel. A continuous multi-layer interference film 40 on an exterior surface 42 of the lamp vessel transmits near infrared radiation within the range of 850-1100 nm and is substantially non-transmissive towards visible radiation.

Abstract: A multifunction multi-spectrum signalling device comprising at least one source of electromagnetic radiation such as an LED which emits radiation according to predefined or programmable user selectable instruction sets is disclosed. Reversal of the polarity of the device's power supply allows for enhanced features to be accessed including a recording/reprogramming mode and a playback mode.

Abstract: An infrared identification device includes a light emitting panel member that receives light from an infrared light source for conduction within the panel member and emission from a light emitting surface area on one side of the panel member, which is relatively easy to detect at night when viewed through night vision equipment. The device may be capable of functioning in an interrogation mode, allowing the device to be activated remotely by a predetermined signal frequency, code signal or pulse signal and send out a signal response.

Abstract: A method of modulating an infrared radiation (IR) source that includes applying a time-varying, periodic voltage signal to the IR source, measuring a parameter of the voltage signal, and adjusting the voltage signal to maintain a substantially constant delivered power to the IR source. Adjusting the voltage signal is done based on the measured parameter and a predetermined relationship between the measured parameter of the voltage pulse and a resistance of such an infrared radiation source. Alternatively, the method includes applying a the voltage pulse, measuring a first parameter of the voltage pulse and a second parameter of a current passing through the infrared radiation source resulting from the applying step, and adjusting the voltage pulse to maintain a substantially constant delivered power to the infrared radiation source based on the first parameter and the second parameter.

Abstract: A device for generating infrared radiation includes at least one heating element and at least one radiating element for irradiating the infrared radiation. The heating element is a micromechanical, two-dimensional heater structure. The heating element may be applied on the radiating element using hybrid technology such that the radiation element has at least one side facing the heating element and at least one side facing away. The radiating element may be ceramic substrate.

Abstract: A multi-leaf collimator that narrows a radiation field to a predetermined shape is provided with leaf blocks movable in the direction of the radiation field and having pattern images drawn along the direction of movement on a predetermined surface, and detection part acquiring an image of fixed-point via fixed-point observation in the direction of that predetermined surface and for detecting displacement of said leaf blocks based on the arranged locations of the pattern images existing in this image of fixed-point. Moreover, it is provided with detection part acquiring an image of fixed-point via fixed-point observation in the direction of that predetermined surface and for detecting the locations of the leaf blocks based on the arranged locations of the pattern images existing in this image of fixed-point.

Abstract: A countermeasure device includes an emitter having a surface. A band gap material is integral with the surface of the emitter. A series of apertures are formed in the band gap material. A heat source for heating the emitter is provided proximate to the emitter and may be the metal surface itself. When the emitter is heated, the band gap material, and the apertures therein, allows the emitter to emit photons at predetermined wavelengths.

Abstract: A light source is disclosed. The light source has a light-emitting chip that includes an LED that generates light in an active region thereof. The LED emits a light signal in a forward direction, and infrared radiation generated in the active region is emitted in a side direction in the form of a first infrared signal. The first light signal is determined by a first drive signal coupled to the LED. The light source also includes an infrared detector positioned to collect a portion of the infrared signal. The infrared detector generates a heat signal indicative of the amount of infrared radiation detected. A controller generates the drive signal so as to maintain the heat signal at a first target value. In light sources having LEDs that emit in different spectral ranges, the infrared detectors can all detect heat in the same spectral range.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for imaging a sample, the apparatus including a source for irradiating a sample with a beam of substantially continuous electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in the range 25 GHz to 100 THz; means for subdividing an area of the sample which is to be imaged into a two dimensional array of pixels; means for detecting radiation from each pixel wherein the detector is configured to detect a phase dependent quantity of the detected radiation which is measured relative to the radiation which irradiates the sample.

Abstract: An infrared emitter for use with self-propelled aerial targets used to simulate jet aircraft for use as a target for anti-aircraft missile systems. The emitter provides an infrared source that simulates the infrared energy produced by an aircraft. The emitter incorporates a network of platinum beads that are arranged along and between a plurality of parallel stainless steel screens. The network is contained in a heating conduit that is secured to a housing. The housing is provided with an opening to allow for attachment to the exhaust ports of a self-propelled aerial target's engine. Combustion gases produced by the aerial target's engine are expelled through the exhaust port and pass through to the emitter. The gases heat the network of beads and screens thereby causing the network to emit an infrared signature such that the heat seeking/sensing mechanisms of anti-aircraft missiles systems are able to locate and direct the missile to the target.

Abstract: A method for generating a thermal target. The method includes generating hot-body thermal radiation from a heated source, the thermal radiation emanating from a projection region with a first maximum dimension, and employing an optical arrangement to project at least part of the thermal radiation onto a target region of a surface, the target region with a second maximum dimension greater than the first maximum dimension.

Abstract: A blackbody radiation device (110) includes a planar filament emission element (102) and a planar detector (104) for respectively producing and detecting radiation having width dl/1 less than about 0.1 to test a sample gas, where 1 is the wavelength of the radiation; a reflector (108); a window (W); an electrical control (118); and a data output element (116).

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system including a reflecting device having a plurality of reflecting zones with associated reflectivities for reflecting light from a flash lamp, are described herein.

Abstract: Solar simulator that includes a pulsed radiation source for generating electromagnetic radiation, and at least one mirror element is arranged in a region of the radiation source. The at least one mirror element is structured and arranged to reflect components of radiation from the radiation source essentially in an intended irradiation direction. Further, the at least one mirror element, formed at least in part of metal, is positioned adjacent to the radiation source and is structured to receive at least a part of an ignition voltage of the pulsed radiation source. The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: A projection system for presenting infrared scenes having biological and chemical agents, simulants and objects such as battlefield items. The generated scenes are primarily for the evaluation of infrared sensors, cameras and stand-off detectors. The system may have two or more projectors that combine various scenes into one scene having components with modified or imposed spectra signatures. Also, the system may generate a dynamic series of scenes that show synthetic scenarios of moving objects, agent clouds, non-toxic simulants and other items.

Abstract: A flying device for IR flying target representation with at least one infrared radiator (2). An infrared radiator (2) is arranged inside the exhaust gas flow of a convected heat-generating unit so that the exhaust gas stream completely encloses the surface of the infrared radiator (2) exposed to airflow.

Abstract: A radiant element which is heated on its rear side by a burning fluid-air mixture and whose front side emits the infrared radiation. The radiant element is produced from a highly heat resistant material which contains more than 50% by weight of a metal silicide, preferably molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) or tungsten disilicide (WSi2).

Abstract: A multi-mode electromagnetic radiation emitting device comprising at least one source of electromagnetic radiation which emits radiation according to predefined or programmable user selectable instruction sets is disclosed. Reversal of the polarity of the device's power supply allows for enhanced features to be accessed including multiple instruction sets per switch setting, reprogramming mode, infra-red (covert) mode, night mode and water activation mode. A switch mechanism for providing selectable switched circuit connections is also disclosed as well as a power supply for supplying DC power to an electronic circuit comprising at least one microcontroller or microprocessor.

Abstract: Numerous embodiments of a debris mitigation device are disclosed. One embodiment of the claimed subject matter may comprise a debris mitigation device for use in photolithography processes. In one embodiment, the debris mitigation device comprises a foil trap device. The foil trap device, in this embodiment, comprises a plurality of electrically conductive elements and one or more mounting devices, where the plurality of electrically conductive elements are coupled to the one or more mounting devices in such as way as to provide a space between one or more adjacent elements. In this embodiment, the elements are foil elements, and adjacent foil elements carry alternating potentials.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for irradiating objects with infrared radiation, in particular in order to dry surface layers and/or fix them in place, wherein a radiation source (10) is moved by means of a robot (1) into one or several operating positions in which the particular target object is irradiated.

Abstract: Pre-cleaning or in situ cleaning of optical components for use in a lithographic projection apparatus can be carried out by irradiating the optical component with microwave and/or infra-red radiation, preferably infra-red radiation having a wavelength or a range of wavelengths in the range of from 1000 cm?1 to 4600 cm?1. This technique may be suitable for cleaning a mask. By monitoring the absorption of microwave and/or infra-red radiation directed at a contaminated optical component, the degree of contamination of said component can be qualified. This method may also be suitable for reducing the partial pressure of water in EUV apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus (1) for irradiating material comprises a single UV, pulsed brigth white light or IR lamp (2) with a centrally disposed receptacle (3) for containing material to be irradiated. The lamp can be an elongate hollow tube (2) of annular construction. Internal formations may be present within the lamp to control the position of the arc. For example, the lamp may have a plurality of longitudinal segments arranged such that a discharge arc is formed within each segment or internal formations may be provided to direct the position of the arc within the lamp. A pump (36) may be included for moving material through the receptacle which is preferably the hollow area within the annulus of the elongate hollow tube. Material can be treated batchwise or in a continuous process. This apparatus is suitable for the sterilisation of biological and/or non-biological materials. A further use is in carrying out photolysis on chemical substances in photochemical reactions.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus for producing an IR (infra-red) signature. In the method, the apparatus is mounted on a target to give the target an infra-red signature whereby the target can be acquired by an appropriate weapon sensor.

Abstract: A high frequency infrared radiation source including a hermetically sealed chamber with a plasma generating gas therein, a pair of spaced electrodes in the chamber for creating a plasma therebetween, a window in the chamber, and a collimating lens made of infrared radiation transmissive material disposed between the pair of electrodes and the window.

Abstract: An electrically heated resistance element disposed on axis within a gold coated reflector, which collects the radiated infrared energy from the resistance element and shapes it to a desired beam, provides a shaped high intensity source of infrared radiation which is modulated by a rotating modulator positioned in front of the reflector.

Abstract: A system and method for focusing electromagnetic energy on a moving target. Generally, the inventive system sends a pilot beam to a target and analyzes a return wavefront to ascertain data with respect to any distortions and other phase and/or amplitude information in the wavefront. This information is then used to pre-distort an output beam by so that it is focused on the target by the intervening distortions. In an illustrative embodiment, the pilot beam is provided by a beacon laser mounted off-axis with respect to the output beam. The reflected wavefront is received through a gimbaled telescope. Energy received by the telescope is detected and processed to ascertain wavefront aberrations therein. This data is used to predistort a deformable mirror to create an output beam which is the phase conjugate of the received wavefront. In a first alternative embodiment, a nonlinear optical phase-conjugate mirror is employed to generate the required wavefront-reversed replica of the received wavefront.

Abstract: Apparatuses, devices, systems and methods employing a material or combination of materials capable of emitting both far infared radiation and negative ions are provided. The material at least include a first part of, for example, a bio-ceramic, and a second part that includes an additional oxide material. The material can be used in a variety of different applications including, for example, internal engine combustion, natural gas combustion, water purification or the like.

Abstract: An electron beam lithography apparatus, which uses a patterned emitter, includes a pyroelectric plate emitter that emits electrons using a patterned metal thin layer formed on the pyroelectric plate as a mask. When the emitter is heated, electrons are emitted from portions of the emitter covered with a patterned dielectric layer, and not from portions of the emitter covered with a patterned metal thin layer, and a pattern of the emitter is thereby projected onto a substrate. To prevent dispersion of emitted electron beams, the electron beams may be controlled by a permanent magnet, an electro-magnet, or a deflector unit. A one-to-one or x-to-one projection of a desired pattern on the substrate is thereby obtained.

Abstract: Multi-spectral products for simulating military and civilian objects or for identification and marking of those objects. The multi-spectral products are provided with sandwiched structure having a first layer and a second layer, overlapping with the first layer. The first layer is patterned by an image of the object in question, which is recognizable in visual specter. The second layer is made of material, which is capable of producing thermal contrast detectable in infrared specter. The second layer produces thermal contrast without using dedicated source of energy and its configuration corresponds to thermal signature cue of the object.

Abstract: An apparatus for surface treating a semiconductor wafer includes a surface treatment chamber and a source of radiation. The semiconductor wafer disposed inside the chamber is illuminated with radiation sufficient to create a plurality of electron-hole pairs near the surface of the wafer and to desorb ions and molecules adsorbed on the surface of the wafer.

Abstract: An infrared ray generating unit for sauna facility is provided. The unit includes a heater that generates a first infrared ray, a first reflector that surrounds the heater in a half circle, and a second reflector behind the first reflector. The first reflector has a reflecting layer and an infrared ray generating layer that is laminated to the reflecting layer. The reflecting layer reflects the first infrared ray. The reflecting layer is heated by heat transferred from the heater, and in turn, transfers heat to the infrared ray generating layer, and the infrared ray generating layer generates a second infrared ray with the heat transferred from the reflecting layer. The second reflector reflects the second infrared ray.

Abstract: An infrared LASER diode based high intensity light (100) for use as an aircraft landing light or searchlight in conjunction with night vision imaging systems. The high intensity light (100) uses infrared LASER diodes (110) installed into a heat sink (112) for temperature stability. The infrared light emitted from the LASER diodes (110) is transmitted to an optical positioning plate (106) by optical transmission means (108). The optical positioning plate (106) combines the emissions of the individual LASER diodes (110) to a single infrared light beam, which is collimated by an aspheric lens (102).

Abstract: Emitter controller including a controller, and a power amplifier, the controller being connected to a power source, the power amplifier being connected to the controller, the power source and to an emitter, the controller providing a pulse sequence to the power amplifier for operating the emitter, the controller determining the pulse sequence according to an available power voltage level.

Abstract: A thermal image identification system includes an infrared emitting element having a laminate, and a power source electrically communicable with the infrared emitting element. The laminate includes an infrared emitting layer having a first side and a second side, a cover layer associated with the first side, and a backing layer associated with the second side. The laminate may also include a first heat insulating layer between the infrared emitting layer and the cover layer, a second heat insulating layer between the infrared emitting layer and the backing layer, and an infrared reflective layer between the second heat insulating layer and the backing layer. A plurality of infrared emitting elements may be arranged contiguously for coordinated operation. The infrared emitting elements may be arranged in a one-dimensional or a two-dimensional array.

Abstract: A compact infrared (IR) scene generator capable of generating multiple-color mid-IR scenes through the use of readily available commercial near-IR lasers and a fluorescent conversion material (FCM). Such a scene generator would be useful to test IR imaging sensors in a controlled laboratory environment. In operation, each laser emits energy at an initial wavelength outside the operating band of an IR imaging sensor. This energy of a first set of wavelengths is written onto the FCM in patterns, which collectively form an IR scene. The FCM absorbs the energy and radiates it at wavelengths longer than the initial wavelengths, i.e., a second set of wavelengths. As these longer wavelengths are within the operating waveband of the IR imaging sensor, the patterns written onto the FCM are detectable by it.

Abstract: A heating device infrared radiation lamps 24, 26 designed to perform rapid thermal processing of the substrate 12 inside a reaction chamber 14 with a transparent window 34. The infrared lamps 24, 26 are arranged in two superposed stages A, B extending on a single side of the substrate 12, the lamps 24 of the lower stage A being arranged perpendicularly with respect to the lamps 26 of the upper stage B. Adjusting the supply power by of lamps for greater heating on the edges than in the center of the substrate 12. A reflector 36 in the form of a distribution grid 38 is designed to reflect the infrared radiation to control the power ratios between the different heating zones. This results in uniform heating of the substrate 12 regardless of the geometry and dimensions thereof.

Abstract: A system is provided for boresighting a laser to a passive sensor using a fluorescent conversion material. A passive sensor, such as a FLIR, is aligned with a boresight module using a test pattern on a fluorescent conversion material. Laser energy is then emitted onto the fluorescent conversion material at a first wavelength which is beyond the passive sensor's operating waveband. The fluorescent conversion material then radiates the laser energy at a second wavelength which is within the passive sensor's operating waveband. The location where the laser energy is radiated on the fluorescent conversion material is used as a reference in boresighting the laser to the passive sensor.

Abstract: Rapid, positive identification in a wide variety of lighting and visibility conditions is a must in combat and rescue operations. With modern imaging technology, both thermal and infrared radiation can be made visible to the human eye. By combining shape, color, heat, and infrared reflectivity, easily identifiable symbols can be made to be placed on vehicles, buildings, runways, landing pads, and personnel and can be made to be visible in all kinds of lighting. To be visible using thermal imaging technology, such symbols must have a temperature that is different from their surroundings—either colder or hotter. Symbols can be heated using resistance heat, by passing a hot fluid through a panel that makes up the symbol, or from an exothermic chemical reaction. Symbols can be cooled using a cold fluid passing through a panel, or an endothermic chemical reaction. A thermal radiation reflecting sleeve or envelope can be fitted over the heated panel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for e-beam fabrication of a workpiece. A surface of the workpiece is impinged with a e-beam during a manufacturing step in the manufacture of the workpiece. Simultaneously, the workpiece is optically sensed using thermal-wave imaging and/or ultrasound imaging techniques for process control of the workpiece. The e-beam impinging the workpiece in the manufacture of the workpiece provides substantially all the energy needed to be added to the workpiece to perform the optical sensing of the workpiece.

Abstract: A combination ultraviolet curing and infrared dryer system which allows both an ultraviolet curing unit to be used at the same time an infrared dryer is used. The infrared dryer and ultraviolet curing unit are placed in an enclosure having a cooling system which cools both the ultraviolet curing unit and the infrared dryer. The cooling system may comprise an air supply system, or may comprise an air supply system and a water cooling system.

Abstract: A thermometer calibration method and fixed-point temperature realizing apparatus uses a fixed-point cell including a crucible of carbon and a fixed-point material enclosed in the crucible. The fixed-point material is a eutectic structure of carbide and carbon. The fixed-point cell is placed in a furnace for increasing and decreasing the environmental temperature of the cell. A thermometer to be calibrated is used to measure temperature variations in the cell and calibrated based on the temperature variations thus measured.

Abstract: A small and compact infrared scene projector allows for projection of infrared images from a variety of sources. The unit utilizes an external power supply to reduce the weight of the unit and has several input pathways such as an integrated RS-232 serial port and a video port for receiving RS-170 formatted video signals. The projector uses a digital signal processor to control its internal electronics and for on-board generation of pre-programmed infrared images. A processor electronics card and a scene generator electronics card communicate internally to generate images and to control a thermoelectric cooling device mounted to a semiconductor infrared emitter array to project flicker free, high resolution infrared images. Optics in the form of an interchangeable lens or a mirrored collimator allow for projection of a generated image onto a test object.

Abstract: Infrared scene projectors are useful in testing infrared surveillance and guidance equipment which identify and track objects, such as enemy missiles, based on their infrared emissions or heat-generation characteristics. Infrared scene projectors typically include a thermal pixel array which converts electrical input signals into a desired thermal or infrared image. One problem with conventional thermal pixel arrays is that each pixel has a unique ground voltage based on its point of connection to a ground terminal running through the array, making it difficult to precisely control the pixels. Accordingly, the present inventors devised not only innovative infrared pixel arrays and related control methods, but also infrared scene projectors incorporating them. In one exemplary pixel array, each pixel includes a resistor and a current-mirror circuit which enables control.