Abstract: Air or other gases containing contaminants or requiring treatment are moved into at least one substantially continuous sheet of treating liquid at the entrance to a streamline flow passage having a smoothly curved convex interior surface progressively decreasing in cross-sectional area in direction of flow. A nozzle mounted adjacent the entrance end of the flow passage generates one or more substantially continuous sheets of treating liquid covering the entrance to the passage. The passage has a convex throat and an exit smaller than the entrance so that the gas and treating liquid entrained therein move through the passage at an accelerating velocity with smooth, substantially unidirectional flow, and are discharged therefrom with no discernible turbulence or splashing. The gas and the treating liquid are discharged from the flow passage into an eliminator chamber of large volume, whereupon the treating liquid and any entrained contaminants drop out of and are separated from the gas.

Abstract: An annular gap washer for scrubbing a gas stream with a liquid, especially for the scrubbing of blast furnace gases with water such that the adjustment of the width of the annular gap controls the pressure at the head of the blast furnace, comprises the usual housing or duct with a tapering configuration and a body axially movable in this duct and with a tapering configuration so that the annular gap is formed between this body and the duct wall. According to the invention, the base angles of the body and the duct walls are different such that the gap converges in the direction of flow of the gases, thereby reducing vibrations or oscillation of the body without interfering with scrubbing efficiency.

Abstract: In a furnace system for producing carbon black, a primary quench fluid is injected into the combustion products from the furnace to produce effluent. The effluent is passed through a trim quench chamber containing a tubular member. The tubular member has an internal flow path therethrough and is positioned in the housing defining the quench chamber to form an outer flow path therebetween. Part of the effluent flowing through the quench chamber passes through the internal flow path while the remainder passes through the outer flow path. Quench liquid is introduced into the quench chamber for initial contact with substantially only the portion of the effluent passing through the internal flow path.

Abstract: A particulate separator of the concurrent flow type includes an inner cylinder mounted concentrically within a tapered conical outer cylinder which is closed at the outer return end. A fan unit is secured within the return end of the outer cylinder to draw air inwardly through the center cylinder, impart a centrifugal force thereon and imparting a tangential spin to the air moving outwardly and then rearwardly and back through the outer conical cylinder. The particulate matter within the fluid moves outwardly to the periphery of the outer cylinder as a result of centrifugal forces. The tangential spin imparted to the air cause the air to move in spiral return path with the conical cylinder establishing a decreasing cross section.

Abstract: A scrubber device for removing finely divided contaminants including gases from a gas stream is disclosed. The device comprises a housing defining a pretreatment section, an implosion section, and a diffusion section. The pretreatment section includes an inlet for directing a gas stream therein and means which define an annular flow path between the pretreatment section and the implosion section for the gas stream. The implosion section is disposed in the housing and is configured such that as the gas stream flows through the annular passage, it is directed radially inward. Means for supplying a liquid to the implosion section is also included, such that as the gas stream passes through the implosion section, finely divided liquid particles are entrained in the gas stream. The diffusion section is configured to receive the gas stream from the implosion section and includes means for removing the finely divided liquid particles. The now clean gas stream is then directed out of the diffusion section.

Abstract: A washing device comprises an upper chamber containing a washing liquid and communicating with an enamel-spraying device and a lower under-pressure chamber. A nozzle is installed between those two chambers which has an inlet to receive the washing liquid and a gaseous mixture to be washed and an outlet communicating with the under-pressure chamber. The particle-containing gaseous mixture is drawn through the washing liquid atomized in the nozzle and is washed thereby. The nozzle has a cross-section of a bell-like configuration and is provided with edges at the outlet of the nozzle. These edges face toward the central axis of the casing and are provided with teeth whereby the surface of contact of the particles with the atomized washing liquid at the outlet of the nozzle is substantially increased and the distribution of the washing liquid at the outlet of the nozzle is improved.

Abstract: A flame-proof gas-scrubber having a housing adapted to be filled to a predetermined level with a scrubbing liquid, a downwardly extending gas inlet conduit 6, and a series of liquid inlets 16, 24 in a fluid flow path around the outside of the inlet conduit. The liquid inlets communicate with the body of scrubbing liquid well below the level thereof, and a deflector 29 and venturi throat 26 are included concentrically in the fluid flow path for aiding the mixing of the gas and liquid. A skirt 33 surrounds the upper end of the inlet conduit 6 to direct the mixture downwardly above the liquid level to provide for liquid/gas separation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for removing airborne particulates from an aerosol stream by first humidifying said aerosol with steam, and then cooling said aerosol with water to saturation temperature. Thereafter, the saturated aerosol is adiabatically cooled to a supersaturated state and maintained at supersaturation for a time sufficient to permit the growth and removal thereof of said particulates. Further disclosed is an apparatus adapted for practicing the method of the present invention and employing charged droplet scrubbing techniques to remove said particulates.

Abstract: A paint-spray chamber having a grate-like floor with an outlet for particle-laden air below said floor, said outlet comprising water reservoirs along the periphery of the spray chamber and a venturi outlet disposed centrally of said chamber between the water reservoirs. Water is continuously supplied to said reservoirs to fill the reservoirs to overflowing and cause the water to flow into said venturi so as to provide a body of water underlying the floor. The venturi is formed by opposed venturi sides converging toward the central axis of the venturi outlet in the direction of the gas flow to a venturi throat. A pair or a series of pairs of guide plates extend inwardly from said opposite venturi sides adjacent said reservoir means and converge toward one another in the direction of air flow with a greater angle of convergence than said venturi sides and terminate in one or more noise-muffling zones along said venturi axis above said throat.

Abstract: Gas scrubbing apparatus for removing sulfur dioxide from a gas stream with a cleaning liquid capable of absorbing the sulfur dioxide in the gas stream comprising a housing defining scrubbing chamber therein, a plurality of baffles in the scrubbing chamber at longitudinally spaced positions therealong for generating turbulence in the gas stream and rotating the gas stream about the central axis of the scrubbing chamber, spray means for spraying the cleaning liquid into the scrubbing chamber between the baffles to absorb the sulfur dioxide from the gas stream, and a mist eliminator downstream of the baffles to remove liquid droplets from the gas stream. The baffles are oriented so that each baffle rotates the gas stream approximately ninety degrees about the central axis of the scrubbing chamber as the gas stream flows thereby with all of the baffles rotating the gas stream in the same direction about said central axis.

Abstract: An air washer or scrubber, particularly for paint spray booths and especially adapted for removing paint particles from air passing downwardly through the grille floor of a paint spray booth and against a water-washed subfloor, comprises an elongated V-shaped slot in the subfloor extending along the longitudinal centerline of the booth. The inner edges of the walls forming the V-shaped slot are upturned to form ledges so that water flowed over the subfloor and the walls of the slot impinges against the ledges and is thrown upwardly and inwardly to form a curtain of water completely covering the slot. Exhaust means pulls paint-laden air from the spray chamber through the water curtain and the slot and into an expansion chamber, the bottom walls of which form a second V-shaped slot contiguous with the first mentioned slot.

Abstract: Improvements in a reaction vessel which includes a lower cylindrical section conically reduced in diameter toward the outlet end and an upper cylindrical section conically increased in diameter from the inlet end, the two sections being joined endways, and wherein a gas stream is tangentially introduced into the lower cylindrical section and is caused to react, inside the upper section, with a reactant liquid injected into the latter. A horizontal partition is provided within the lower cylindrical section conically reduced in diameter to divide the space therein into an upper and a lower spaces, whereby the gas stream is divided and separately passed, in a spiral flow from the upper space and in a piston flow from the lower space, into the upper cylindrical section.

Abstract: An annular-gap washer especially for scrubbing of industrial gases, comprises a central body which is axially shiftable in a housing defining an all-around clearance with the body. The clearance forms an annular gap through which the gas stream and water droplets from a spray nozzle axially spaced from the gap, are accelerated and brought into intimate contact. According to the invention at least over part of the gap, the mixture is subjected to an electrostatic field having generally radial field lines.

Abstract: An entrainment separator for separating entrained liquids or solids from a gas includes a housing having an inlet and a first outlet disposed in opposite ends therein and a second outlet disposed in said housing intermediate said inlet and first outlet. Gas with entrained liquids or gases introduced into the housing through the inlet and is intercepted by a first surface onto which the liquids or solids impinge. An annular deflector and the first surface and toward a tube disposed within the housing and extending away from the second surface opposite said first surface. Means is provided for varying the size of the opening between the deflector and the first surface, and a funnel is provided for conducting flow of the liquids or solids, separated from the gas, into the first outlet. The second outlet enables withdrawal of gas which is substantially free of entrained liquids and solids.

Abstract: A gas scrubbing tower is described which has a top region, a sump region and at least two washing stages between these regions. The tower comprises gas entry means between the the sump region and the lowermost of the washing stages; gas exit means in the top region; a first washing stage, in the direction of gas flow through the tower, constituted by a layer of packing elements resting on supporting means in a cross-sectional plane; a first circulating line for wash liquid from the sump region to the layer of packing elements; a second, packing-free washing stage above the first washing stage; a second circulating line for conducting wash liquid through the second washing stage; a sludge separator, and conduit means for introducing water from outside the tower into a washing stage or into the sludge separator of the tower.A process for operating the scrubbing tower is also described.

Abstract: A horizontally disposed scrubber is provided with a generally horizontally disposed adjustable venturi having a slot-type liquid introduction through which a liquid is introduced into a particle laden gas stream.

Abstract: In a plant of making a blanket from fibres which are thrown or set together with polymerizable binder particles or droplets onto a perforated conveying belt, a method of cleansing consisting in: associating means for sucking air loaded with fibre dust and binder particles or droplets with means for spraying a washing liquid to be processed afterwards, providing, below said conveying belt, series of Venturi nozzles with throats of adjustable cross-section, opening into a duct connected to suction means, and distributor manifolds for spraying said washing liquid at low pressure, positioned on the one hand at the inlets of said Venturi nozzles and on the other hand downstream of the outlets thereof to provide a streaming of liquid onto all the walls of the dust removing ducts or means on which dusts and binder are likely to settle down.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for neutralizing hot acid gases is disclosed. Prior to neutralizing the gas, it is introduced into a zone, e.g., a cyclone to establish an upwardly, generally spiral gas stream. This gas motion permits removal from the gas of larger particles which concentrate at the cyclone wall by centifugal forces. The upwardly-moving gas stream which may or may not have a spiral motion is contacted with an upwardly-moving spray of a basic neutralizing liquid or slurry under conditions such that the spray droplets moderately overcome gravitational forces such that they experience a sufficiently long residence time in the cyclone to be evaporated to dryness. The product gas from the cyclone then can be treated further to remove small particles and salt product.

Abstract: A dust aspirating arrangement, particularly for underground applications, has a suction element arranged for aspirating air which contains dust generated during operation of an underground machine, an agglomerating section communicating with the suction element and arranged for receiving the dust-containing air aspirated by the latter in which agglomerating section a mixture of a moisture and the dust-containing air is produced, a separating element communicating with the agglomerating section and operative for separating the mixture into its constituent dust-containing moisture and air and provided with a flexible conduit for removing the separated dust-containing moisture, and a removing element for removing the separated air from the separating element and located downstream of the flexible conduit.

Abstract: An improved air cleaning device is provided for removing solid particulate matter from a contaminated air stream. The air cleaning device comprises a main housing having an air inlet and an air outlet. The air cleaning device further includes a wash section having a tubular housing with its upper end forming the contaminated air inlet and its lower end being open to the interior of the housing. A wash liquid disperser adjacent the upper end of the wash section housing injects a wash fluid into the contaminated air stream, while a venturi downstream from the dispenser accelerates the contaminated air stream now intermixed with the wash liquid downwardly through the wash section housing. The venturi comprises a pair of baffles each having an upper edge portion, a lower edge portion and forming a convex surface therebetween. The baffles are attached to facing walls in the wash section housing and so that the convex surface of the baffles face or protrude toward each other.

Abstract: A purifying system is disclosed for the removal of small particles of impurities from a gaseous mixture flowing in a conduit, including a venturi connected in series in the conduit, a liquid injection device for introducing jets of liquid to produce a liquid mist pattern extending transversely within the venturi to moisturize the small particles of impurities, and a regulator operable in response to the pressure differential across the venturi for adjusting the effective cross-section of the venturi and/or the operation of the injection device, thereby to maintain the pressure differential across the venturi at a predetermined value.

Abstract: For cleaning a flow of used air from a spray booth wherein articles are lacquered, a duct is provided with a first constriction where the flow of used air is brought into contact with washing fluid so as to wet lacquer particles in the used air. Downstream of the first constriction a guide conduit, which has a bend therein deflects the flow of used air and the washing fluid. The guide conduit is provided with a second constriction and after the flow of used air and the washing fluid have been deflected they pass through the second constriction, which is narrower than the first. Turbulence is thus created and the washing fluid is atomized and intimately mixed with the used air.

Abstract: A turbulent transport contactor is formed by a contacting zone or section with means to introduce lightweight elements and gas at high velocity adjacent one end. Liquid is also introduced to the zone. The high velocity gas entrains the liquid and the lightweight elements and transports them through the contact zone. Means are provided to de-entrain the lightweight elements and a significant portion of said liquid at the end of the contact zone remote from said one end and to return the lightweight elements to said one end for re-introduction into the zone.

Abstract: A process for working up hydrolyzable and/or water-soluble compounds by ping them in water is provided wherein the compounds are fed into the funnel of a rotating cone of water running down into the tip of the cone, with the water being constantly renewed by a supply at the base of the cone. The process is particularly useful for working up mixtures containing silanes and/or chlorosilanes in silicon deposition plants.

Abstract: Air or other gases containing contaminants or requiring treatment are moved into at least one substantially continuous sheet of treating liquid at the entrance to a streamline flow passage. A nozzle mounted adjacent the entrance end of the flow passage forms one or more substantially continuous solid sheets of treating liquid covering the entrance to the passage. The passage has a convex throat and an exit smaller than the entrance so that the gas and treating liquid entrained therein move through the passage at an accelerating velocity with smooth, non-turbulent, unidirectional flow, and are discharged therefrom with no discernible turbulence or splashing. The gas and the treating liquid are discharged from the flow passaage into an eliminator chamber of large volume, whereupon the treating liquid and any entrained contaminants drop out of and are separated from the gas.

Abstract: A washer having a controlled-gap scrubber is connected to the gas outlet of a pressure blast furnace and an expansion turbine for the recovery of energy is connected downstream of the controlled-gap washer unit while a bypass is connected across the turbine. The system has operating regions A and B on a diagram in which the gas pressure is plotted along the ordinate and the volume rate of flow of gas from said blast furnace is plotted along the abscissa, the region A being defined between the turbine-insertion and the turbine-operating characteristic curves plotted on the diagram, the region B being defined between the turbine-operating characteristic curve and the corrected blast-furnace characteristic curve. The pressure in the blast furnace where the operating point is in region A while the gas traverses the turbine is controlled by varying the gap width of said control-gap washer unit in response to the pressure.

Abstract: A scrubbing system including scrubbers having straight through or direct line gas flow, with steam pretreatment of the gases supplied to the scrubber. The scrubbing solution may be recycled. Where steam is present in the process, the effluent gas is partially recycled to the process upstream of the scrubber to maintain a predetermined level of steam moisture in the gases entering the scrubber.

Abstract: A gas scrubbing plant having a gas scrubbing stage, a washing liquid separating stage and a stage for washing out suspended matter therebetween. This latter stage includes a plurality of gas baffles which accelerates the gas and then decelerates it while liquid is introduced into the gas baffles as the gas passes therethrough. Each baffle has an inner conical member surrounded by an outer member to define therebetween an annular passage with diverges at an angle of between 10.degree. and 90.degree. from the inlet adjacent the apex of the conical member to the outlet from the baffle, the cross-sectional area of the annular passage decreasing in the direction of gas flow and then increasing towards the outlet.

Abstract: A venturi-type rod scrubber for effecting the cleaning of the flue gas produced as a by-product of the combustion process that occurs during the course of the operation of fossil fuel firing steam generators, before the flue gas flows up the exhaust stack and is released to the atmosphere. The subject scrubber includes inlet means through which the flue gas enters the scrubber. A first spray system is suitably mounted in juxtaposed relation to the inlet means so as to be operative to introduce liquid into the stream of flue gas entering the scrubber through the inlet means. In alignment with but in spaced relation to the inlet means, the scrubber is provided with a throat region, i.e., a region of restricted cross-section. A plurality of spaced rows of parallel rods are suitably mounted within the throat region so as to extend substantially perpendicular to the path of flow of the flue gas flowing therethrough.

Abstract: A gas scrubber having an air inlet and an air exit, said scrubber comprising: a plurality of venturi tubes having upstream ends and downstream ends, the venturi tubes being arranged parallel to each other; a centrifugal separator in communication with the downstream ends of the venturi tubes; a blower for drawing dust-laden air into the upstream ends of the venturi tubes and then into the centrifugal separator; nozzles for introducing water into the air flowing through the venturi tubes; an inner tubular housing surrounding the venturi tubes; an outer tubular housing surrounding and spaced from the inner tubular housing so as to form a space between the housings; a conduit for conducting air from the blower to the air exit; a funnel widening in the air flow direction so as to have an inlet end and an outlet end of larger cross section than the inlet end, the inlet end being connected to the air exit; and porous air filter material connected completely across the outlet end of the funnel.

Abstract: A process and apparatus, wherein as hot gas from a coal gasifier discharges through a tubular outlet having therein a wall which is permeable throughout its length for the flow of hot gas centrally therethrough, a gas shield is formed along the inner surface of the tubular outlet by passing a coolant through the wall, which gas shield cools the wall and prevents sticky ash particles in the hot gas from hitting the wall. The gas shield also cools the hot gas so that the sticky ash particles lose their stickiness.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for scurbbing contaminants from a gas steam. The apparatus includes a vertically extending cylinrical vessel having an upper gas steam inlet and a lower gas steam outlet. Means are provided for forming an annular venturi gas flow passage fixed within the vessel, and a central opening. A vertically movable plug is supported within the central opening. The plug has a variable cross section and is movable between a position in which the plug closes the central opening and other positions in which portions of the gas stream flow around the plug and through a secondary annular gas flow passage formed within the central opening. A scrubbing liquid supply means is provided above the plug at the center line of the cylindrical vessel. The scrubbing apparatus combines the high efficiency of a fixed-throat venturi scrubber with the compactness, simple construction and low-cost of a plug-type scrubber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for controlling airborne contaminants, odors and plume opacities. The apparatus and method of the present invention controls airborne contaminants which are submicron in size or greater and which are contained in a gas stream in high number concentrations. Submicron aerosol emissions, odors, and plume opacities are controlled by subjecting the gas stream in which they are contained to staged pollution control system. The first stage or inline convergence tube module, nucleates micron and submicron airborne contaminants contained in the gas stream which is being moved through the first stage at about 2,500 feet per minute or greater by contacting the contaminants with countercurrent aerosol-liquor screens having a minimum generation velocity of at least 5,000 feet per minute. The second stage or modified venturi sump module collects some of the larger nucleated contaminant droplets from the first stage.

Abstract: Apparatus for removing dust particles from an air stream includes a tubular housing having an inlet end and an outlet end; a plurality of Venturi tubes having open inflow ends and open outflow ends supported side-by-side within the housing, with their axes parallel to the housing axis so that their inflow ends receive air flowing into the inlet end of said housing; a nozzle for spraying water into the air entering each of the Venturi tubes whereby dust particles in the air are collected in the water and whereby sludge-containing water and air are discharged through the outflow ends of said Venturi tubes; a tank which surrounds said tubular housing, the tank having an outer wall surrounding and spaced from the tubular housing and partition means in the space between said outer wall and the tubular housing dividing the space into first and second compartments; a sludge separator in communication with the outflow ends of the Venturi tubes; conduit means connected to the sludge separator for supplying sludge-cont

Abstract: The gases emerging from a high-pressure gas furnace are subject to coarse particle separation and then to washing and scrubbing with water before driving an expansion turbine which has a gas bypass so that the turbine can be cut off. The scrubbing water recycled to the scrubber when the turbine is cut off, is permitted to traverse a cooler of the washing-water recovery unit but, when the turbine is operative, the scrubbing water bypasses the cooler. The water introduced into the scrubber can thus have a temperature of about 25.degree. C. when the turbine is bypassed and about 50.degree. C. when it is effective.

Abstract: A proces for separation of dry particulate matter, such as molten slag droplets and/or solid particles, from a hot gas is disclosed in which the gas is first cooled to a temperature in the range from 50.degree. to 500.degree. C. The greater part of the particulate matter is removed from the cooler gas by means of at least one cyclone separator. The gas is then scrubbed with water in a scrubber. Cooling of the hot gas to the lower temperature range is performed by injecting into the hot gas at least part of a purified product gas formed by the process and at least part of an aqueous suspension of particulate matter obtained during scrubbing.

Abstract: The scrubber has a substantially rotationally symmetrical vortex chamber provided at one end with an axial gas outlet whose diameter is substantially smaller than the diameter of the chamber. A coaxial impeller wheel is located at the other axial end of the chamber and admits into the region of the chamber periphery a stream of contaminated gas which has a component of movement in circumferential direction of the chamber. A plurality of spray nozzles spray a washing liquid into the chamber for contact with the contaminated gas therein.

Abstract: A venturi scrubber for the scrubbing of an inlet gas stream with a scrubbing liquid or slurry, to remove gaseous or vaporous components from the gas stream, or to remove entrained solid particulate or discrete liquid droplet (fog or mist) constituents, and thereby to prevent air pollution and/or to recover the component or constituent. The venturi scrubber has an adjustable throat characterized by the provision of structure to adjust the cross-sectional dimension of the gas passage at or adjacent to the throat section. The structure includes at least one movable baffle at the periphery of the gas passage, and a container.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for the removal of pollutant material including solid or liquid particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from gas streams in which the gas is driven through a mixing tube by forming a jet of a compressible fluid such as steam or air or the whole or a part of the polluted gas itself. In some instances the jet acts as an ejector to induce flow of the polluted gas into the mixing tube but when all of the polluted gas is formed into a jet it is directed into the mixing tube without any ejector action. A mechanically atomized liquid is introduced into the outer region of the jet of compressible fluid emerging from the nozzle in which the jet is formed. The mechanically atomized liquid is further atomized by the shearing action of the jet to form high velocity droplets which are intimately and turbulently mixed with the pollutant-containing gas and retained in the mixing tube for a sufficient time so that the pollutants become entrained with the water droplets.

Abstract: The multiple-throat venturi wet gas scrubbing apparatus embodies modular venturi entry apparatus and progressively finer demister vane sections in a horizontal scrubbing unit for in-line connection in gas stream piping or ducting and mounting with its stream propulsion fan on a single platform. The modular design of the entire apparatus is calculated to maximize standardization and prefabrication which together with the in-line design results in substantial cost and space advantages as well as optimum uniform flow throughout the apparatus.

Abstract: An air cleaner of the oil-bath type, in which dust-laden air at high velocity in a stream entering the unit is first mixed with an oil spray and then impinged on an oil washed deflector for directing the mixture outwardly and upwardly through a filter bed to wet the filter bed with oil for catching dust carried by the air, surplus oil being drawn by venturi action from the filter bed and sprayed back into the entry stream for recirculation into the filter bed, and the air cleaner having a dual-chamber oil reservoir and dust collecting means, a novel venturi means, and a mechanical agitator in the air inlet to prevent the accumulation of dust therein.

Abstract: A scrubber for blast furnace gas has a primary purifying unit and a secondary purifying and pressure adjusting unit in series with the primary unit. The primary purifying unit includes venturi having a divergent-constant diameter-convergent core in which the gas experiences a pressure loss and is subjected to a first washing with water. The secondary purifying unit comprises a multi-stage venturi including a first stage having a constant-diameter annular passage, followed by a diffuser section and at least one adjustable stage in series with the first stage which defines an annular passage of variable size.

Abstract: A device for dedusting dust-containing gases to which have been supplied a liquid in a finely-distributed form. The device is characterized by a tubular structure having at least one venturi-like constriction for receiving the dust-containing particles. The constriction is characterized by the provision of a converging section having a reduced cross-sectional dimension which generates crossing paths of the fluid and dust particles which extend beyond the narrowest cross-sectional position of the constriction. Further downstream is positioned a diverging section to which is adjoined at least one other converging section. The last-named converging section also has a cross-section which reduces more than linearly in the direction of particle flow. A final diverging section adjoins the last-named converging section, between which is formed a tear-off edge for creating further turbulent mixing of the particles.

Abstract: A nozzle in a descending discharge duct for hot flue gases has a tubular body of hourglass shape partly obstructed by a vertically movable frustoconical insert which defines a narrow, downwardly diverging annular channel with the lower part of the body lying below its waist. The upwardly converging top of the insert, projecting partly above the waist, is coated or clad with a refractory layer and is removable for replacement of that layer.

Abstract: Apparatus operating at low pressure drop and low initial velocity for removing pollutants down to sub-micron sizes from gas streams comprising a nozzle means accelerating the gas flow to about four times its entering velocity into a large expansion chamber having an impinger area for removal of pollutant. This is a method of removing pollutants down to sub-micron size at high efficiency by passing the polluted gas through a nozzle having specific geometry into an expansion chamber and impinging the pollutants upon an impinging area and removing them from the system.

Abstract: An air cleaner of the oil-bath type, in which dust-laden air at high velocity in an entry stream is first mixed with an oil spray and then impinged on an oil bath and deflected outwardly and upwardly through a filter bed to wet the filter bed with oil for catching dust carried by the air, surplus oil being drawn by venturi action from the filter bed and sprayed back into the entry stream for recirculation into the oil bath and into the filter bed, constantly washing the lower end of the filter bed and other parts so as to prevent clogging by the accumulation of dust.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided wherein organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.

Abstract: The gas-cleaning apparatus for a blast furnace operating under pressure using a differential-pressure washing arrangement whereby the differential-pressure washer comprises at least one annular gap with an annular-gap passage and an axially adjustable body received in the annular gap washer. The nozzle is disposed upstream of the annular-gap washer to spray the washing liquid into the gas which is accelerated through the annular gap. The position of this body is controlled in response to the gas pressure within the head of the blast furnace. The annular gap of the washer diverges in the direction of flow of the gas and the body has a complementary shape so that the gap width remains generally constant although its flow cross section increases with the diameter of the annular gap in the direction of flow of the gas.

Abstract: Noxious emissions produced in the process of regenerating catalysts employed in the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons are reduced by burning the coke on the spent catalyst in a regenerator operated at a temperature greater than 1200.degree. F. to produce flue gas containing less than 2.0 vol.

Abstract: A radial-flow scrubber in which a gas is passed downwardly through an annular gap after having been treated with a liquid in which the gap is adjusted by a ring disposed below the orifice for the gas/liquid mixture and shiftable toward and away from the latter on one end of a fluid-containing diaphragm, especially a metal bellows. The fluid pressure in the bellows may be maintained at atmospheric levels or may be adjusted by sealing the bellows or feeding fluid under pressure thereto. Advantageously the pressure within the bellows, to control the expansion or contraction thereof is a function of the pressure of the liquid/gas mixture or its flow velocity.