Abstract: A gas scrubbing method and apparatus involving uniformly saturating the gas to be scrubbed with water, i.e., wetting the gas to be scrubbed with water vapor to a relative humidity of substantially 100%, and then centrifugally compressing the wetted gas by many atmospheres, i.e., to a density many times atmospheric, to condense and extract from the wetted gas at least part of the water vapor therein, and particulate and gaseous contaminants contacted by the water vapor.

Abstract: An atomizing humidifier nozzle and connected solenoid operated valve are secured as a unit to a box through an adjustable connection which allows the nozzle to assume various angular positions in one plane forwardly of the box as where the nozzle is projecting into a warm air furnace plenum. A thermostat on the forward face of the box is exposed directly to the heat of the plenum. A stepped flange on the forward face of the box along one edge thereof cooperates with a mounting strip bridging an opening in a wall of the furnace plenum to form a convenient hinged connection between such wall and the box, allowing the box to be swung to an inspection and maintenance position. The box can be indexed in ninety degree increments on the plenum wall by relocation of the mounting strip to provide universality in the positioning of the humidifier nozzle on various furance and plenum configurations.

Abstract: A gas scrubbing plant having a gas scrubbing stage, a washing liquid separating stage and a stage for washing out suspended matter therebetween. This latter stage includes a plurality of gas baffles which accelerates the gas and then decelerates it while liquid is introduced into the gas baffles as the gas passes therethrough. Each baffle has an inner conical member surrounded by an outer member to define therebetween an annular passage with diverges at an angle of between 10.degree. and 90.degree. from the inlet adjacent the apex of the conical member to the outlet from the baffle, the cross-sectional area of the annular passage decreasing in the direction of gas flow and then increasing towards the outlet.

Abstract: A venturi-type rod scrubber for effecting the cleaning of the flue gas produced as a by-product of the combustion process that occurs during the course of the operation of fossil fuel firing steam generators, before the flue gas flows up the exhaust stack and is released to the atmosphere. The subject scrubber includes inlet means through which the flue gas enters the scrubber. A first spray system is suitably mounted in juxtaposed relation to the inlet means so as to be operative to introduce liquid into the stream of flue gas entering the scrubber through the inlet means. In alignment with but in spaced relation to the inlet means, the scrubber is provided with a throat region, i.e., a region of restricted cross-section. A plurality of spaced rows of parallel rods are suitably mounted within the throat region so as to extend substantially perpendicular to the path of flow of the flue gas flowing therethrough.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of purification of a fluid by treatment with a treating fluid in a flow pipe. The flow pipe has a flat plate orifice located therein, which orifice has an internal diameter of from about 0.7 to about 0.9 of the internal diameter of the pipe. A vena contracta portion is located in the flow pipe at a distance of from 0.25 to 0.5 pipe diameters downstream from said flat plate orifice. An injection nozzle for introducing the treating fluid into the flow pipe extends through the flat plate orifice with the tip of the injection nozzle being located in the vena contracta portion so that the fluid is thoroughly treated by the treating fluid.

Abstract: A carburation system for supplying a fuel-air mixture to an internal combustion engine includes a hollow base securable to the engine and containing a mixing chamber. A fuel throttling valve and a pressurized air throttling valve supply corresponding fuel and pressurized air jets for aspirating fuel in a finely divided, uniformly mixed form in the pressurized air into the mixing chamber. Atmospheric air is drawn through an atmospheric air valve into the mixing chamber to supply a final mixture of atmospheric air and the premixture of the fuel and pressurized air from the mixing chamber to the engine. An operator-controllable throttle member connects to and controls simultaneously the fuel, pressurized air and atmospheric air valves for positive operator control of all three final mixture components.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the preparation and control of an air-fuel mixture to the air intake of an engine in which the fuel is continuously delivered to a multi-stage atomizer by a gas at a pressure higher than the ambient pressure, the pressure of the gas being controlled in accordance with the engine speed and load. The fuel is continuously atomized and homogenized, preferably several times, in the atomizer. The atomizer is installed in the engine air intake ahead of the throttle and the fuel is atomized by the gas delivered through a passage, and the mixture thus prepared is introduced into the air intake above the throttle where it is mixed with the air induced by the engine to charge the engine cylinders.

Abstract: In a throttle body injection apparatus of the type having a throttle body housing including a throttle body portion with spaced apart valve controlled throttle bores therein and a fuel body operatively connected to the throttle body portion, the fuel body is of substantially open, diamond like configuration and has a pair of socket cavities therein adjacent opposite corners thereof with electromagnetic fuel injectors positioned therein to discharge fuel from spray tip ends of the injectors into the throttle bores upstream of the valves therein, each electromagnetic fuel injector forming with a socket cavity an annular fuel chamber in flow communication with opposed inlet and outlet ports of the injector, the fuel body having a support port at one apex thereof connectable to a source of low pressure fuel and a drain port at the opposite apex thereof connectable to a fuel drain conduit, the fuel body having inlet passages therein connecting the supply port to the fuel chambers, and drain passages therein connec

Abstract: The invention provides a jet pump system for removing dust from aeriform substances. The dust-laden, aeriform substance is entrained by at least one water jet pump to cause precipitation of the dust and water as sludge out of the aeriform substance.

Abstract: The scrubber has a substantially rotationally symmetrical vortex chamber provided at one end with an axial gas outlet whose diameter is substantially smaller than the diameter of the chamber. A coaxial impeller wheel is located at the other axial end of the chamber and admits into the region of the chamber periphery a stream of contaminated gas which has a component of movement in circumferential direction of the chamber. A plurality of spray nozzles spray a washing liquid into the chamber for contact with the contaminated gas therein.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for the removal of pollutant material including solid or liquid particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from gas streams in which the gas is driven through a mixing tube by forming a jet of a compressible fluid such as steam or air or the whole or a part of the polluted gas itself. In some instances the jet acts as an ejector to induce flow of the polluted gas into the mixing tube but when all of the polluted gas is formed into a jet it is directed into the mixing tube without any ejector action. A mechanically atomized liquid is introduced into the outer region of the jet of compressible fluid emerging from the nozzle in which the jet is formed. The mechanically atomized liquid is further atomized by the shearing action of the jet to form high velocity droplets which are intimately and turbulently mixed with the pollutant-containing gas and retained in the mixing tube for a sufficient time so that the pollutants become entrained with the water droplets.

Abstract: The multiple-throat venturi wet gas scrubbing apparatus embodies modular venturi entry apparatus and progressively finer demister vane sections in a horizontal scrubbing unit for in-line connection in gas stream piping or ducting and mounting with its stream propulsion fan on a single platform. The modular design of the entire apparatus is calculated to maximize standardization and prefabrication which together with the in-line design results in substantial cost and space advantages as well as optimum uniform flow throughout the apparatus.

Abstract: A gas scrubber apparatus for cleaning impurities from a gas such as air, having a pair of tanks partially filled with water, and each having a tower extending vertically therefrom. Gas is fed to one or the other tower, past a plurality of sprinklers located in the towers, and against the water in the bottom of the tank, and then out an outlet. A pump pumps the water through a filter from each tank to the sprinklers in the tower, and the water may have added chemicals for improving the scrubbing action.

Abstract: An attemperator in the form of a steam desuperheater is disclosed herein and comprises a water tube adapted to be connected to a source of water under high pressure and a spray tube communicating with the water tube through a flow-control device for controlling the flow of water from the water tube to the spray tube. The spray tube is adapted to be located in a steam line for injecting cooling water into the steam when its temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature and accordingly is formed with one or more nozzles for injecting a spray of water travelling along an expanding swirling path into the steam, the water being atomized into small droplets which easily evaporate in the steam. Preferably, a plurality of nozzles are provided arranged in rows extending axially of the spray tube and the rows are circumferentially spaced apart. Also, the nozzles preferably communicate with the inside of the spray tube through a series of small ports.

Abstract: A nozzle in a descending discharge duct for hot flue gases has a tubular body of hourglass shape partly obstructed by a vertically movable frustoconical insert which defines a narrow, downwardly diverging annular channel with the lower part of the body lying below its waist. The upwardly converging top of the insert, projecting partly above the waist, is coated or clad with a refractory layer and is removable for replacement of that layer.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided wherein organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for treating the waste gas discharged from a urea prilling tower and an apparatus therefor. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for treating the waste gas discharged from a urea prilling tower and an apparatus therefor, characterized by that a continuous liquid or water film flow (hereinafter called merely a liquid film) of a scrubbing solution and/or an absorption liquid (hereinafter called merely a scrubbing solution) is formed so as to traverse across the whole passage of the waste gas within the scrubbing tower, and when the waste gas passes through such a liquid film the fumy minute particles (hereinafter called fumes) of urea, about 1 micron in size, which are contained in said waste gas, are removed by contacting with the scrubbing solution.

Abstract: A system for spray cooling large quantities of heated water has a plurality of spray forming means each consisting of a plurality of associated nozzles connected by piping to pumps, each of the associated nozzles having an outlet constructed and arranged to discharge the water in a coherent stream which impinges upon the stream ejected by each other associated nozzle in a common zone beyond the nozzle with a force which breaks the streams into a spray of drops having a resultant trajectory away from the nozzles into a receiver. The water may be aerated before discharge from the nozzles, this being effectively accomplished by means of air inlets to a venturi passage in each nozzle.

Abstract: A novel spraying method and apparatus are disclosed for treating a gaseous stream in a gas-liquid contact zone. The apparatus includes a housing surrounding a spray nozzle which is provided with an opening for releasing the spray to a gaseous stream to be treated. The housing is pressurized with gaseous fluid, preferably air. The gaseous fluid leaves the housing through an opening surrounding the spray head or nozzle and forms a cylindrical gas curtain or shroud of gas around the housing opening in which the spray head is mounted. The gas shroud protects the spray nozzle by prohibiting the gas from the gaseous stream being treated from entering the housing and substantially reducing direct contact with the spray nozzle.

Abstract: A water distribution system is disclosed which employs a plurality of spray nozzles arranged to induce air flow and maximize the cooling surface area of the falling water. The plurality of spray nozzles are arranged along a plurality of vertical planes and a plurality of horizontal planes.The nozzles are located on at least two sides of a central area and are adapted to spray the water to be cooled toward the central area.

Abstract: A sulfonation apparatus comprising a gas feeder for feeding a first stream of SO.sub.3 -containing gas and a second stream of inert gas into contact with an annular film of sulfonatable material.

Abstract: In order to reduce the electrical resistance of entrained fine particles of fly ash resulting from the burning of low sulfur coal and to enhance the efficiency of their collection by an electrical precipitator means, there is a conditioning of the particles carried in the flue gas stream by having a very fine mist of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 condensed and adsorbed on the particles themselves. Sulfuric acid is mixed with air in an acoustic nozzle to form a mist having a mean particle size of less than 10 microns which is injected uniformly into the flue gas stream at a zone ahead of the precipitator unit so that the acid can condense on the particles. The acid is preferably transported through the apparatus at ambient temperature and then heated just prior to injection to a temperature less than its vaporization temperature.

Abstract: A spraying system for controlling air-borne particulate matter, such as coal dust, has a housing including a diverging diffuser portion into which a spray of liquid is injected. The spray causes a flow of air to pass into the diffuser portion and mix with the liquid to form a mist which passes from the diffuser portion to form a diverging jet downstream of the outlet of the diffuser portion. This diverging jet causes air molecules to be drawn into the mist and removed from the air through which the mist is passing.

Abstract: A spray type wet scrubber includes a plurality of spray nozzles installed in parallel banks across the path of gas stream within the scrubber body, and partition walls held upright in grating fashion to divide the path of gas stream into a plurality of passages, each of which accommodates one of the spray nozzles.

Abstract: A rod type wet scrubber having two trays or decks of rods that are normally in space relation relative to the gas flow and wherein alignment of the rods is initially achieved by mounting them in a manner that will permit lateral movement and then bringing the two trays together such that the rods are interspersed in contact and accurately aligned with each other. The rods of each tray are then secured in place in their respective positions to thereafter prevent lateral movement therebetween.

Abstract: Water is continuously circulated in a closed stream through a plurality of vertically juxtaposed passages. Steam is introduced at the upstream ends of these passages and is drawn along the passages by the water so as to directly contact this water and condense. A restriction provided in each of the passages insures good condensation so that only gaseous noncondensable and nonsoluble portions of the incoming steam are drawn off at the downstream end of the passages where only the water is allowed to pass out.

Abstract: This invention relates to the separation of droplets of a liquid (such as a washing liquid) from a gas, in which a stream of gas is conducted along a broad-fronted arcuate path, defined by interior and exterior walls, liquid droplets impinging upon the exterior wall and being directed through slits provided in said exterior wall. Flow of gas into, through and from the part-annular chamber defined by said walls is substantially in directions lying in planes, extending at right-angles to the longitudinal axis of the chamber with little or no movement in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: An improved venturi scrubber for removing particulate matter from a gas stream. The scrubber includes ports located either at the throat at the venturi or in the divergent section for injecting gas or air into the stream being processed through the scrubber. The ports may be either a series of openings or a continuous annular opening and are connected by ducting either to the convergent section of the scrubber to receive a portion of the incoming gas stream or to a separate source of gas or air.

Abstract: There is provided an efficient, economical apparatus for cooling hot gases which includes three generally cylindrical, tubular members arranged in an upstanding U-shaped configuration. The hot gases are introduced downwardly into the first leg or member of the configuration where a plurality of water nozzles provide a water boundary circumscribing the interior of the first leg to prevent thermal fatigue thereof. A water nozzle in the first member acting as a jet pump entrains the hot gases and directs them into the transverse leg or member of the configuration for rapid,turbulent cooling therein. Packed beds are provided in the second upstanding leg or member of the configuration to permit scrubbing of the cooled gases prior to exit. Coolng the gases in such a manner permits the entire configuration to be constructed of steel plate without any special insulation.

Abstract: An apparatus for the purification of exhaust gases, which comprises a first reaction purifier having one or a plurality of undulating conduits with first spray nozzles therein for injecting an alkaline solution to react with said exhaust gases, a second serially disposed reaction purifier having a plurality of spaced apart, parallel glass fiber mats with second spray nozzles for jetting a liquid chemical therein thereby further treating the gases leaving said first reaction purifier and separate exhaust ports for removing liquid from each of said reaction purifiers.

Abstract: This application illustrates staging of injector type evaporative heat exchangers in such a way that the water to have heat extracted from it flows through the stages in series but comes into contact with a new volume of air at each stage. Dramatic reductions in size of unit required to deal with high loads is achieved without increase in horsepower requirements.

Abstract: A pollution control unit comprises a tank having an outlet and an inlet for gases treated therein. A pair of spray compartments are spacedly situated within the tank, and a de-entrainment compartment is situated between the spray compartments. A series of spaced baffles define the spray and de-entrainment compartments and in addition define the flow path of the gases serially through the compartments. Spray devices are provided for directing water sprays into the gases but only within the spray compartments. Additional spray and de-entrainment compartments are contemplated.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for adding controlled quantities of moisture to a body of air, a spray nozzle produces an atomized spray of finely divided water particles and a substantially closed through chamber around the spray nozzle has an air inlet and outlet, a chimney portion extending upwardly from the spray nozzle and a sump portion below the spray nozzle.

Abstract: The invention relates to smelting furnace venturi gas scrubbers of the Warkaus type in which the central nozzle is substituted by three or more nozzles which are arranged along the inner circumference of the venturi tube, in or adjacent its narrowest portion, the mouths of the nozzles being flush with the inner surface of the venturi tube.

Abstract: Dust-laden waste gases from a converter and from ancillary equipment are exhausted by respective blowers through a first and a second duct to a main and a secondary scrubbing station whence the purified gases escape through respective chimneys. The first duct is provided with two cascaded washing stages, the upstream stage being operable to throttle or block the flow of gases therethrough. An annular cowl for the interception of peripherally escaping converter gases is connected to a third duct which joins the first duct at a location between the two washing stages but is also connectable through a switching valve to the second duct.

Abstract: A horizontal tubular housing is supported at one of its ends across the top of a stack and a blower is mounted at one end of the housing for moving gases discharged from the stack through the housing. The housing has a plurality of laterally disposed baffle plates arranged such that when impinged by the moving stack gases, the latter will be directed in a tortuous path, preferably an initial spiral path and a subsequent zig zag path. Some of the baffle plates are adjustable to vary the turbulence of the gases in their tortuous movement. Spray nozzles are mounted in the housing at most of the baffle plates to provide curtains of liquid spray for washing the gases. The housing has a liquid drainage outlet in its bottom wall intermediate its ends, and such bottom wall is inclined downwardly from opposite ends of the housing to the outlet to provide drainage. Adjustable louvers are provided in the outlet of the blower to vary the direction of air movement from the blower across the stack.

Abstract: An air pumping and scrubbing apparatus which is suitable for use in spray paint booths is described. This apparatus uses liquid sprays directed into a conduit to cause an air pumping action to inject air into the conduit and dis-discharge to atmosphere using water pressure to move the air so as to avoid the necessity for any moving parts or electrical corrections in and around the air stream. The liquid sprays impinge on mist eliminator strips and are recovered along with foreign material from the air while the air is exhausted downstream of the strips. A novel transfer plate arrangement is provided between the strips and a sump to minimize foreign material buildup on structual surfaces while allowing stratification in the sump; and novel baffle means are provided to cause a controlled air blowback across the sump to facilitate collection of the floating material therein.

Abstract: An injector type spray cooling system is described having a cooled water recovery sump in which water is directed through a strainer slanted with its upper edge upstream so that a self cleaning action is produced.

Abstract: A wet electrostatic precipitator has an inlet diffuser, a transverse electrostatic discharge section, an extended discharge section, a mist eliminator section and an outlet section. The inlet diffuses includes discharge electrodes interposed between collection plates extending in the direction of flow of gaseous feed and water sprays. The transverse discharge section includes baffles transverse to the direction of flow of the gaseous feed and water sprays. The extended discharge section includes transverse baffles and electrodes. The outlet section following the mist eliminator includes overlapped baffles.

Abstract: Apparatus operating at low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle of specified dimensions within a vertical casing and an impingement means below the nozzle outlet wherein the pollutant containing gas stream passes into the upper portion of a vertical casing and through the nozzle within the casing, the acceleration and deceleration of the gas stream causing particulates to agglomerate in passing through the nozzle, impinging the agglomerates upon the impingement means, removing the liquid and particulate matter from the lower portion of the casing and separately removing the clarified gas from the lower portion of the casing. An apparatus and method is disclosed wherein 2 to 6 nozzle-impingement means stages are connected in vertical series and wherein 2 to 6 nozzles are placed in each vertical stage and 2 to 4 of the mulitple nozzle-impingement means stages are connected in series.

Abstract: A gas-liquid contacting method and a scrubber used therefor are disclosed which are adapted to remove harmful components, such as SOx, NOx, CO, Cl.sub.2 and HCl contained in exhaust gases. According to this invention, liquid is sprayed to follow a conical form and the mist of liquid which is thus being diffused in a conical form is encompassed with a gas flowing in parallel relation therewith. To this end, at least one nozzle for spraying liquid and an encompassing tube for ejecting gas are arranged to specific forms and relations to the effect that an excellent contacting efficiency will result, without increasing energy consumption due to pressure loss.

Abstract: A fuel injection system for continuous injection of fuel into the induction tube of an internal combustion engine. The induction tube includes adjacent convergent and divergent regions. A throttling element, composed of two conical parts with adjoining bases forms a narrow, annular aperture in cooperation with the diverging region of the induction tube. The throttling element can slide along its axis and its position determines the setting of a control slide within a fuel metering valve assembly which relates the metered out fuel quantity to the air flow through the narrow annular aperture. A bellows mechanism and a lever limit the axial excursion of the throttle element so as to maintain a minimum vacuum in the induction tube. The system also includes a gas-pedal linked cam plate which sets the location of the fulcrum for the limiting lever.

Abstract: Pollution control apparatus is provided for use in scrubbing a gas, which is normally vented to the atmosphere, with a liquid, which apparatus embodies in one unit a section to remove solid particulates and entrained liquid from the gas, as well as a packed tower scrubbing section for removing noxious gaseous components from the gas. The apparatus is comprised of an outer shell; and an inner shell disposed within and spaced from the outer shell, the inner shell defining an inner contact zone and the space between the inner shell and the outer shell defining an outer contact zone; liquid feed means for introducing liquid into the inner contact zone; gas feed means for introducing a gas into contact with the liquid in the inner contact zone and for introducing the gas into the outer contact zone; outlet means for liquid; and outlet means for processed gas. The inner contact zone preferably includes a packing material.

Abstract: A catalytic combustor has an array of fuel injectors and air inductor elements, upstream of a catalytic member in the combustor. Each fuel injector and air inductor arrangement is associated with a discrete passageway confining the air/fuel mixture to a portion of and the catalytic member wherein the combustion of the mixture is initiated. Each fuel injector and air inductor arrangement is provided with controls to vary the fuel and air flowing into each passageway, respectively. This permits the variation of combustion intensity within the catalytic element, which in turn permits a regulatable temperature profile at the exit end of the combustor.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of gases containing polluting or noxious constituents which comprises a washing and centrifuging chamber, means to spray a washing liquid, specific to the chemical reaction it is desired to obtain with the gas, means to augment the length of the path travelled by the gas-liquid droplet mixture and promote the chemical reaction between the gas and liquid, means to separate the gas and liquid and recover both the gas and liquid.

Abstract: An upright type spray attemperator for regulating the temperature of upwardly flowing superheated vapor and comprising a vessel fitted with an inner sleeve having a side outlet at the upper end thereof and containing a deflector adjacent the outlet to collect and return water droplets for further heating and wherein the outlet is formed of perforations sized to reduce the pressure of the steam passing therethrough so as induce flashing of any entrained water droplets and insure their complete vaporization.