Abstract: The invention relates to a ventilation nozzle for fluids.In order to enable a simple cleaning and an inexpensive manufacture, the fluid channel in the ventilation nozzle is formed of two telescopically assembled tube sections. The two tube sections are connected to each other by radially outwardly protruding flanges and by fixing screws which are distributed along their circumference, with the flange of the tube section sealing the annular channel to the environment being mounted to its frontal end.

Abstract: A water purifying apparatus has feeding device for feeding water under pressure; a bacteria culturing tank; and air supply device for feeding air to the bacteria culturing tank by inducing air by utilizing fluid energy of circulating water; and an air flow detector provided on an air suction duct of the air supply means. A filter provided upstream of the feeding means for feeding water under pressure has the capability of preventing moss from growing in a water tank and sterilizing water. An ultraviolet lamp for sterilizing the water in a water tank is provided in a circulating duct. A carrier for fixing bacteria which grows aerobic and anaerobic bacteria is composed of a basic mineral material.

Abstract: Apparatus for initiating pyrolysis of a feedstock by establishing a continuous, standing shock wave. Several embodiments of a shock wave reactor (10, 100, 150) are disclosed; each is connected to receive an ethane feedstock and a carrier fluid comprising superheated steam. The feedstock and the carrier fluid are pressurized so that they expand into parallel supersonic streams that mix due to turbulence within a mixing section (36) of a longitudinally extending channel (12) of the shock wave reactor. The carrier fluid heats the ethane feedstock as it mixes with it, producing a mixture that flows at supersonic velocity longitudinally down the channel. A gate valve (44) disposed downstream of the channel provides a controlled back pressure that affects the position of the shock wave and the residence time for the reaction. The shock wave rapidly heats the mixture above a pyrolysis temperature, producing a desired product by cracking the feedstock.

Abstract: An in-line stripper has a venturi-conical mixer combination in which the annular space thereby is automatically adjustable in response to changes in viscosity or other property conditions.

Abstract: A method for removing and recovering hydrocarbons contained in hydrocarbon/water mixtures. Hydrocarbons are stripped from nonflowing hydrocarbon/water mixtures in a tank by bubbles of inert gas or air introduced under pressure. The inert gas or air and hydrocarbons are vented from the tank and the water is removed from the tank when satisfactorily purified. The material in the tank preferably is heated. A two-tank process may be used wherein the second tank is filled while the stripping process in the first tank is taking place. The rate of flow of the inert gas or air is maintained at a low enough rate to allow recovery of product.

Abstract: The aspirator or air-injector of the present invention includes an air transport pipe disposed within a fluid transport tube. The end of the pipe which is disposed within the tube is cut at an angle to the axis of the pipe and provides a beveled face disposed within the tube, facing upstream of any fluid passing through the tube, and being rotated at an angle between 5 and 20 degrees.

Abstract: The invention relates to injecting ozone through at least one injecting means operating with a pressure drop of at least about 35 psi into a pressurized stream of aqueous solution, allowing the ozone injected stream to travel or flow at a velocity of at least about 7 feet per second for a distance sufficient to dissolve at least about 70% of the ozone injected and mixing the resulting ozonated stream with an aqueous stream solution to be ozonated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas injection apparatus for dissolving a gas in a flowing liquid. The apparatus comprises a conduit having a passageway through which flowing liquid flows. An injection pipe in communication with the passageway is provided for injecting gas into the flowing liquid so that a plurality of undissolved gas bubbles are produced within the flowing liquid. Preferably, the passageway has a pair of opposed centrally located side pocket regions for dividing the flowing liquid into a main flow region flowing in the predominant direction of flow of the liquid and two circulating side flow region situated along side the main flow region and within which the gas dissolves. The gas dissolved in the side flow regions produces a concentration gradient driving the gas from the side flow regions into the main flow region for discharge out of an outlet of the conduit.

Abstract: A liquid is supplied to a vessel (10) to form a pool (21) from which it discharges through a venturi. A supply pipe or pipes (12, 30) convey other liquids and/or gases from separate sources or from above the liquid pool into the venturi for mixing with the liquid. The supply pipes can extend through the pool and be perforated (22) to tend to maintain the level of the pool. Associated with the venturi are pressure sensors (40, 41) for measuring flow and a densiometer (52) permitting mass flow rate measurement of gas and liquid phases. The apparatus can be incorporated in a cartridge (60) for reception in a receptacle (61) at a subsea installation.

Abstract: An apparatus for dissolving a gas, such as oxygen, into a liquid, such as water, having a low concentration of that gas. The apparatus has an inlet, an outlet and a central region therebetween and has walls defining an interior adapted for dissolving the gas in the liquid. The apparatus also has a gas injecting means adapted for maximizing a gas-liquid interface and promoting contact between the gas and the liquid, thereby maximizing the concentration of the gas in the liquid. The apparatus is useful for modifying the liquid for a specific purpose, such as for developing a culture medium. The apparatus can have different internal configurations, depending on the degree of gas linkage and retention required.

Abstract: An air injector assembly has an input port and an output port connected by a bypass bore and tapered bore. Fitted within the tapered bore is an air injector mechanism which contains a throat and a venturi nozzle portion. The opening of the bypass bore can be varied so that the amount of water passing therethrough is controlled to regulate the pressure being received at the input port which represents the back pressure on a pump. By varying the opening of the bypass bore, the back pressure of the pump can be regulated so that the pump may operate safely. Air is injected into the air injector assembly when water is pushed through the throat and into the venturi nozzle. A cavity is formed at the junction where the throat is coupled to the venturi nozzle so that air can be drawn thereat to aerate and oxidize the water passing therethrough. By aerating and oxidizing the water, hydrogen sulfide is removed and iron is precipitated, and can be removed later.

Abstract: A device for dispersing a gaseous phase in a liquid phase comprises at least one Venturi ejector with a vertical or inclined axis, composed of a mixer head (1) for admitting the liquid, a neck (2) for admitting the gas, and an injector tube (3). The injector tube is prolonged by a chamber (5) whose diameter is equal to or greater than that of the injector tube with which it possibly merges. Also described is the application of this device to treatments such as chemical, biochemical or metabolic reactions involving the transfer of a gas to a liquid phase.

Abstract: An apparatus for degassing and heating water by means of steam comprises a column (1) with packing bodies (2) arranged therein, with a distributor (12) arranged at the column head for the water to be degassed, with a water supply line (7) and steam supply line (8) in each case arranged upstream of the column, with a water outlet line (19) and venting line (18) in each case arranged downstream of the column for the gas/steam mixture to be exhausted. The four lines open into housings (3, 14) which are connected above and below the preferably cylindrical column to the latter. A conical mixing chamber (4) into which the water to be degassed is injected via nozzles (6) is provided upstream of the distributor. The conical mixing chamber has an outer boundary wall (5) which is surrounded by a steam distribution chamber (9) and communicates with the latter via slot-type openings (10) in the boundary wall.

Abstract: The dispersion of a gas in a liquid is enhanced by the use of an adjustable conical mixer to control the flow of a gas/liquid mixture to a venturi device used to accelerate the mixture to a supersonic vclocity with subsequent deacceleration to subsonic velocity to produce sonic shock waves in the mixture.

Abstract: Carbonated liquid under pressure is conducted to a point which is at a pressure close to atmospheric pressure without excessive loss of carbonation over a helical flow path formed from a tubular member having an inner circumference and a helical insert having a threaded portion disposed within the tubular member with the threaded portion and the inner circumference together defining the helical flow path. The helical insert has an upstream end formed with a pointed nose adjacent one end of the threaded portion and a downstream end formed as a flat tail adjacent the other end of the threaded portion. The helical flow path has a predetermined length and essentially constant cross section which tends to reduce the pressure of the solution without excessive loss of carbonation.

Abstract: A non-homogenous mixture of liquid and gas is fed into a vessel to form a body of gas above a pool of liquid. Liquid is fed from the pool through a discharge pipe containing a constriction forming a venturi and gas is drawn from the gas body through a pipe extending through the liquid pool into the discharge pipe to effect mixing of the liquid and the gas in the venturi. Perforations in the discharge pipe adjust the amounts of gas and liquid leaving the vessel to maintain both liquid and gas within the vessel.

Abstract: Undesirable materials, such as unreacted raw materials and by-products, are stripped from liquid systems by delivering a compressed, inert gas through the pores of a sintered porous sparger element and into the liquid system in the form of very small gas micro bubbles.

Abstract: A venturi (eductor) cartridge for injecting and dissolving fluids is installed as a removable insert after a tee, and utilizes an axial aspirator tube and thin-sheet radial diffusion for efficient low-turbulence momentum recovery in a very short distance. The venturi minimizes bubble size and bubble recombination to enable maximum solvation, and is particularly suited for use with corrosive fluids. The venturi exits directly into a tank of fluid or into a standard pipeline.

Abstract: A system and method of removing dissolved gases and volatile organic chemicals from a water supply is provided. Water is supplied under pressure to a contacting chamber in a manner wherein it causes air to be aspirated into the chamber for turbulent contacting with the water. The air and water are directed through the contacting chamber in a common axial direction. Either the water or air may be heated prior to introduction to the contacting chamber to enhance the effectiveness of the dissolved gases and volatile organic chemicals removal.

Abstract: A jet aeration header is disclosed, for use in water and wastewater process and treatment system. The header comprises a first pipe defining a cylindrical water passage, a second pipe extending parallel to the first pipe and defining a cylindrical air passage, at least one water outlet conduit connected to the first pipe to allow water to be expelled out of the water passage, an air-feed pipe connecting the second pipe to the outlet conduit to allow air to be delivered from the air passage to the water flowing through this conduit, and a venturi cone mounted in the outlet conduit to allow air to be FED from the air passage and be mixed with a water expelled through the outlet conduit.

Abstract: The pump energy requirements for the dissolving of a gas in a liquid are significantly reduced by injecting gas bubbles into a stream of said liquid at a relatively low pressure, utilizing a pressure head of liquid to increase the solubility of the gas in the liquid, and employing liquid stream velocities and gas-liquid contractor diameters and lengths, gas dispersion means and residence times such as to obtain a desired level of gas concentration in the liquid.

Abstract: A plurality of fluent substances are combined in a distributor (11, 37) and caused to flow in a continuous, pressurized stream through a mixing zone (13, 13', 57) wherein the substances are intimately mixed by turbulent dispersion effected by a series of conically shaped surfaces (24, 27; 62, 64) and alternate restrictions (25, 63) and expansion chambers (28, 65). While various fluent substances may be advantageously mixed, a typical utility is for effecting a thorough air binding of ink particles to attain efficient foaming (29) in the deinking of reconstituted printed paper slurry.

Abstract: To sterilize and purify continuously water in a water tank, a water treating apparatus is provided that comprises a circulating type water pipe for taking the water in the water tank outside the water tank and then for returning the water into the water tank, and an ozone supply apparatus, a filtering apparatus, and an ultraviolet-light irradiating apparatus that are situated in the course of the water pipe, so that water can be sterilized and purified thoroughly by a three-stage treatment incluing "an ozone treatment" wherein the decomposition of organic substances, deodorization and inactivation of microorganisms by ozone can be expected, "a filtering treatment" wherein the elimination of foreign matters and microorganisms can be expected, "an ultraviolet treatment" wherein the sterilization by ultraviolet rays can be expected.

Abstract: A water conditioning apparatus and method wherein raw water is supplied to a plurality of axially aligned stripping chambers to form a cove shaped sheet within said stripping chambers and to cause an aspiration of air in each of the stripping chambers. Alternating high and low pressure zones are formed in the stripping chambers to enhance the air stripping of the water. The water is discharged through an outlet nozzle where the water sprays against the side wall of the nozzle to cause the water droplets to coalesce.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for decomposing and analyzing a sample for sulfur. The methods combust a nebulized sample in an oxygen-rich atmosphere and then analyze the combustion gases for sulfur. The apparatus employs a nebulizer operatively connected to a combustion tube and employs appropriate detector(s) to analyze the combustion gases from the combustion tube for sulfur.

Abstract: Apparatus for aerating fluids passing therethrough including an elongated housing having a cylindrical inlet section and a cylindrical outlet section connected by a chamber section having at least one air port through the walls thereof. A converging frustoconical nozzle is concentrically disposed within the inlet and chamber sections so that fluid passing therethrough mixes with air drawn through the air port for discharge through the outlet section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method and apparatus for dispersing a gas into a liquid. Gas is injected into a liquid and the flowing gas-liquid mixture is accelerated by a flow area contraction to at least sonic flow velocity, and subsequently decelerated by a flow area expansion to subsonic velocity. The attendant shock waves disperse the gas in the liquid. Preferred embodiments include off-centering the gas injection direction from the centerline of the contracting flow area and controlling the pressure at the exit of the expanding flow area.

Abstract: A bubble-forming container has a venturi-tube type inlet unit which can rapidly draw a beverage into the body of the container. A blocking plate is disposed in the container body in alignment with the inlet of the container so that the liquid forming the beverage can pound against the blocking plate, thereby splashing to the inner wall of container body. A cylinder stands on the lower end wall of the container body. The liquid whirls around the cylinder and flows out of the container through an opening which is formed in the cylinder.

Abstract: A gas-liquid mass transfer apparatus and method, such as for the rapid heating of a liquid stream by a heated gas stream, such as steam, or the rapid dissolving of a gas stream into a liquid stream, which apparatus comprises: a housing having an axial flow path; static or motionless mixing elements disposed in the axial flow path; and passages in the housing to provide for the direct introduction of the gas stream into and about the liquid stream in the axial flow path and substantially along the length of the static mixing elements to provide a mixed product stream.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for decomposing and analyzing a sample. The methods combust a nebulized sample in an oxygen-rich atomsphere; the analysis method then analyzes the combustion gases for a preselected analyte. The apparatus employs a nebulizer operatively connected to a combustion tube; the analysis apparatus employs appropriate detector(s) to analyze the combustion gases from the combustion tube for preselected analyte(s).

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for analyzing a sample for nitrogen. The method combusts a nebulized sample in an oxygen-rich atmosphere and then analyzes the combustion gases for nitrogen.The apparatus employs a nebulizer operatively connected to a combustion tube and employs an appropriate nitrogen detector to analyze the combustion gases from the combustion tube for nitrogen.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for decomposing and analyzing a sample. The methods reduce a nebulized sample in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere; the analysis method then analyzes the reaction gases for preselected analyte(s). The decomposition apparatus employs a nebulizer operatively connected to a reduction tube; the analysis apparatus employs appropriate detector(s) to analyze the reduced gases from the reduction tube for preselected analyte(s).

Abstract: According to the present invention, a decompression chamber is provided in a water flow pipe and an ozonizer chamber of an ozonizer part is integrally connected with the water flow pipe to communicate with the decompression chamber, to thereby define a body. Thus, an apparatus is compactly finished while operation for assembling the apparatus is simplified. A check valve is provided between the decompression chamber and the ozonizer chamber to prevent water in the decompression chamber from flowing into the ozonizer chamber upon stoppage of water-supply to the inlet. Thus, counterflow of the water in the decompression chamber into the ozonizer chamber is prevented, so that danger of an electric shock is reduced, to thereby ensure safety.

Abstract: Oxygen delignification of paper pulp (comminuted cellulosic material in a slurry) at medium consistency (i.e., about 6-18%) is practiced without the necessity of a separate mixer. The pulp is drawn into the inlet of a fluidizing centrifugal pump capable of pumping medium consistency pulp. The pump typically has a vacuum system associated with it for effecting degassing of the pulp. As the pulp is pumped out of the pump outlet, oxygen gas is added to the pulp. This is accomplished utilizing a shear plate having a central opening and one or more radial bores, oxygen being introduced under pressure into the bores to pass into the pulp flowing through the plate central opening. A tube may be disposed in the bore(s) and have an oxygen permeable portion (such as a porous stone or sintered metal) extending into the central opening in the plate, the oxygen being introduced in the form of very small bubbles by the oxygen permeable portion.

Abstract: A nozzle/venturi with a bypass for controlling the pressure differential and therefore the amount of air which is entrained into the fluid stream. The nozzle/venturi assembly is utilized in a filtering system for removing contaminants from a water supply. The nozzle/venturi assembly includes a nozzle/venturi with a water inlet, an air inlet and an outlet passage and a bypass valve with an adjustable passageway to control the fluid flow through the bypass. The bypass valve includes a diaphragm which is effected by the downstream pressure resulting in an adjustment of the pressure differential and a spring biased seal valve to control the pressure which will open the bypass. The nozzle/venturi assembly provides efficient and precise control of the pressure differential to ensure that a constant amount of air is entrained into the fluid stream through the entire pump cycle.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for effecting a selected pattern of fluid flow wherein a first fluid is caused to flow along the surface of a body and a second fluid is caused to flow out of a plurality of holes in the surface of the body. The holes are arranged in a pattern so that the flow of the second fluid creates a baffle to change the direction of flow of the first fluid. The pattern is a grouping of holes wherein the grouping may be a straight line or a helix around a tubular body. The holes are rectangular in cross-section to form a fan-shaped pattern in the fluid passing through the holes. The longitudinal axis of each hole does not intersect the center of adjacent holes.

Abstract: Gas dispersion in a liquid is enhanced by combining the gas and liquid in close proximity to a venturi or other flow constriction means used to create supersonic flow velocities and subsequent deacceleration to sub-sonic velocity. When a venturi is employed, the gas-liquid mixing occurs in the converging portion of the venturi or upstream but in close proximity to said venturi. Turbulent flow conditions upstream of the venturi or other flow constriction means adequate to disperse the gas uniformly in the liquid are not required and, surprisingly, the gas and liquid need not be uniformly dispersed prior to acceleration to supersonic velocity.

Abstract: An apparatus without any moving parts for dissolving gas in a liquid. Once introduced into the apparatus, a liquid is forced through a plurality of orifices in a plate which breaks the flow apart. Downstream of but close to this plate, a gas at a higher pressure than the liquid is injected into the liquid, forming a gas/liquid mixture. This mixture then flows down a first mixing tube at the end of which a deflector cap turns the flow approximately 180 degrees and throws it against a flat disk disposed close to the outlets of the first mixing tube. The force with which the impinging mixture strikes the deflector cap and then the disk causes large bubbles to break apart into smaller ones. The gas/liquid suspension then enters a second and longer tube surrounding the first mixing tube, where further continuous mixing by flow forces occurs.

Abstract: A plurality of fluent substances are combined in a distributor (11, 37) and caused to flow in a continuous, pressurized stream through a mixing zone (13, 13', 57) wherein the substances are intimately mixed by turbulent dispersion effected by a series of conically shaped surfaces (24, 27; 62, 64) and alternate restrictions (25, 63) and expansion chambers (28, 65). While various fluent substances may be advantageously mixed, a typical utility is for effecting a through air binding of ink particles to attain efficient foaming (29) in the deinking of reconstituted printed paper slurry.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for maintaining or restoring freshness of vegetables wherein at least part of the vegetable body is immersed into low temperature water supersaturated with air dissolved therein by blowing air in water through pores having a size range of from 0.1 to 10 microns in diameter.

Abstract: In a soft-serve ice cream dispensing machine of the gravity feed type containing an overrun control device for controlling the amount of air ingested into the liquid mix while retaining the entrapped in a standby condition, the device including a tubular member with a longitudinal air passageway positioned with its lower end communicating between the mixing chamber and reservoir, its upper end extending above the fluid level in the reservoir, a mixing chamber within the device concentrically positioned in the air passageway with a plurality of lateral openings in the device extending into the mixing chamber allowing liquid mix to enter the mixing chamber and a venturi means in the air passageway downstream of the mixing chamber having a throat section and an air induction tube intersecting the throat section and extending above the level of the reservoir to permit additional air to be drawn into the air passageway due to the increased velocity in the throat area.

Abstract: Ring injectors for aerating fluids, useful for example in flotation systems, have a housing with a mixing section, in which air is added to the through-flowing fluid through an annular slot. A core is arranged in the center of the mixing section. An air-solid mix is formed in the mixing section by deposition of air bubbles on solid particles. An annular injector with a slot width (Q.sub.2) that leads into the airing chamber with a minimum opacifying speed of 2.0 m/s at the inlet of the aerating chamber, has an annex mixing and dispersing section (6) with a cross-section that remains the same until the end (12), as well as a middle piece (10) centrally arranged therein also having a constant cross-section, the length of the mixing and dispersing section (6) being 20 times the width of the annular slot (Q.sub.3). The distributing cone (2) and the middle piece (10) can be screwed together or inserted into each other. The air slot can be regulated by spacing rings (13).

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for intimately mixing and contacting first and second fluids for purposes of scrubbing and cleaning one of the fluids with the other. The apparatus includes a venturi mixer device having a nozzle and feed conduit for mixing two fluid streams together. In addition, the venturi mixer device has an impingement member upon which the mixed stream of fluids impinge immediately following the mixing of the streams of fluid. The venturi mixer devices are preferably arranged in a cascade arrangement with subsequent devices being spaced a vertical distance from the previous respective devices. First and second fluids are mixed together in the initial venturi mixer device. The mixed effluents from the initial and intermediate venturi mixer devices are used as the drive fluid for subsequent, respective, downstream venturi mixer devices to further mix additional second fluid to the mixed effluents.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for producing a proppant carrying foamed fracturing fluid or the like having very high ratios of proppant material to the liquid phase of the foam, which can be substantially higher than even the theoretical maximum ratio available when the proppant is introduced into a foaming apparatus as a proppant/liquid slurry. This is accomplished by a dry sand foam generation process wherein the sand or other particulate material is introduced into a foam generator apparatus as a dry particulate material in a stream of gas which is subsequently mixed with a second liquid stream.

Abstract: A flow splitting junction of a pipeline network for a two-phase fluid is internally fitted with a static mixer, a multi-duct stratifier and a divider wall. The turbulent fluid exhausted from the mixer is separated by the stratifier into two separated sets of alternating laminarly flowing strata to be discharged to opposite sides of the divider wall as two separate fluid streams of the same gas-liquid ratio which are conducted into separate downstream branches of the junction.

Abstract: An out-of-step blocking unit of a protective relay for detecting faults in a three phase alternating current electrical power distribution system utilizes restraint signals in conjunction with an operating signal to generate a net operate signal as a restraint to the relay in order to prevent operation of circuit breakers associated with the relay as a result of load swings in the power distribution system. The restraint signals include a signal related to a negative sequence component of current flowing in the distribution system; a signal related to a zero sequence component of current flowing in the power distribution system; and a signal related to a .DELTA. (IZ-V) quantity which is the difference between fault and prefault values of the quantity (IZ-V).

Abstract: Uniform droplets of a liquid are produced by positioning the end of a capillary tube in the throat of a venturi. Gas flowing through the venturi detaches droplets from the end of the capillary tube without requiring high volume gas flow or excessively high velocity of the droplets.

Abstract: An improved device for mixing and/or dispersing fluids, and useful as a component of fuel injectors, carburetors, oil burners, de-superheaters and gas coolers, and in the production of foams and emulsions.

Abstract: A system and the equipment for economically enhancing recovery of hydrocarbon fluids from a subterranean reservoir in which a plurality of production and injection wells are formed. High grade steam from a common source is mixed with relatively cold water at each injection well to be treated. To avoid, or substantially reduce condensation shock in the water/steam mixer, the high velocity cold water is initially heated in a steam compartment with minimal contact between the two fluids. Thereafter, the steam and the water are introduced to a heat exchange chamber in which the temperature of the water is raised prior to the two streams being merged for injection into a well as either heated water or as low quality steam.

Abstract: A carbonated beverage dispensing system for dispensing a mixed beverage consisting of a flavoring constituent contained in an individual serving packet and a base liquid. The dispensing system includes an actuating unit having a platen that is movable between a retracted position in which a flavoring constituent containing packet is positionable into the actuating unit with a rupturable discharge end thereof directed downwardly and an actuated position which progressively presses against a side of the packet for forcing the contents of the packet in a downward direction for rupturing the discharge end of the packet and for expelling the contents thereof into a discharge nozzle. A carbonated water supply is provided for simultaneously dispensing a predetermined quantity of carbonated water into the nozzle for mixing with the expelled flavoring constituent prior to discharging therefrom.