Abstract: Methods and apparatus for introducing a gas into the reaction zone of a reactor. Such methods and apparatus can more evenly distribute the gas throughout the reaction zone. Spargers for introducing a gas into the reaction zone of a reactor can be employed in systems and methods for carrying out the liquid-phase oxidation of an oxidizable compound, such as para-xylene.

Abstract: A vaporising device (80) for vaporising vaporisable matter without burning the vaporisable matter, typically, tobacco, comprises a vaporisation chamber (61) for the vaporisable matter, and a gas powered heating unit (1) for heating the vaporisation chamber (61). The heating unit (1) comprises a housing (2) having a main cylindrical side wall (4) closed at its respective ends by a first end wall (5) and a second end wall (6) to form a main chamber (8) within which fuel gas is converted to heat. A secondary cylindrical side wall (62) extends from the second end wall (6) to form the vaporisation chamber (61) for receiving a tobacco product (81), a cylindrical sleeve (83) of tobacco (84) for producing an aerosol of vaporisable constituents in the tobacco (84). A cylindrical partition wall (10) concentric with the main side wall (4) of the housing (2) extends into the main chamber (8) from the first end wall (5) and defines a primary combustion chamber (11) and a secondary combustion chamber (12).

Abstract: This invention provides a system for removing ammonia from landfill leachate. The system comprises: an economiser 22 for producing high pressure hot water in a hot water circuit from heat exchange with a hot gas stream carrying waste heat; a boiler 26 which is heated by the high pressure hot water to produce steam; and an ammonia stripper 32. The ammonia stripper 32 has a leachate inlet 56 connected to a leachate flow path, and an ammonia containing gas outlet 36, at an upper end thereof. A leachate discharge outlet 72 is provided which is connected to a leachate discharge flow path 74, and a steam inlet 70 is provided which is connected to the boiler 26 by a conduit. At a lower end of the ammonia stripper there is a forced air inlet 68. A randomly packed bed 60, 64 located between the upper end and the lower end. In use there is a flow of steam and air in one direction and of leachate in the opposite direction which releases ammonia from the leachate.

Abstract: A combustion system having a furnace arranged and disposed to receive solid fuel and oxygen and combust the solid fuel and oxygen to form a flue gas. The system includes a heat exchanger arrangement arranged and disposed to receive heat from the flue gas, where the heat exchanger arrangement has a predetermined heat exchange capacity. A water injection arrangement is arranged and disposed to provide water to the flue gas to controllably adjust the flue gas mass flow rate and temperature to provide the predetermined heat exchange capacity.

Abstract: The method of supplying purified CO2 to beverage filling process, which includes compressing ambient air, feeding the compressed air and hydrocarbon fuel to a burner, for combustion to form CO2 and water, supplying flue gas containing CO2, N2, O2 and water to an extraction process wherein CO2 is extracted as a high purity gaseous stream, compressing, drying and liquefying the CO2 in the stream, for storage, and, in response to beverage filling needs for CO2, vaporizing liquid CO2 and delivering gaseous CO2 to a beverage filling operation, and, in this process or similar processes, re-using CO2 obtained from the beverage filling operation. Typically, such obtained CO2 is returned to the burner, via a blower, or may alternatively be supplied to burner output flue gas.

Abstract: A vaporising device (80) for vaporising vaporisable matter without burning the vaporisable matter, typically, tobacco, comprises a vaporisation chamber (61) for the vaporisable matter, and a gas powered heating unit (1) for heating the vaporisation chamber (61). The heating unit (1) comprises a housing (2) having a main cylindrical side wall (4) closed at its respective ends by a first end wall (5) and a second end wall (6) to form a main chamber (8) within which fuel gas is converted to heat. A secondary cylindrical side wall (62) extends from the second end wall (6) to form the vaporisation chamber (61) for receiving a tobacco product (81), a cylindrical sleeve (83) of tobacco (84) for producing an aerosol of vaporisable constituents in the tobacco (84). A cylindrical partition wall (10) concentric with the main side wall (4) of the housing (2) extends into the main chamber (8) from the first end wall (5) and defines a primary combustion chamber (11) and a secondary combustion chamber (12).

Abstract: A low bulk density hollow fine powder of alkali metal compound can be produced from an aqueous solution of the compound by one step. The method for producing a low bulk density hollow fine powder of alkali metal compound according to the present invention comprises a step of contacting an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound with a pulsating combustion gas.

Abstract: A humidifier system includes a spray apparatus in a housing which sprays a mist of water droplets onto a mist eliminator to intercept the mist of water droplets. The mist of droplets is captured in a liquid phase by the mist eliminator and is substantially completely converted into a vapor phase in the form of increased humidity in the air stream. A humidity sensor located downstream of the mist eliminator senses the humidity of the stream of air. A controller controls the quantity of water sprayed in response to the humidity sensed to maintain a predetermined humidity in the humidified stream of air. A second humidifier includes a heater which creates a region of intense heat to instantaneously evaporate water mist directed thereon in a stream of air. In a third embodiment, water and pressurized air are simultaneously injected into a region of intense heat.