Abstract: A method and apparatus are shown for lining a tubular member with an elastomeric liner having an outside diameter which is initially greater than the inside diameter of the tubular member. A length of the liner is reduced to a downsized outside diameter by rolling and simultaneously crushing the liner a preselected amount, whereby the liner retains a standard dimensional ratio in the downsized condition. The liner is inserted into the tubular member to be lined and is allowed to expand to substantially its original outside diameter to thereby bond the liner within the tubular member.

Abstract: A multilayer polymeric film having dead bend characteristics which are substantially planar isotropic is a laminate of at least two layers of one or more polymeric films, in which:A. each polymeric film layer is highly oriented in one direction, such that each polymeric film layer has dead bend properties with respect to bending deformations substantially normal to the direction of orientation; andB. the direction of orientation of each polymeric film layer forms an angle of at least about 30 degrees with the direction of orientation of each adjacent polymeric film layer.A method for making the multilayer polymeric film having dead bend characteristics also is provided.

Abstract: A gasket is formed with a mounting portion which is generally cylindrical, and provides an anchoring projection extending radially from the outer side thereof. A sealing projection is joined to the mounting portion by a hinge section. The sealing projection is placed in compression when the gasket is formed into a circle, and becomes bistable. In one position of stability, the sealing projection is substantially aligned with the mounting portion, and in the other position of stability, the sealing projection is located generally within the mounting portion. The gasket is positioned around a core, with the sealing projection aligned with the mounting portion, and is cast into an opening provided by the material of the manhole riser. In such position, the sealing projection is partially embedded within the material of the riser. Prior to installation of a sewer pipe, the sealing projection is manually released from the material of the riser and is pushed through to its other position of stability.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a spindle housing with a ball bearing has the following steps: positioning the ball bearing in a cavity of a molding tool in a condition that a pre-load is provided to eliminate an internal clearance of the ball bearing, and injecting synthetic resin within the cavity of the molding tool after relative movement of the outer race and inner races of the ball bearing due to the pre-load.

Abstract: The assembly comprises a wraparound heat recoverable sleeve, and a resilient girdle provided with means for fastening opposed edge regions thereof together, thereby enabling the girdle to hold the sleeve in its wrapped configuration during recovery.The girdle is particularly suitable for use with sleeves that are wrapped around an object more than once.

Abstract: A cell-type filter cartridge is disclosed having netting thereon, as well as a method for producing same. Briefly stated, the surface area of filter material exposed to unfiltered fluid has disposed thereon a netting thereby preventing flaking, cracking and the like of filter media during backflow or cleaning operations. The netting is secured to the cell by a molded circumferential retainer and a circumferential centrally disposed ring.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for manufacture of elastic leg and/or waist disposable diapers. A preferred form of the diaper uses for the entire moisture impermeable backing sheet an elastomeric material of the type that is heat unstable and relatively inelastic in its unshrunk form and stable and relatively elastic in its heat shrunk form. Numerous materials of this type are available. Included among them are block copolymers which include a rubbery material as one component, polyurethanes, and irradiated polyethylene. Alternatively, a conventional polyolefin backing sheet may be used with strips of the heat shrinkable elastomeric material bonded in appropriate marginal locations in the waist or leg zones. These marginal zones are then heated to an appropriate temperature and any tension on the sheet relaxed to allow shrinkage and elasticization to take place.

Abstract: An elongated prestressing steel material for use in the fabrication of prestressed concrete comprises a steel member and an outer coat of many microcapsules each containing a flowable material in its interior.

Abstract: A method for lining a high pressure pipeline with a tubular plastic liner. After depressurizing, purging and cleaning the pipeline is broken into discrete sections each of which is to receive a liner segment. The sections are reamed to remove obstructions which might damage the liner and a close-fitting liner segment is drawn into each section. Each liner segment is fixed at opposed ends of respective pipeline sections to prevent longitudinal movement of the segments. Bleeder holes are provided through the pipeline walls at opposed ends of each pipeline section. After the pipeline sections are reconnected to reform the pipeline, a relatively warm, pressurized fluid is pumped through the pipeline to radially expand each liner segment against the inner walls of the pipeline, thus evacuating the spaces between liner segments and pipeline sections by forcing air, water and other impurities through the bleeder holes.

Abstract: A heat-shrinkable elastomer having a first length is produced by uniaxially orienting a copolymer having hard block and elastomeric soft block polymer segments to a second length which is substantially greater than a third length at which partial permanent deformation occurs. Upon removal of the tensioning force, the stretched elastomer naturally relaxes to the third length which is substantially greater than the first length but less than the second length. Upon application of heat, the elastomer shrinks and recovers its elastic properties. The heat-shrinkable elastomer can be coextruded by conventional techniques as a core layer disposed between nonelastic outer layers or skins, and the resulting coextruded elastomer can be uniaxially tensioned as above. Articles or garments such as disposable diapers advantageously use the heat-shrinkable elastomer of the present invention as a means to shirr portions thereof, such as waistbands.

Abstract: A method of producing a structural element comprising a metallic sleeve provided with a continuous axial slot at a circumferential area and an outer surface completely surrounded by a jacket comprising making a metallic sleeve (3,18) with an inner diameter corresponding to a maximum of the inner diameter of the finished structural element (1,16) surrounding the sleeve with the jacket (4,17) in an apparatus (5) provided with a core (8) for receiving the metallic sleeve (3,18) and elastically widening the metallic sleeve (3,18) when placed on the core (8) whereby the slot (2,19) of the metallic sleeve (3,18) is at least partially filled with the material of the jacket (4,17) during formation of the jacket (4,17) so that the boundary surfaces of the slot (2,19) of the metallic sleeve (3,18) is at least partially covered, and the structural element produced thereby.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing glazed cement products of a foam light-weight aggregate, reinforcing steel under pretension or a stress-absorbing layer around the reinforcing steel. An action of generating crack, caused by a difference of coefficient of thermal expansion between the reinforcing steel and a portion of cement material while burning and cooling are carried out, is absorbed by the foam light-weight aggregate, the stress-absorbing layer or pretension given to the reinforcing steel. A reaction of unreacted cement component is promoted by the hydration to harden for recovering mechanical strength.

Abstract: A process is described which allows continuous flexible connectors to be produced, particularly for vehicles, provided with at least one stop element a flexible cable wound in a coil is stretched between two facing mould halves and clamped to lie between these; at least one attachment element of synthetic plastics material is hot formed onto the cable in such a way as to embed this and remain rigidly connected thereto; then the mould halves are separated expelling the element thus formed and the cable is advanced in such a way as to bring a new section of cable between the mould halves; finally, a segment of cable, provided with the attachment element, is cut from the flexible cable.

Abstract: An end component 3 is spin-welded into the cut end of an extruded tube 1 with the application of axial pressure but without the application of radial pressure to the weld area. The radial forces required to create a weld are provided by hoop stresses which are formed in the tube by shock-cooling the tube as it emerges from the extrusion die. When the tube is cut, the hoop stresses cause the cut end of the tube to contract radially prior to insertion of the end component. To assist in insertion of the end component, a cylindrical skirt thereof 4 is provided with a chamfered end 9.

Abstract: A process for making beams of prestressed concrete in an assembly for casting and curing beams of prestressed reinforced concrete, having an individual prestress frame allowing tensioning of longitudinal reinforcements between two fixed end elements maintained in spaced-apart relationship by longitudinal elements; and an individual impression cooperating hermetically with the frame so that the walls of the impression and the walls of the end elements of the frame, connected together, form the sides of a mould receiving the cast concrete, the impression being adapted to be separated from the frame without detensioning of the reinforcements.

Abstract: When pipes are provided with comparatively rigid linings, the gaps which tend to appear between the pipe and the lining along the length thereof, and through which gaps gaseous type contents tend to escape, are sealed by providing between the pipe and the lining radially expandable sealing rings spaced along the length of the pipe, those rings compressing when the lining is in place and only partially expanding if the lining tends to separate from the pipe, thereby to provide a series of annular seals along the length of the pipe. The sealing rings may be positioned within the pipe before the lining is applied or may be initially secured to the lining and moved into place with the lining.

Abstract: A method of constructing a reinforced concrete structure (e.g. a cement building or pipeline) wherein an inflatable form is placed on a precast foundation and confined thereto by wrapping the exterior of the inflatable form with a layer of chain link fencing fabric. For large structures, a plurality of adjacent inflatable forms (preferably pneumatically interconnected) is employed wherein either the exterior interstitial spaces between adjacent forms are occupied by lightweight spacer means or structural walls and support means are present to further anchor the chain link fencing fabric. The inflatable form can then be highly pressurized such as to prestress the chain link fence and a uniform layer of fiber reinforced cement is applied to the form. The resulting thin walled structure exhibits excellent structural properties virtually free of form deformation and cement sloughing.

Abstract: The method for forming prestressed centrifugal piles by:disposing a spiral within one of the two constituent half-shells of the mould for the pile to be formed,securing within this spiral a plurality of strands having at least one end emerging from a mould headpiece,pouring the concrete into said half-shell,joining the two half-shells together,inserting axial restraint elements for the strands through suitable apertures provided in the half-shells,tensioning the strands at those ends which emerge from the headpiece and,centrifuging the mould prepared in this manner.

Abstract: In order to impress internal strains in fiber-reinforced plastic layers of a torsion-stressed component part, a gap or crack is produced in at least one of the layers by applying forces to the component part and filling the crack with a material during the application of the forces. After the forces are removed, the filled crack cannot close, thereby creating internal strains.

Abstract: A method of producing a compressive stress in a mass comprised of plastic material having a tendon therein, at least a portion of the length of the tendon being contained in thermoplastic material within the mass, the method comprising the steps of heating the tendon to a temperature sufficient to soften the thermoplastic material in an annular region surrounding the tendon, applying a tractive force to the heated tendon, thereby placing the heated tendon under tensile stress, and securing the heated tendon to the mass in a manner that causes the tensile force in the tendon to produce a compressive stress in the mass and prestressed plastic bodies produced according to this method.

Abstract: A prestressing anchor is embedded in concrete in part of a concrete structural component, and after setting of the concrete, a prestressing element extending through the prestressing anchor is prestressed and held by clamping wedges disposed in a frustoconical portion of a passage running through the prestressing anchor. Thereafter, a spacer element and an associated or integral further prestressing anchor provided with clamping wedges are pulled onto the prestressing element. With the aid of screws passing through flanges of the prestressing anchors, the further prestressing anchor is held to the first prestressing anchor, the spacer element resting snugly against the end faces of the clamping wedges. The second phase of construction is then carried out, at which time the further prestressing anchor is also embedded in concrete. After setting of the concrete, the following section of the prestressing element is prestressed to about the same value as the preceding section.

Abstract: A flexible cable assembly for actuation of an automobile speedometer or the like, comprising an inner core member and a tubular casing that includes an outer housing and a spiral-cut tubular liner with multiple internal ribs. The liner is constructed by extruding a cylindrial tube with at least one internal longitudinally extending rib. The tube is then cut helically so as to offset circumferentially the rib segments on adjacent turns of the strip, providing multiple internal supports for the core member.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for producing sealing strips and similar profiled strips of rubber and rubber-like elastomers. Rubber-like profiled sealing strips for window or door openings are frequently provided with overlay strips to facilitate installation, to enhance the relative movements, or for aesthetic-visual reasons. The material of these overlay strips generally differs considerably from the material of the base main strip. The manufacture of such two-material profiles can be undertaken in a single extrusion step by joining and directly combining a prefabricated overlay strip with the main strip in the extrusion head of an extrusion press, where the shape is provided for the profiled strip. By stretching the overlay strip, the adhesion of the latter to the main strip is significantly improved.

Abstract: A portable system for making harped, reinforced concrete beams includes a series of inverted T-shaped concrete bed sections, with aligned longitudinally extending holes for receiving tensioning cables to hold the sections together, to provide two beds, one on either side of the center wall of the sections, to make the concrete beams. At points near the center of each beam to be formed, arrangements for "harping" or depressing the longitudinally extending tensioning steel strands or cables are provided.

Abstract: The invention provides that in inserting a resin impregnated liner into a pipeline or passageway and shaping same to the passageway surface, followed by curing of the resin to form a rigid lining inside the pipeline or passageway, there are placed in the passageway reinforcing circumferential coils or members which bond to the liner and provide extra resistance to compressive hoop stress.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for forming continuous slabs having parallel longitudinally extending post-tensioned tendons therein.

Abstract: A pressure vessel having two separately formed vessel halves which are joined to form a compartment along a juncture, one of the halves further having a service port of a size sufficient to allow an individual to fully enter the vessel for working therein. The compartment is sealed at the juncture by a bonding layer surrounding both sides of the juncture inside and outside of the compartment, and is then wrapped circumferentially with tensioned, resin-wetted fiberglass filament. The vessel may have at least one fitted conduit which communicates with the interior of the compartment, the outer surface of the conduit adjacent to the compartment having an irregular surface which has been wrapped with resin-wetted, tensioned fiberglass filament. The juncture between the conduit and the compartment is overlayed with a layer of fiberglass material and subsequently coated with resin to form a rigid, fluid-tight seal.

Abstract: A recoverable tubular article comprising an elastomeric sleeve held in an expanded or extended condition and capable of recovering to its unexpanded condition of smaller diameter upon the removal of an outer restraint, an outer restraint, essentially tubular in configuration, bonded to said elastomeric sleeve, said restraint and said bond between the sleeve and the restraint being sufficiently strong to retain the elastomeric sleeve in its expanded condition under ordinary conditions of storage and said restraint being capable of being segmented and peeled from said elastomeric sleeve to permit said sleeve to recover to its original state.

Abstract: Manufacturing lined concrete pipe in a reduced time, and provision of such pipe with reduced tendencies to rusting and liner separation, are achieved by a cartridge assembly (22) movable to and away from the pipe machine, a work stand assembly (23) for positioning the cartridge to receive a liner, liner tensioning structures (68) and liner to cartridge clamps (87) for moving the liner to the cartridge, tightening the liner, and holding the liner during transport by the cartridge, and tension bars (96) controlling wire tension during pipe formation. Concurrently with operation of the standard pipe machine, the work stand operates to place a liner on the cartridge. During the stripping cycle of the pipe machine, the cartridge delivers the liner to the core. During the pipe machine vibration under pressure cycle, the tension on the liner tension wires is relieved.

Abstract: A method for installing a new steel tendon and for repairing a damaged or deteriorated steel tendon in a prestressed concrete slab is disclosed. The repair method includes the steps of relieving substantially all stress in the defective original tendon, removing the original tendon, installing a new tendon in the space vacated by the original tendon, installing new concrete around the new tendon to replace any original concrete removed while removing the original tendon, and stressing the new tendon thereby again prestressing the previously structurally defective slab. Installation of a tendon where none has previously existed is similar except an original tendon need not be removed.

Abstract: The apparatus and method for processing steel strand wire cable and the like for use in prestressed concrete is disclosed in which the outer surface of the cable produced has a substantial pure rust or hydrated oxide coating thereon enabling the cable to be utilized immediately in concrete configurations to thereby produce substantially higher flexural strengths in prestressed concrete than heretofore in the prior art. The apparatus and method specifically encompasses the use of ultrasonic cleaning equipment which causes cavitation cleaning effects in the liquid medium through which the cable passes during its cleaning process. In effect, the ultrasonic cleaning "catalyzes" the chemical redox reactions by removing all surface inhibitors and reducing reactant diffusion barriers thus accelerating surface wetting of the strand cable with H.sub.2 O and O.sub.2, such that the rusting chemical reactions can occur spontaneously. The dominant bond developed between the steel and concrete is chemical.

Abstract: An automatic tension maintaining power transmission belt, a method of making the same and a method for maintaining tension in a rubber belt transmission. The belt is made by embedding polyester fiber cord employing a polyester of high relative viscosity and after being subjected to a hot stretching process as a tensile member in rubber forming the belt. The thermal contraction force of the polyester cord is to be substantially maintained by avoiding shrinkage of the belt during vulcanization.The belt of the present invention is characterized by exhibiting shrinkage of said polyester fiber cords through thermal contractive forces caused by frictional heat generated by slippage of the belt upon lowering of belt tension during belt running. The minimum tension necessary for transmission of power is recovered, the slippage is eliminated for a while and proper tension is maintained. Such automatic action repeats when it becomes needed again.

Abstract: In a process for producing wooden building components acted upon by flexural forces in the built-in condition, and made up of at least two members that are bonded together, the load capacity is increased by stressing at least one part of the component in the direction of its length by a linear force and is then bonded to another part of the component while still being acted upon by said force. In a preferred form of the invention at least one part of the component is acted upon by a pulling force and another part is acted upon by a compression force with a pre-stressing effect. The use of the process makes possible the production of bonded wooden structural members free of transverse forces.

Abstract: A reinforced protective housing that may be utilized for protection of electrical contacts; such housing is reinforced with cured resin-coated open mesh glass cloth. Electrical contacts are incorporated into the glass cloth reinforced plastic body to form a unitary electrical connector component. A method of manufacturing cured resin-coated open mesh glass cloth reinforced molded plastic electrical connectors.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of producing a multi-key structure for keyboard musical instruments. A molding material is filled in a mold to form a molded structure which has a proximal end portion and a plurality of juxtaposed key portions extending from the proximal end portion. Molding is carried out in a state that the respective adjacent key portions diverge toward their free ends. The molded structure is removed from the mold, and the proximal end portion is deformed in such a manner that the plurality of key portions are brought into parallel relation to one another to provide the multi-key structure.

Abstract: A composite spring comprising coaxially coiled sheet in which filamentary materials spiral about a first rotational axis of the spring in performed resinous convolutes. A method of fabricating a coaxial composite spring having filamentary materials that spiral about a first rotational axis of the spring in preformed resinous convolutes comprising wrapping a plurality of sheets including a release sheet about a mandrel wherein the sheets comprise the filamentary materials and hardenable resin.

Abstract: A racket structure to be used in a tennis and the like racket and a method for producing it, where the handle section and the head frame section are made of a one-piece composite member including an inner light weight soft plastic core member having a central prestressed multifilament cord member and a glass fibers reinforced hard plastic, outer surrounding layer, anchored on said core member within the head frame section, said surrounding layer being covered on opposite faces with respective resilient flat cover members which also sheath part of the height of said head frame section on the inside face, facing the netting, defining the striking surface stretched in the oval space defined by the head frame section of the racket.

Abstract: A method of making a resilient tie-down device which includes the steps of providing a strap made of woven material, forming a loop portion in each end of the strap, and pretensioning and encapsulating the strap within a jacket of elastomeric material.

Abstract: Equipment for the production of pre-stressed concrete beams or railway sleepers includes two, spaced, reinforcement-tensioning, abutment assemblies with a casting bed lying between the assemblies. Mobile moulds can be moved into and out of the casting bed through one of the abutment assemblies and the latter includes a plurality of displaceable arms carrying reinforcement clamping means. Each arm is displaceable to allow passage of the moulds when the latter are filled with at least partially cured pre-stressed concrete articles. A mould train can be removed as a whole with cured articles therein and individual articles formed by severing the tensioning reinforcing bars or wires and the finished articles subsequently demoulded at a site remote from the casting bed.

Abstract: A method of filling a sleeve 4 of cable stay anchorage with a filling material comprising aggregate particles and a curable liquid mixture of an epoxy resin and a powder, comprising the steps of first filling the sleeve 4 with the curable liquid mixture (via pipe 10), secondly adding the aggregate particles (via pipe 11) and then allowing the liquid mixture to cure to form a solid mass containing the aggregate particles. The method of filling the anchorage is considerably easier than prior art methods, does not require the use of injection pumps and provides a filling material with low shrinkage and good corrosion and friction preventing properties. The anchorage also has plastics locating members 7, 8 to hold the wires 1 out of contact with the sleeve wall, to prevent friction under cyclic loads.

Abstract: In order that the stresses upon travel will be as small as possible in the region of the shoulders of a tire, it is molded between a mold and a core which together define a central zone and two lateral zones and, in each of the latter two, the median line of the sidewalls has a point of inversion of curvature located at a distance from the crown of the tire which is greater than the distance of the point of inversion of curvature of the median line of the sidewalls of the tire when mounted on its rim.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for injection-molding at least a first part of a plastics manifold element onto an extruded, panel-forming plurality of juxtaposed, hollow elements, comprising the steps of introducing into one set of ends of the hollow elements protrusions which extend from a core defining the shape of at least part of the interior space of the final manifold to be formed; clamping the region of the set of ends accommodating the protrusions between first and second mold members which, together with the core delimit the cavity of at least part of the final manifold; injecting plastic material into the cavity; and removing the core, and the mold members, whereby a strong bond is formed between the hollow elements and the manifold.

Abstract: A method is provided for making a filter cell comprised of two cellulosic fiber containing filter media having a sealed periphery. The method comprises compressing the peripheries of each filter media, to form a flange. The media are then aligned to provide intimate face-to-face contact between the flanges. A spacer means is provided between the media to cause each to dish outwardly from the other media. The two media and spacer means are then placed into a mold surrounding the flanges. The mold has a means for providing a recompression force to the inner portions of the flanges. A thermoplastic polymer is then injected into the mold to form a seal around the flanges. The recompression force is sufficient to maintain the flanges in intimate face-to-face contact with each other and to prevent seepage of the polymer between the flanges when the polymer is injected into the mold.

Abstract: Encapsulation of electrical circuitry by high pressure injection molding of an insulative thermoplastic material about electrical components supported in a pre-formed carrier which is itself supported in an outer mold. The carrier has an internal configuration of lands and grooves which facilitates circuit insertion, the walls of which carrier are yieldable to flex inwardly to permit registration of the carrier walls with the outer mold and to securely hold the circuit during the injection process during which both the mold and the carrier are filled. The carrier is vented to insure complete encapsulation throughout the circuitry therein.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a continuous slide fastener stringer, comprising the steps of: providing a continuous stringer tape having a plurality of openings along a longitudinal edge thereof at regular intervals of a first distance d; then placing a part of the tape between a pair of mold members defining a number of mold cavities spaced at regular intervals of a second distance D slightly greater than the first distance d; then stretching the part of the tape until the openings in that part are aligned with the mold cavities; then injecting melted synthetic resin material into mold cavities, while the mold members are closed, to form on the part of the tape of number of the injection-molded coupling elements one at each of the openings; and repeating the preceding steps, except the first-mentioned step, for a succeeding part of the tape.

Abstract: A dispensing container has a spout formed of opposing walls of supple, imperforate material joined along their side edges with at least a portion thereof being formed over a curved surface. The aforementioned portion of the spout is thus set in a curled condition in the direction of discharge with the walls in face-to-face contact to effect a valving action. The spout can include a metering chamber to permit a desired quantity of fluid contents to be separated and milked through the curled portion to the discharge end of the spout. If desired, the entire dispensing container can be similarly formed over a curved surface so that the empty end of the container opposite the spout will also assume a curled conformation as the container's contents are discharged through the spout.

Abstract: A district-heating line comprising an inner metal tube intended for the transfer of heating medium and encircled by an insulating layer of foamed plastic. Arranged around the insulating layer is a protective tube. To enable an alarm to be given in the event of a fault in the line, there is fixedly mounted on the outer cylindrical surface of the metal tube, an elongated block which carries at least one alarm conductor, said conductor being grouted in a fixed position in an associated channel in the block by the foamed plastic insulating material. In this way, the alarm conductor can be fixed at a given distance from the metal tube, to facilitate the localizing of a fault.

Abstract: A method of molding an article between a pair of spaced molded walls comprises the steps of releasably attaching a first member to one mold wall, releasably attaching a second member to the other mold wall in alignment with but spaced from the first member, connecting the two spaced members together by a yielding connection, and introducing heated molding material between the two mold walls, whereby when the molded article cools, the yielding connection yields to accommodate shrinkage deformation of the article. Also described is apparatus for use in performing the above method.

Abstract: A method of producing an endless reinforced toothed belt of synthetic plastics material, the circumferential length of which in the untensioned condition has a predetermined minus tolerance in relation to an operationally tensioned intended circumference having the exact tooth pitch. The steps include placing on a molding wheel and a tensioning wheel a helically wound wire coil with fixed wire ends, the molding wheel and the tensioning wheel having an interaxial distance at which the wire coil has the minus tolerance in relation to the intended circumference. Then the wound wire coil is tensioned with elastic stretching of the wire turns and is enlarged to the intended circumference by increasing the interaxial distance to the intended distance.

Abstract: A reinforced plastic belt loop is made by positioning endless shrinkable reinforcement strands circumferentially around a core and shrinking the strands on the core so that the strands become tensioned. Then a hardenable casting plastic is cast in a mold surrounding the core and strands and hardened so that it holds the strands permanently under tension. This forms the belt loop with pretensioned reinforcements.