Abstract: The present invention provides solutions of certain 4,4'-bipyridinium salts, such as salts of 1,1'- dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetraalkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium cations. The solutions of the invention are employed as solutions of variable transmittance in solution-phase electrochromic devices, including such devices that are single-compartment and self-erasing. In the solutions of the invention in such devices, the bipyridinium salts are cathodic electrochromic compounds, as reduction of a cation of such a salt causes its molar extinction coefficient at at least one wavelength in the visible range to increase markedly. Electrochromic devices, in which solutions of the invention provide variable transmittance, are, in turn, components of variable transmittance in display devices, windows and other types of light filters, and variable reflectance mirrors, such as those that can be used as dimmable rearview mirrors in motor vehicles.

Abstract: A method of producing a photosensitive microcapsule which contains a polymerizable monomer and a polymerization initiator. Soluble water is displaced in the polymerizable monomer by performing one or both of distilling the polymerizable monomer and adding a dehydrating agent to the polymerizable monomer. The polymerization initiator and a first microcapsule-forming material are added to the water-displaced polymerizable monomer to produce a solution. Soluble oxygen in the polymerizable monomer is displaced by performing one or both of bubbling an inert gas and adding an oxygen absorbent to the polymerizable monomer. Soluble oxygen may also be displaced in an ionic surfactant by performing the bubbling and adding of oxygen absorbent. The ionic absorbent is added to the solution containing the polymerizable monomer and polymerization initiator, and then the solution is emulsified. A microcapsule membrane is produced by adding a second microcapsule-forming material to the emulsion.

Abstract: This invention describes a process of coprecipitating a photographic material such as a dye-forming coupler inside a base ionizable polymeric particle. Preparation of such a dispersion is performed by providing a first flow comprising a solution of a surfactant in water containing a polymer ionizable by base, providing a second flow comprising a water miscible solvent, base, water, and the photographic material, then mixing the said first and said second flow and immediately neutralizing the mixed flow to precipitate the photographic material inside the polymer particles forming a fine particle colloidal dispersion of the photographic material. The polymer dispersions of the invention are characterized by high photographic activity and high dye-stability in some cases.

Abstract: The present invention concerns compositions, which comprise a solvent, which is suitable for a medium of variable transmittance in a solution-phase electrochromic device, and a UV-stabilizer, which is an ester of 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylic acid. Among embodiments of the invention are solutions used as media of variable transmittance in electrochromic devices, especially single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices. The UV-stabilizer provides to the compositions of the invention stability against degradation from exposure to ultraviolet radiation, including that from the sun. Among applications of electrochromic devices comprising solutions according to the invention are use as variable transmittance components in variable reflectance, outside, rearview mirrors for automobiles.

Abstract: A magenta dye-forming pyrazolotriazole coupler solubilized by one or two sulfonamido groups results in a coupler having increased coupling activity, low fog and good dispersability. The couplers are useful in photographic elements and react with oxidized silver halide to form dyes, and/or to release photographically useful groups.

Abstract: A heat-sensitive recording composition comprising agglomerates which comprise an aromatic isocyanate compound, an imino compound and a sensitizer and have an average diameter of 2-30 .mu.m; and a process for producing the composition are disclosed. This heat-sensitive recording composition is excellent in heat response and high in sensitivity. From the point of image stability, the agglomerates are preferably contained in microcapsules together with a polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel electrochromic materials useful as electrochromic electrodes in eletrochromic cells and to their preparation process. These materials are constituted by at least one transition metal oxyhydroxide chosen from among H.sub.2 Ti.sub.3 O.sub.7 and HNbWO.sub.6, H.sub.2 O or by a thin film obtained by vacuum evaporation of at least one of these oxyhydroxides.

Abstract: Nonlinear optical composites with large third-order optical response compd of metal clusters uniformly dispersed in polymers are prepared by vapor deposition of a metal onto a cold support while simultaneously cocondensing a vapor of an organic material. Where the organic material is a monomer, it polymerizes either when it comes in contact of the metal and/or when the cold surface is warmed. The unpolymerized monomer is removed to yield a processable composite. When the organic material is a diluent, it deposits as a solid on the cold surface forming a dispersion of the solid metal clusters in the liquid diluent. A polymer solution is then mixed with the dispersion and the composite is formed after removal of the diluent and the solvent for the polymer.

Abstract: Base and auxiliary solvent solubilized precipitated dispersions of couplers and other photographic materials usually produce very small particle dispersions, and usually such dispersions are extremely highly reactive because of the smallness of the particle size. However, some relatively more hydrophobic couplers, even through they produce small particles when a dispersion if formed by the precipitation technique, lead to extremely unreactive dispersions. The method of this invention constitutes a single step coprecipitation technique where a base deprotonation compound, preferably a liquid carboxylic acid, is incorporated into the precipitated particles to produce photographically highly active coupler dispersions.

Abstract: The new photochromic compounds of the invention have the formula of a indolino-spiro-oxazine comprising an indolinic part and an oxazine part wherein the oxanine part comprises an unsaturated 6-atoms bi-aza heterocycle of the pyrimidine type included in a nucleus of the quinazoline part.Preferred photochromic compounds are those showing the following developed formula (II) whereinR.sub.1 is a methyl or isopropyl groupR.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are methyl groupsR.sub.4 is H or --OCH.sub.

Abstract: A laser-diode-pumped solid-state laser including a solid-state laser rod doped with a rare-earth material such as neodymium, a semiconductor laser for emitting a laser beam to pump said solid-state laser rod to oscillate a beam, and a resonator including a bulk single crystal of organic nonlinear optical material for converting the wavelength of the beam which is oscillated by said solid-state laser rod. The organic nonlinear optical material is preferably PRA, MNA, NPP, NPAN, MAP, m-NA, or the like. The semiconductor laser may comprise a single-transverse-mode, or a single-longitudinal-mode semiconductor laser.

Abstract: New photosensitive polyimide compositions and processes of using the same in the fabrication of electronic components are provided. These compositions are comprised of ##STR1## containing polyamic acids and/or the corresponding hydroxy-polyamic esters, or hydroxypolyimides and a photoactive component as an additive or as covalently bonded functionality on the polymer chain. These compositions provide positive or negative patterning options and may be used as conventional resist materials, as imageable dielectric or passivating layers, as high Tg ion implant masks or as imageable lift-off layers in the fabrication of multilevel metal structures.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive material comprising a polyacid composed of tungsten and niobium, titanium and/or tantalum. A uniform film can be formed by an easy spin coating method. The polyacid has a radiation sensitivity higher than that of a polyacid comprising only tungsten.

Abstract: A non-linear optical material comprises a derivative of chalcone represented by the following general formulae (I) or (II) of: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represent a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a dimethylamino group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a phenyl group, an acetyl group, an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkyloxy group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; n.sub.1 and n.sub.2 each represent an interger of from 0 to 21; and m.sub.1 and m.sub.2 each represent an integer of from 0 to 5.

Abstract: A material for an optical component comprising polytungstic acid having peroxo groups, and an optical component, at least part of which is constituted of a thin film of the above-mentioned material. By using this material, a thin film of an inorganic material having an excellent stability is formed by the inexpensive wet painting method. An optical component using the above-mentioned thin film can be formed on an arbitrary substrate with high accuracy at a low temperature of about 100.degree. C. or below. The polytungstic acid may contain carbon as a heteroatom and/or may have Nb, Ti, V, Ta and/or Mo substituted for part of W.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved autoradiography enhancer composition and method of use. The enhancer composition uses an acid anhydride as a dehydration agent.

Abstract: The invention relates 6-acyl-(6H)-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-oxides of the formula ##STR1## wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may be present one or more times and R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represent halogen having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, alkyl or alkoxy each having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms.The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of the afore-mentioned compounds and polymerizable compositions containing them as an essential ingredient as a photo-initiator. Finally the invention relates to 6-alkoxy-(6H)-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin of the formula II ##STR2## wherein each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be present once or more times and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent halogen having an atomic number of from 9 to 35, alkyl or alkoxy each having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one R.sup.1 being, however, halogen and wherein R.sup.

Abstract: In one embodiment this invention provides a high performance nonlinear optical medium which comprises a transparent organic polymer film containing an array of charge asymmetric molecules such as 13,13-diamino-14,14-dicyanodiphenoquinodimethane: ##STR1##

Abstract: Radiation detecting solid elements consisting of conductive polymers and radiation sensitive materials which are capable of generating radiation induced substances composing the dopant of the conductive polymers. The elements are monolayer sheets obtained by impregnating or compounding the conductive polymers, such as, polythiophene and polyselenophene, with radiation sensitive materials, such as, diphenyliodonium chloride and triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroarsenate(V). The elements are also laminated sheets consisting of conductive polymer films and radiation sensitive material containing films. As radiation exposure causes variation in electrical conductivity and absorption spectrum of the elements, radiation can be detected by the variation of these properties.

Abstract: Variable-transmittance articles, such as an ophthalmic lens, are prepared by applying to or incorporating within the article a combination of two (or more) organic photochromic substances exhibiting different activated absorption maxima within the matrix in which the substances are incorporated. One organic photochromic substance has an absorption maximum within the range of between greater than 590 and about 700 nanometers. The other organic photochromic substance exhibits at least one absorption maximum and preferably two absorption maxima, within the range of between about 400 and less than 500 nanometers. The organic photochromic substances are used in a proportion to achieve a near neutral coloring of the article. The article may also be tinted with a light compatible tint (dye) to achieve a more neutral color when the photochromic substances are activated.

Abstract: Optical elements comprising a non-centrosymmetric compound comprising an electron donor and an electron acceptor linked by a conjugated bridging group, in which the electron acceptor is a nitroso group, in which element the molecules of the compound are aligned so that the element has a net non-centrosymmetry, a method for their preparation, optical devices comprising such elements, and some of the compounds.

Abstract: There are disclosed a nonlinear optical element capable of second harmonic generation comprising a crystalline inclusion complex of a lattice-forming host compound crystallized with continuous channel cavities in the presence of a nonlinearly polarizable guest compound in a noncentrosymmetric space group, said guest compound having specified properties, and both said guest and host being selected from specified classes; a nonlinear optical device; a method of generating second harmonic radiation; and an electro-optic modulator.

Abstract: Certain derivatives of stilbene are capable of second harmonic generation when illuminated by coherent optical radiation.

Abstract: Disclosed are near-infrared absorbents comprising 1,2-naphthalocyanine derivatives wherein the four naphthalene rings contained in the molecule independently have 1 to 6 substituents. Also disclosed is the use of these near-infrared absorbents in optical recording media, near-infrared absorption filters and display materials.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment this invention provides a second order nonlinear optical film medium which consists of a thermoplastic copolymer which has a crystallographic molecular alignment, and a net dipolar molecular orientation normal to the film plane. The crystallographic molecular alignment is formed by axial mechanical stressing, and the dipolar molecular orientation is induced by an electric or magnetic field.

Abstract: Inclusion complexes of cyclodextrin compounds and suitable guest molecules are capable of second harmonic generation when illuminated by coherent optical radiation.

Abstract: This invention provides a nonlinear optical medium which is a composite of a microporous inorganic oxide glass which contains an incorporated solution of a solvent and an organic component which exhibits nonlinear optical response.In one embodiment the solution incorporated in the microporous glass monolith is composed of dioxane and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-nitrostilbene.

Abstract: Inclusion complexes, comprising a host and a guest, that exhibit greater second harmonic generation efficiency than either the host or the guest exhibits by itself. Preferred hosts can be selected from cyclodextrins, cyclodextrin derivatives, and cyclodextrin polymers. Preferred guests can be selected from aromatic compounds in which the molecule contains both an electron-donating functional group and an electron-withdrawing functional group.

Abstract: To quench the fluorescence generated by anionic optical brighteners, virtually colourless, water-soluble, cationic compounds are used which contain at least one cationic group per molecule or per repeating structural unit and at least two nitro group-free naphthalene-peridicarboxylic acid imide groups per molecule or at least one such group per repeating structural unit.

Abstract: A photosensitive recording medium having a multiplicity of microcapsules formed on a substrate, and a developer material, each microcapsule having a photosensitive resin and a chromogenic material which reacts with the developer layer to form a colored image spot. The microcapsules comprising a plurality of microcapsule groups which are sensitive to radiations having different wavelength bands, or which are sensitive to different intensities of the radiation. An image recording system is provided with an illuminating device for generating radiations of different wavelengths falling within the wavelength bands of the microcapsule groups, or a radiation of variable intensity. The recording system has a selector for selecting at least one of the radiations of the different wavelengths, or one of the intensity levels of the radiation, in order to adjust the contrast of the images formed on the medium, with respect to non-image areas on the medium.

Abstract: Described are photochromic spiro(indoline)benzoxazine compounds having substituents on the benzoxazine portion of the compound, and their use in plastic hosts to impart a photochromic response thereto.

Abstract: Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions of electrochromic compounds for use as media of variable transmittance in such devices, and electrochromic compounds for such solutions are provided. The devices of the invention are surprisingly stable to cycling between light and dark states, have continuously variable transmittance to light as a function of electrical potential applied across the solution in a device, and have transmittance that can be varied over more than a factor of 10, from clear to dark or from dark to clear, in several seconds. Thus, the devices are especially suitable as variable transmittance components of variable transmission light filters, including windows, and variable reflectance mirrors, including anti-glare rearview mirrors in automobiles.

Abstract: In one embodiment this invention provides a nonlinear optical medium consisting of a solid solution of components comprising (1) a thermoplastic polymer such as poly(methyl acrylate/butyl acrylate); (2) a first organic compound which exhibits nonlinear optical response such as 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene; and (3) a second organic compound such as methyl acrylate which complexes with and enhances the nonlinear optical response of the first organic compound.

Abstract: A non-linear optical article is constituted of a derivative of benzalacetophenone represented by the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein A and B each represent the same or different atom or group and stand for a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an amino group or a dialkylamino group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

Abstract: In one embodiment this invention provides a novel class of azomethine compounds which exhibit nonlinear optical response, such as 4-(4-dimethylaminobenzylideneamino)-4'- nitrostilbene: ##STR1##

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment this invention provides novel organopolysiloxanes which exhibit nonlinear optical response.Illustrative of an invention organopolysiloxane is a polymer corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of at least 5.

Abstract: This invention provides a nonlinear optical medium which is a composite of a microporous inorganic oxide glass which contains an incorporated solution of a solvent and an organic component which exhibits nonlinear optical response.In one embodiment the solution incorporated in the microporous glass monolith is composed of dioxane and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-nitrostilbene.

Abstract: An imaging material of the type in which a radiation sensitive composition is encapsulated in a plurality of microcapsules and exposure controls the release of the internal phase from the microcapsules wherein the internal phase of the microcapsules includes a solid diluent.

Abstract: A plastics mixture which absorbs electromagnetic radiation consists of a heat-stable thermoplastic polymer and from 1 to 90% by weight of a ferrite, titanate or zirconate having a particle size of from 100 to 5,000 .ANG.. The mixture is prepared by combining the metal components in the form of organometallic compounds, mixing them with the thermoplastic, adding the amount of water required for hydrolysis and heating the mixture to about 250.degree. C.

Abstract: A systematic approach to the production of frequency conversion crystals is described in which a chiral molecule has attached to it a "harmonic generating unit" which contributes to the noncentrosymmetry of the molecule. Certain preferred embodiments of such harmonic generating units include carboxylate, guanadyly and imidazolyl units. Certain preferred crystals include L-arginine fluoride, deuterated L-arginine fluoride, L-arginine chloride monohydrate, L-arginine acetate, dithallium tartrate, ammonium N-acetyl valine, N-acetyl tyrosine and N-acetyl hydroxyproline. Chemical modifications of the chiral molecule, such as deuteration, halogenation and controlled counterion substitution are available to adapt the dispersive properties of a crystal in a particular wavelength region.

Abstract: This invention provides novel sidechain liquid crystalline polymers which exhibit nonlinear response, and which have utility as a transparent nonlinear optical component in optical light switch and light modulator devices.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment this invention provides novel organopolysiloxanes which exhibit nonlinear optical response.Illustrative of an invention organopolysiloxane is a polymer corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## where n is an integer of at least 5.

Abstract: In one embodiment this invention provides a nonlinear optical medium which is a composite of a polymer matrix which exhibits nonlinear optic response, and a silver colloid which is dispersed in the polymer matrix.

Abstract: Radiation-sensitive material for use in dosimetry comprises a matrix base, an acid-sensitive dye such as dimethyl yellow, and a halogen-containing substance, the material being capable of producing a halo-acid upon radiolysis. The matrix base is a solid polymer such as poly(methyl methacrylate) and the halogen-containing substance is a solid in which the polymer is insoluble such as hexachloroethane so that the radiation-sensitive material is a solid, self-supporting plastics material.

Abstract: Devices for and method of generating coherent second harmonic light radiation. The devices comprise a laser source of coherent light radiation at a fixed fundamental frequency, a crystalline N-aryl carbamyl compound that crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric configuration, means for directing the output radiation of the laser onto the crystalline chiral N-aryl carbamyl compound, and output means for utilizing the second harmonic frequency.

Abstract: There are disclosed a nonlinear optical element capable of second harmonic generation comprising a crystalline inclusion complex of a lattice-forming host compound crystallized with continuous channel cavities in the presence of a nonlinearly polarizable guest compound in a noncentrosymmetric space group, said guest compound having specified properties, and both said guest and host being selected from specified classes; a nonlinear optical device; a method of generating second harmonic radiation; and an electro-optic modulator.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment this invention provides novel organopolysiloxane/liquid crystalline polymer blends which exhibit nonlinear optical response.Illustrative of an invention composition is a blend of (1) organopolysiloxane corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## where n is an integer of at least 5; and (2) a liquid crystalline polymer corresponding to the formula: ##STR2## where m is an integer of at least 3.

Abstract: A photosensitive recording medium having a multiplicity of microcapsules formed on a substrate, and a developer material, each microcapsule having a photosensitive resin and a chromogenic material which reacts with the developer layer to form a colored image spot. The microcapsules comprise a plurality of microcapsule groups which are sensitive to radiations having different wavelength bands, or which are sensitive to different intensities of the radiation. An image recording system is provided with an illuminating device for generating radiations of different wavelengths falling within the wavelength bands of the microcapsule groups, or a radiation of variable intensity. The recording system has a selector for selecting at least one of the radiations of the different wavelengths, or one of the intensity levels of the radiation, in order to adjust the contrast of the images formed on the medium, with respect to non-image areas on the medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a variable light transmittance glass board which is an electrochromic cell in principle and is comprised of oppositely arranged two transparent glass substrates each of which is laid with a transparent electrode film, first and second electrochromic layers formed on the two electrode films, respectively, by using tungsten trioxide for the first layer and Prussian blue for the second layer and an electrolyte liquid which fills up the space remaining between the two electrode films. The electrolyte liquid is a solution of a conventional supporting electrolyte such as lithium perchlorate in an organic polar solvent such as propylene carbonate. Durability of both electrochromic layers at elevated temperatures is greatly improved by adding 0.2-3.0 wt % of water to the organic polar solvent.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device containing at least two electrodes and electrolyte in contact therewith is disclosed, wherein the electrolyte is an electrolytic solution which has been gelated by polymer.