Abstract: Sterilizing apparatus and a method including a stepped transition heat exchange bank is used to raise the temperature of an incoming fluent food product before introducing the fluent food product to a sterilizing chamber in which the fluent food product is discharged in the form of a free-falling film; sterilizing steam is injected into the sterilizing chamber, all of which is absorbed by the fluent food product; from the sterilizing chamber, the food product with absorbed steam is passed to a vacuum chamber where part of the water in the fluent food product flashes to steam again and is removed for subsequent processing through heat exchangers and recirculation back to a steam generator upstream of the sterilizing chamber. The food product from the vacuum chamber is passed to a stepped heat exchange bank before passing to storage or packaging facilities.

Abstract: A device for the treatment of polluted water having a primary chamber, a principal distribution chamber with an inlet connected to a source of polluted water, a secondary distribution chamber connected to a supply of polluted water, an air inlet orifice formed in the primary chamber for allowing air to pass into the primary chamber, a venturi connected in fluid communication with the primary chamber, and a drain pipe connected to the venturi. The principal distribution chamber has a spray nozzle connected thereto and positioned in the primary chamber. The secondary distribution chamber has a high-speed nozzle positioned within the primary chamber and directed toward the venturi. The venturi is a cone-shaped member with a wide end adjacent to the primary chamber and a narrow end adjacent to the drain pipe. The venturi is positioned below the primary chamber so as to accelerate a flow of an air/water mixture passing from the primary chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for spraying a starting solution into a gaseous medium under certain conditions. The method includes the steps of a) supplying the starting solution by delivering means using a pump to spray head members and spraying the starting solution through the spray head members, each spray head member having a plurality of holes for producing droplets of substantially constant radius substantially independent of spray head operating pressure, and b) washing the spray head members connected to at least one starting solution supply conduit substantially at its surface and purging them from foreign material with starting solution in the supply conduit.

Abstract: A system for humidifying an air stream comprising an array of fogger nozzles supplied with air and water by a grid of supply tubes, feedback means connected to the grid of air supply tubes and coupled to the pressure regulating means for the air and water supply tubes, for establishing a predetermined pressure differential between the grids of air and water supply tubes.

Abstract: A fogging system and fogger bar assembly are disclosed wherein a plurality of foggers are mounted on an array and operatively connected to air and primary water lines. A second water line is introduced in parallel with the primary water lines to provide an equalization of pressure in the primary water lines and dampen vibrations from the foggers. Check valves are used near the foggers to reduce the feedback of undesirable shocks and noise from the foggers into the primary water lines. A system is described wherein a plurality of pressure regulators are used to supply the same pressure to primary water lines in a system where a plurality of fogger bar assemblies are used in a vertical orientation.

Abstract: An air pollution control system incorporating a venturi scrubber and a method of cleansing a particulate-laden, contaminated gas flow are disclosed. Spray nozzles are used to introduce optimized droplets of a scrubbing liquid into the venturi to maximize the collection efficiency for optically active particles. The spray nozzles introduce the optimized droplets substantially upstream of the throat of the venturi such that the spray mixes with the effluent gas flow and cools the gas flow to substantially its saturation temperature prior to entering the venturi throat. This promotes collection of condensibles and inhibits the revolatilization of contaminants that are collected by the scrubbing droplets which might otherwise evaporate in the hot gas flow. The optimized droplets are highly effective in rapidly cooling the effluent gas flow.

Abstract: Convection towers which are capable of cleaning the pollution from large quantities of air, of generating electricity, and of producing fresh water utilize the evaporation of water sprayed into the towers to create strong airflows and to remove pollution from the air. Turbines in tunnels at the skirt section of the towers generate electricity, and condensers produce fresh water.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for removing relatively low levels of components, particularly organic components found in an aqueous stream in one or more stripping zones located in a process unit. An eductor means extending into each stripping zone is used to provide micro-fine gas bubbles which will dissolve the volatile components and carry them from the aqueous stream.

Abstract: A flue gas conditioning system uses the waste heat of the flue gas to heat a sulfuric acid solution to add sufficient heat energy to the solution to vaporize the solution before being injected into the flue gas to condition the flue gas so that particulate removal by a precipitator is enhanced.

Abstract: Aqueous streams are purified by use of ozone in one or more purification zones wherein the ozone is drawn from one purification zone to another by use of one or more eductors in each purification zone.

Abstract: Convection towers which are capable of cleaning the pollution from large quantities of air, of generating electricity, and of producing fresh water utilize the evaporation of water sprayed into the towers to create strong airflows and to remove pollution from the air. Turbines in tunnels at the skirt section of the towers generate electricity, and condensers produce fresh water.

Abstract: A method and A multi-ejector type of system for efficiently purifying the polluted poisonous exhaust gas, which is inevitably generated from the progress of work of the manufactories of various kinds. This multi-ejector type of system comprises a pre-processing part and a post-processing part. The former part preliminarily removes dust from the exhaust gas and causes the temperature of the exhaust gas to be reduced to a predetermined degree, while the latter part neutralizes and washes the exhaust gas, which has been processed in the former part, so as to cause the pollutants to be completely removed from the exhaust gas. Here, the former part is connected to the latter part through a plurality of pipe lines. This multi-ejector type of system has a such simple construction that it is run on a small scale and is inexpensive and this makes the system be easily equipped without expensive burdensome.

Abstract: A discriminating humidification system for humidifying a controlled space which, in its most preferred embodiment, includes a control device connected to a water source for supplying water at a constant pressure, a tubing network for transferring water from the control device, a mist nozzle located within the controlled space and connected to the tubing network to receive water transferred from the control device, and a droplet discrimination device positioned around the mist nozzle and located within the controlled space for removing and draining larger water droplets from the mist sprayed from the mist nozzle for releasing a very fine water mist into the controlled space outside the droplet discrimination device.

Abstract: The present invention inserts and retrieves a desuperheating assembly from within a pressurized steam header through an existing conduit that joins the steam header to the surrounding environment. A gate valve is disposed within the connecting conduit obstructing access to the steam header when closed. The spray nozzle of the desuperheating assembly is attached to a fluid supply pipe and is placed within the conduit on the side of the gate valve that is exposed to the ambient environment. A gas impervious seal is produced between the conduit and the fluid supply pipe so as to isolate the spray nozzle between the gate valve and the gas impervious seal. The gate valve is opened exposing the spray nozzle to the steam header. The supply pipe is advanced past the gas impervious seal, which in turn, drives the spray nozzle into the steam header.

Abstract: A throat section of a venturi for passing a flow of fluid therethrough comprises a plurality of spaced parallel physical barriers. The physical barriers are oriented parallel to the direction of fluid flow through the throat section. The throat section is installed in a throat zone of a venturi scrubber defined by an upstream zone having an unobstructed upstream section, a throat zone having the throat section, and a downstream section. The spaces between adjacent barriers are from about 3/16 inches to about 8 inches so as to create free stream zones between adjacent barriers. Each barrier may have a selected length which decreases with distance from the axis of the throat section. A method for treating a stream of effluent fluid containing entrained particulates by introducing the effluent fluid and target droplets into the throat section so as to promote impaction therebetween is also described.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the decontamination of oil includes providing a jet compressor having a converging section in which high velocity liquid oil compresses a source of atmospheric pressure gas, a central mixing section that intimately mixes the liquid oil with the gas for providing a large gas and oil surface area for the mass transfer of water from the liquid oil, and a diverging section in which the liquid oil and gas are further mixed during pressure recovery. A tubular member is connected to the diverging section to provide a residence time chamber immediately downstream of the diverging section to increase the efficiency of the rate of transfer of water from the liquid oil to the gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to improvements in or relating to a desuperheater for controllable injection of cooling water in a steam or gas line (17), said desuperheater device including an insertion tube (1) extending inside the pipe (17), said tube (1) having a conical outlet nozzle (7) with a valve body (5) movably arranged in a hole (2) in the insertion tube (1) such as to form a regulating port (4). The hole (2) in the insertion tube (1) opens out into a rotation chamber (3) with the centerline (10) of the hole and the centerline (11) of the rotation chamber (3) disposed relative each other at an angle deviating from 90.degree. by an angle .alpha., and where the angle .alpha. is greater than 0.degree. but less than 30.degree..

Abstract: Convection towers which are capable of cleaning the pollution from large quantities of air and of generating electricity utilize the evaporation of water sprayed into the towers to create strong airflows and to remove pollution from the air. Turbines in tunnels at the skirt section of the towers generate electricity. Other embodiments may also provide fresh water, and operate in an updraft mode.

Abstract: A venturi scrubbing system optimized for removing the most optically active sized particles from a gaseous effluent stream is disclosed. Before entering the venturi the effluent stream is subcooled to cause condensation of water vapor and other condensibles, thereby greatly reducing the volume of the effluent stream. In the venturi stage a scrubbing liquid is added in the form of droplets having a median diameter which is optimized to remove the optically active particles. Preferably, the median diameter of the scrubbing liquid droplets is between 10 and 200 microns. A two-fluid nozzle may be used to efficiently form the droplets. After passing through the scrubbing stage, which may also comprise one or more impingement plates, the cleansed effluent may be passed through an afterburner to remove combustible materials such as organic vapors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for supporting headers within a tower from adjacent headers thereby reducing the amount of support members needed. In this configuration, the headers, which extend from opposing sides of the tower, are interspaced within the same generally horizontal plane in the tower. Support for the cantilevered end of each header is supplied by the self-supporting capabilities of adjacent headers near their support point with the tower wall. This significantly reduces the loaded span of support members to the distance between such adjacent headers as well as reduces the load upon such support member.

Abstract: An elongated, generally vertically extending cocurrent reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided wherein an atomizer is mounted near the top of the reactor vessel to atomize the liquid alkali metal hydroxide into droplets in the vessel. The vessel has a spraying and reaction zone immediately beneath the atomizer and a drying zone beneath the spraying and reaction zone to produce a gaseous hypochlorous acid and a substantially dry solid salt by-product.

Abstract: A shower tunnel-type scrubbing apparatus for purifying effluent gases produced in buildings or industrial facilities comprises the first cylindical exhaust pipe, ring-like branch pipes, nozzle holes, nozzles, a distribution pipe, a supply pipe, the second exhaust pipe including baffles and a counteragent inlet, a discharging duct and a reservoir, and provides a superior ability in exhausting and purifying effluent gases without requiring a forced exhaust and without having any difficulties in the process of exhaust.

Abstract: An air scrubbing system for removing dust produced by longwall shearers from the operator's work area. The system uses a plurality of small scrubbing units mounted on the shearer. Each of the scrubbing units utilizes a series of twin fluid atomizers located at the inlet of the unit to produce a fine water mist for capturing the respirable dust. The scrubbing units return the dust-laden mist to the coal face.

Abstract: A vertical, co-current dry scrubber comprises a housing having a waste gas inlet and a treated gas outlet. A plurality of airfoil mounted atomizers extend across the interior of the housing for discharging slurry into the gas stream for treatment of the gas. The use of airfoil mounted atomizers reduces pressure drop across the chamber.

Abstract: A barometric direct-contact steam condenser (10) in which a stream of vapor and formed condensate contacts a free surface of the condensate, which surface is preferentially removed, preferably continuously, so as to provide a cooler surface against which and/or as a result of which more vapor can condense.

Abstract: An off-gas stack for a melter comprising an air conduit leading to two sets of holes, one set injecting air into the off-gas stack near the melter plenum and the second set injecting air downstream of the first set. The first set injects air at a compound angle, having both downward and tangential components, to create a reverse vortex flow, counter to the direction of flow of gas through the stack and also along the periphery of the stack interior surface. Air from the first set of holes pervents recirculation zones from forming and the attendant accumulation of particulate deposits on the wall of the stack and will also return to the plenum any particulate swept up in the gas entering the stack. The second set of holes injects air in the same direction as the gas in the stack to compensate for the pressure drop and to prevent the concentration of condensate in the stack.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling the dust produced by continuous underground coal mining machinery. The apparatus comprises a wet scrubber mounted on the pivoted boom adjacent the cutting head and discharges the cleaned air into the air curtain flow. The wet scrubber utilizes twin fluid atomizers to reduce the quantity of water required, produce fine water mist, and permit discharge of the dust-laden air directly to the mine.

Abstract: The mass-transfer apparatus is based on the principle of the gas washer in which a liquid is injected into the hot gas stream. The apparatus consists essentially of a gas feed pipe (1), which discharges vertically into an injection chamber (2) of greater diameter. Connected to the injection chamber (2) is a mass-transfer duct (12) with a diffuser (13). The injection chamber (2) is closed at its upper end against the gas feed pipe (1) with an annular roof (4). In the annular roof (4) are arranged liquid nozzles (5), directed at an angle downwards. The gas feed pipe (1) does not terminate flush with the annular roof (4) but is extended into the injection chamber (2) in the form of a gas skirt tube (8), so that the liquid nozzles (5) in the annular roof (4) are protected from the hot gas stream.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for cooling and removing the toxic particulates, heavy metals, noxious fumes, and acid from the gaseous products of the combustion of materials high in impurities and/or toxic substances. Said invention accomplishes the above when dense exhaust and smoke emitted by a furnace are drawn through a series of three treatment chambers by the tremendous vacuum effect of extremely high-velocity vertical water and alkaline solution jets. The hydraulic pressure of the water and alkaline solution jets, in addition to providing draft, forces impurities in the gaseous waste to hydraulically dilute or dissolve in a turbulent liquid bath below. The apparatus improves the efficiency of any furnace to which it is attached by channeling exhaust-heated water through an external radiator, thereby supplementing the heat output of the furnace to which the device is attached.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating particulate pollutants having a size range from submicrons to several tens of microns from a gas stream. The invention utilizes micron sized liquid particles or mists to remove the particles from the gas stream. The apparatus includes twin fluid atomizers to produce the micron sized particles and a corrugated plate interceptor to remove the liquid and entrain particulate pollutants from the gas stream.

Abstract: An aircraft air conditioning system circulates hot air to a humidifier having an atomized or vaporized water generator (2, 35). The exit of the water generator is located at the apex of a conical surface (20, 27, 42) which diverges in the direction of air circulation. The conical surface is pierced by holes (21) through which the hot air passes while encountering and mixing with the water particles or the water vapor mixes them there and carries them along. The conical surface is a surface of revolution (27) opening downstream. The apex of the conical surface is practically in the form of a spherical cap. The center of the apex is pierced by an outlet passage of the generator (2, 35).

Abstract: A self-cleaning, hydrodynamic fume scrubber for scrubbing a gaseous phase effluent with a scrubbing liquid, includes an inlet stage for receiving the particulate laden gaseous effluent. A negative pressure stage creates suction by spraying a first pressurized component of the scrubbing liquid into a stream of the effluent passing from the inlet stage. A main scrubbing chamber includes at least one hydrodynamic spray assembly driven by a second pressurized component of the scrubbing liquid; a filter media layer disposed below the spray assembly for filtering and mixing the effluent gas and scrubbing liquid; a scrubbing liquid, scrubbed gas separation region below the filter media for separating and discharging scrubbed gas effluent collected therein; a splash plate or diverter plate at the lower boundary of the separation region; and, a scrubbing liquid reservoir below the splash plate in a lowermost region of the chamber for receiving excess scrubbing liquid.

Abstract: A diffusion fogger is packed on a road case. Fans draw air through a baffle chamber and through fan openings into a fan chamber, an air compressor above the fan chamber provides compressed air to a fog head assembly. The fog head assembly releases an oil mist fog into a fog duct. Air from the fan chamber is blown through the duct and out through a front opening, entraining and delivering the fog. Air from the fan chamber is circulated over a path that serves to cool the compressor, compressed air, and exhausts from the outlet ducts. The fog head is a removable vertical assembly of an oil sump chamber and a nozzle array chamber. The nozzles, with inlets to an air manifold draw up filtered oil from an oil manifold and spray a fine mist of oil and decompressed air into the nozzle chamber. The mist continues through the next above baffle box filled with marbles, removing large oil droplets.

Abstract: An apparatus for spraying an atomized mixture into a gas stream comprises a stream line airfoil member having a large radius leading edge and a small radius trailing edge. A nozzle assembly pierces the trailing edge of the airfoil member and is concentrically surrounded by a nacelle which directs shielding gas from the interior of the airfoil member around the nozzle assembly. Flowable medium to be atomized and atomizing gas for atomizing the medium are supplied in concentric conduits to the nozzle. A plurality of nozzles each surrounded by a nacelle are spaced along the trailing edge of the airfoil member.

Abstract: Process for effecting rapid and homogenous intimate contact of substances which occur in different phases. The process includes a step of producing contact between a helicoidal flow of substances, at least partially in the gaseous state, and a rectilinear flow which is coaxial with the first flow, of liquid or solid substances, at the outlet of a flow passage having a downstream constricted aperture, the amount of movement of the helicoidal flow at the outlet being at least 100 times greater than that of the rectilinear flow. This process can be used in particular for producing mixtures or for drying substances.

Abstract: According to the invention there is provided an arrangement which can be used in particular in a media-mixing nozzle assembly intended for use with or to be incorporated in a contact reactor. The nozzle assembly enables a first medium to be mixed with a second medium. This medium mixture is used to clean a contaminated medium fed to the contact reactor, by bringing the contaminated medium into contact with the medium mixture, this mixture containing an absorbent which is capable of reacting with the contaminants in the contaminated medium. The first medium and the second medium are supplied under overpressure to a mixing chamber provided in the nozzle assembly and located upstream of the exit orifice of a nozzle.

Abstract: An injection cooling tower includes an injection tubular element having an elongated slit made thereon along axial direction through which a pressure forced hot liquid flow induced from outside is ejected to form into a continuous screen of high velocity liquid flow rapidly toward a diffuser wherein the kinetic energy of the continuous screen of high velocity liquid flow is converted into a pressure energy to result in a negative pressure to suck in cooled air current from outside so as to let the cooled air current mix with the continuous screen of high velocity hot liquid flow to start a heat exchanging process. The heat absorbed air current is further exhausted out of the tower through the top exhaust outlet where a mist eliminator is set, while the cooled liquid flow is guided by a turning vane to run into a bottom water storage tank from which the water is pumped by a water pump for further application.

Abstract: An evaporative gas cooling system in which a hot gas stream is divided into two portions before flowing downwardly through a cooling tower. One portion of the gas stream flows into the center of the cooling tower through water droplets generated by atomizing nozzles. Another portion of the gas stream flows downwardly along the inner sidewall of the cooling tower to form a protective barrier, thereby preventing the water droplets from collecting on the wall of the cooling tower. In one embodiment, the gas stream is divided into two portions by a deflector dome having a converging lower sidewall surrounded by a converging frustoconical guide plate. In a second embodiment, the gas stream is divided into two portions by an inner frustoconical conduit mounted within an outer frustoconical shell.

Abstract: A humidifier system where atomized water is caused to be rapidly evaporated as a result of being strategically located in the path of high velocity turbulent air created by converging deflector vane sets, and delivered to an outlet duct end for further distribution. An alternative embodiment illustrates a humidifier system where a central steam tube is substituted for the atomizing nozzles and steam fog is discharged into the high velocity turbulent air plane. Angled orifices in the central steam tube disperse steam against the air flow to further disperse steam within the humidifier assembly.

Abstract: A nozzle assembly includes at least one nozzle (1) for the injection of liquid moistening medium into a flow of flue gas, especially in view of cooling the flue gas, and a body (2) for directing the moistening medium to the nozzle. Nozzle (1) and body (2) are essentially disposed in a flue-gas flow duct or the like. In the flue-gas flow duct is fitted a housing (3) which essentially surrounds nozzle (1) and body (2). Housing (3) ia provided with an an aperture (10), which can be closed by a closing means (9) and through which a jet of moistening medium passes into a flow of flue gas.

Abstract: The present disclosure sets forth a method and apparatus for adjusting the rate at which water is introduced as a cooling and decelerating fluid in mist form into a discharge vent for high velocity superheated steam. An optimum measure of water is determined so that the steam is decelerated to a velocity not lower than about 35% of sonic velocity. Moreover, air is educted into the steam flow to further enhance the cooling and deceleration of the steam which is then vented. By the introduction of air and water mist, the steam is cooled and decelerated, thereby avoiding formation of a sonic wave creating unwanted backpressure and avoiding creation of noise.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating the exhausted smoked from a chimney by precipitation has a smoke collecting device placed at the exhaust of the chimney and a vapour injecting nozzle to spray high speed vapour over the smoke from the chimney into the collecting device. A water tank for receiving the mixture of the vapour and the smoke and precipitating the same with the water contained therein is connected to the collecting device by a conduit. The conduit is provided with suction means to accelerate the flow of the mixture of the vapour and the smoke to the tank. The water tank may also be equipped with set of vapour spraying devices and a smoke filtering web for preventing the possible leakage of smoke from the water tank. A preferred embodiment has two opposing collecting devices, each provided with its own conduit, suction means, and tank.

Abstract: A plant for the pyrolysis of waste material containing hydrocarbons has a cooling stage. In this cooling stage, the hot pyrolysis gas coming from the pyrolysis reactor is cooled by direct heat exchange with low-boiling pyrolysis oil which is obtained in a further cooling stage by condensation of pyrolysis gas. For this purpose, a multiplicity of spray nozzles disposed in the form of a ring are provided in the heat exchange channel of the cooling stage, with a spray direction of the nozzles pointing substantially downwards. The end of the hot gas line which connects the cooling stage to the pyrolysis reactor is located above the spray nozzles. At the same time, feed lines for a protective, buffer or blanketing gas end in this region. In addition, an annular channel encloses the heat exchange channel and has orifices in the inner wall surface of the heat exchange channel, so that pyrolysis oil fed through the line cools and wets the wall of the heat exchange channel.

Abstract: A process for operating a jet scrubber includes inducing gas to flow through a venturi by spraying coarse liquid droplets into the venturi inlet. The liquid is sprayed at the minimum rate needed to pump the gas. Additional liquid is atomized into fine droplets and introduced into the venturi throat. The ratio of combined liquid flow rates to the gas flow rate is substantially greater than the ratio of the minimum liquid flow rate to the gas flow rate. Hydrogen sulfide gas can be cleaned from a gas stream using a Stretford liquid according to the process.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of washing air is illustrated wherein a plurality of circumferentially spaced nozzles are positioned for directing a wash water spray across an air flow generated by a fan positioned at the entrance end of a housing for pushing air through the spray and an eliminator section.

Abstract: A hospital room humidification system operated from an outside source of pressurized oxygen and/or other gas for increasing the humidity of the ambient air in the room. The humidification system includes a collapsible bag for containing a quantity of water in a condition sealed from the environment of the room, an atomizing nozzle formed with separate liquid and gas passageways, a first adapter for coupling the atomizing nozzle to the water containing bag, and a second adapter for selectively coupling the atomizing nozzle to the outside pressurized gas source. The atomizing nozzle is operable for causing the pressurized gas flow discharging from the air passageway to break the flow of liquid discharging from the liquid passageway into fine liquid particles and to directly dispense such particles into the air of the room in the form of a mist and in a manner which significantly increases the humidity of the ambient air in the room.

Abstract: An apparatus for promoting heterogeneous chemical and physical reactions in a gas stream using a casing which is substantially liquid and gas tight having a gas inlet in one end and a gas outlet in the other end; nozzle means within the casing having an entry toward said one end in communication with the gas inlet and an outlet toward said other end, said nozzle means having an effective cross-sectional area of about 2 to about 64 times the effective cross-sectional area of the outlet and the mean angle of convergence of the nozzle being about 6.degree. to about 20.degree.; means in the casing for introduction of reactant liquids and solids into the gas stream before said nozzle means; means for removing liquid and particulate matter from said other end of the casing following desired reaction; and means for separately removing the gas from said other end of the casing.

Abstract: Spray discharge from a liquid sprayer is enhanced through a turbulent effect created by a ported baffle defining an air plenum into which air is induced to flow into the spray plume as it emerges from the discharge orifice causing the particles to collide and mix with the emerging spray. The baffle port is sized to match the divergence angle of the spray plume which essentially fills the port upon entry such that the air in the gap between the orifice and the port is driven through the port by impingement of the spray particles and entrainment of the air into the plume from the gap, while preventing any backflow of air through the port.

Abstract: A device for cooling a stream of hot producer gas exiting from a gasification reactor operating at an increased pressure, includes a set of water spraying nozzles directed against the producer gas stream. Water feeding conduits connected to the nozzles pass through a sealing web provided between the pipe wall structure of the reactor and a separate pipe wall structure of a gas outlet connection piece provided above the discharge opening of the reactor. The geometric locations of respective nozzles are on a circle whose diameter is larger than that of the gas discharge opening and is smaller than the inner diameter of the pipe wall structure of the connection piece.

Abstract: A process for heating fluids to a relatively high temperature, such as sterilization temperature, in which the fluid, such as a liquid, is heated by direct contact with steam while it is in the form of a very thin, free-falling film or a continuous falling stream so that heating of the fluid is accomplished without the fluid coming into contact with any surface and particularly metal surfaces which are hotter than the fluid product being heated and with minimum agitation and turbulence of the fluid product. This procedure enables maximum and uniform heat penetration in a minimum time interval with the film or stream being maintained as thin as possible and unbroken by introducing steam at a relatively low velocity in a large volume vessel.