Abstract: A process where the need to circulate hydrogen through the catalyst is eliminated. This is accomplished by mixing and/or flashing the hydrogen and the oil to be treated in the presence of a solvent or diluent in which the hydrogen solubility is "high" relative to the oil feed. The type and amount of diluent added, as well as the reactor conditions, can be set so that all of the hydrogen required in the hydroprocessing reactions is available in solution. The oil/diluent/hydrogen solution can then be fed to a plug flow reactor packed with catalyst where the oil and hydrogen react. No additional hydrogen is required, therefore, hydrogen recirculation is avoided and trickle bed operation of the reactor is avoided. Therefore, the large trickle bed reactors can be replaced by much smaller tubular reactor.

Abstract: A press roll system employed in connection with a web finishing assembly is provided. The press roll system includes a press roll, which cooperates with a head roll to provide a uniform nip area and pressing load; a support substrate, arranged between the ground and the press roll; at least one backup roller mounted to a first surface of the support substrate along a continuous axis for substantially the length of the press roll, and arranged to provide a uniform load to the press roll and uniform area between the press roll and head roll during operation to impart a uniform caliper to the web; and a retractable force actuator, mounted on a second surface of the support substrate, opposite the surface to which the backup rollers are mounted, to provide an even distribution of loads toward the press roll. A channel is attached to one end of the support substrate for receiving and channeling working fluid away from the rest of the press roll system.

Abstract: A cylindrical shaped mandrel is used as a support inside the sleeve of tubular knit fabric, for maintaining the cylindrical shape of the fabric during extraction and compacting processes. Encasing the fabric and the mandrel is a larger diameter cylindrical ring member which presses the fabric against the mandrel in order to perform the extraction and compaction processes. The ring member extends for some distance in the longitudinal direction of travel of the knit fabric and contains a mechanism, such as a detent, for retaining the mandrel in place. A rope of tubular fabric is conveyed into the mandrel/ring assembly by an endless conveyor or belt made from a flexible material such as rubber. As the fabric is fed onto the mandrel, the belt forms a cylindrical sleeve around the fabric and the mandrel and is compressed by the cylindrical ring.

Abstract: Preforms for producing annular parts of composite material are produced by inding a strip (1) of fibrous material around an elliptical mandrel (10) to produce an elliptical sleeve which can be cut obliquely, cutting taking place either before or after one or more densification steps. The cutting plane is inclined relative to the right cross section of the elliptical sleeve, and the inner and outer portions of the cut rings are machined to obtain circular elements. Such elements can produce annular parts of composite material having a reduced tendency to delanination under circumferential stress. The superposed layers are needling together during winding. A uniform needling density per unit area can be obtained by controlled displacement of the needle board (5) and of the elliptical mandrel (10) relative to each other as the mandrel turns, to compensate for the eccentricity of the cross section of the mandrel. These methods are particularly suitable for producing brake disk preforms.

Abstract: A machine for finishing fabrics in strand from including a container and at least one entrainment pipe associated with an air flow for entraining a strand of fabric. The entrainment pipe has a terminal portion radiused to the bottom wall of the container and provided with a cross-section progressively increasing in the direction of entrainment of the fabric.

Abstract: A finishing assembly which includes an outside treatment roll for treating both sides of an endless web without having to remove, turn inside out and reload the endless web onto the finishing assembly. The outside treatment roll is movable and adapted to contact the endless web within an opening defined between a pair of cantilever beams such that the "minimum loop length" of the endless web is preserved. The finishing assembly includes a movable non-contacting treatment assembly which is adapted to be arranged between the cantilever beams such that the non-contacting treatment assembly may be used with or without the outside treatment roll to facilitate different finishing processes. In addition, the finishing assembly may include a pivotable cantilever beam in place of one of the cantilever beams. The pivotable cantilever beam may be rotated out of the finishing assembly, further minimizing the "minimum loop length" of the endless web.

Abstract: A finishing assembly which includes an outside treatment roll for treating both sides of an endless web without having to remove, turn inside out and reload the endless web onto the finishing assembly. The outside treatment roll is movable and adapted to contact the endless web within an opening defined between a pair of cantilever beams such that the "minimum loop length" of the endless web is preserved. The finishing assembly includes a movable non-contacting treatment assembly which is adapted to be arranged between the cantilever beams such that the non-contacting treatment assembly may be used with or without the outside treatment roll to facilitate different finishing processes.

Abstract: A geosynthetic clay liner with a low permeability or controlled permeability intermediate sheet is provided. The liner includes two outer sheets with two layers of bentonite and an intermediate sheet disposed therebetween. The intermediate sheet may be rippled or deformed to enhance the structural stability of the liner. The intermediate sheet may be chosen from a material with low or ultra-low permeability characteristics or may be chosen from a material with controlled or directional permeability characteristics.

Abstract: Braided line splices and methods of making such splices using an inverted sleeve formed from a part of the braided line sheath, the steps forming the sleeve being at least a part of the method. The sleeve is formed by inverting it (turning it inside out), and then running a braided line part through the sleeve, tensioning the sleeve and having it grip the line part within the sleeve. Variations include making eye splices, both slipping and non-slipping; belt or loop splices, both slipping and non-slipping; and butt splices. Kits may be packaged which provide the necessary items and information to complete such splices.

Abstract: A device for a stocking turning machine for automatically separating only partially turned stockings from completely turned stockings.Each stocking which leaves the automatic stocking turning machine is conducted by a chute into a pneumatically operating ejection tube which bears two photocells with corresponding reflectors. The adjustable distance between the two photocells is such that when the stocking in question has been completely turned, its toe and the stocking welt simultaneously darken the two photocells. A cylinder is then actuated in such a manner that a guide chute which is connected to it assumes a deflection position shown in solid lines in the drawing, whereby the stocking falls into the container, whereupon the guide chute again returns into its starting position.

Abstract: A papermaker felt that is formed in a conventional manner and the ends thereof being interconnected at a seam to form an endless construction. Extruded monofilaments are secured in a machine direction to the underside of the felt in spaced parallel relation and overlie the area of the seam, wherein the seam area is protected from abrasion and the spaces between the monofilaments define channels for expressing water therethrough in the use of the felt in the endless form thereof in the press section of a paper making machine.

Abstract: Fibrous substrates for the production of carbon and/or ceramic (including mixtures of these) fiber reinforced carbon and/or ceramic (including mixtures of these) composites and to methods of manufacture of same. A shaped filamentary structure comprising at least a first braided filamentary tape layer of a width generally corresponding to that of the filamentary structure to be formed, the first braided filamentary tape layer superposed upon and joined to least one other filamentary layer by needlepunching to produce cross-linking of the layers by filaments displaced out of the layers and extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the faces of the layers, and methods of making same. The structure may include a plurality of hellically wound braided tapes arranged to form a flat, hollow annulus having a plurality of interleaved braided layers. The structure may be used in the production of friction discs.

Abstract: A felt, especially for the press part of a papermaking machine, includes at least one support belt and at least one fiber belt deposited on and affixed to it. In order to impart to such a felt improved operational properties while retaining adequate transverse stability and in order to manufacture it at substantially lower cost, the support belt(s) 45, 50, 57, 58, 64, 71, 72 each are composed of at least one support-belt strip 46, 51, 52, 59, 60, 65, 66, 73, 74, 75 with a width less than that of the support belt(s) 45, 50, 57, 58, 64, 71, 72 , said strip(s) being continuously wound essentially in the direction of advance of the felt 42, 47, 53, 61, 67 and also spirally transverse to it.

Abstract: Fibrous substrates for the production of carbon and/or ceramic (including mixtures of these) fiber reinforced carbon and/or ceramic (including mixtures of these) composites and to methods of manufacture of same. A shaped filamentary structure comprising at least a first braided filamentary tape layer of a width generally corresponding to that of the filamentary structure to be formed, the first braided filamentary tape layer superposed upon and joined to least one other filamentary layer by needlepunching to produce cross-linking of the layers by filaments displaced out of the layers and extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the faces of the layers, and methods of making same. The structure may include a plurality of hellically wound braided tapes arranged to form a flat, hollow annulus having a plurality of interleaved braided layers. The structure may be used in the production of friction discs.

Abstract: A procedure is described for providing an angled pin seam on a papermakers felt in which a base fabric is woven with a selectively joinable pin seam to form a continuous loop of the base fabric, skewing that base fabric and its seam by displacing one of the lateral edges of the fabric longitudinally of the machine direction relative to the opposed lateral edge while maintaining the machine direction yarns extending substantially in the machine direction, thus skewing the seam relative to the machine direction and to the cross machine direction, and in which batt material is needled into the base fabric while the base fabric is maintained in the skewed condition, whereby the needled batt maintains the fabric in its skewed condition.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for papermaking fabrics (W) with a machine direction fiber batt (24) is disclosed. A carding machine (B, B') is arranged with its carding cylinder (39) parallel to the axis of rotation (22) of carriage rollers (20) about which a base fabric (16) travels in a machine direction. A carded batt (24) with fibers (36) oriented in the machine direction is fed directly in the machine direction onto base fabric (16). An auxiliary needling unit (A) including an auxiliary needling module (44) lightly tacks machine direction batt (24) to base fabric (16) across its width. For this purpose, carding machine (B) and base fabric (16) move relative to one another in a direction transverse to the machine direction. In one embodiment, card (B) moves transversely in synchronization with auxiliary needling unit (A) while carriage (18) carrying the base fabric is stationary.

Abstract: Process of manufacturing a papermakers' wet press felt for the wet end and a felt produced thereby with one or two flaps (14, 10), made of two batts (12, 13) needled onto each side of the felt (1), which ends in two rows of loops (4, 5) that are intended to seam the felt, characterized in that the rows of loops (4, 5) are joined during needling by temporary, removable connecting means (6) placed in relation to the flap(s) (14, 16) which have a greater width than the widths of the finally cut flaps (14, 16).The flap(s) (14, 10) are not damaged during the needling operation and are easily loosened without damage by removing the spiral (7) which form the temporary joining means (6).

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing endless, needled, longitudinally oriented, paper machine felts having a predetermined width formed from a plurality of overlapping loops of a narrower width strip is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosd is a pre-expanded braided sleeving made from flexible strands of either conductive or nonconductive filaments, or a combination thereof, along with entrapped warp filaments of heat shrinkable material. The warp filament material is commonly known as heat reactive material and, when briefly subjected to heat below its fusion temperature, shrinks in the order of 30% to 50% of its length and very substantially expands the sleeving thereby greatly expediting the assembly thereof over an elongated object. Thereafter the sleeving is readily contracted into a snug fit with the object upon being tensioned between its opposite ends.

Abstract: An endless fibrous web is to be needled from both sides by needling means for piercing the web in only one direction. For that purpose the web is needled in the form of a twisted endless web, which is known as a Mobius web and has been formed in that the two ends of a finite length of the web have been rotated through 180.degree. relative to each other about the longitudinal axis of the web and have then been joined.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making pre-expanded braided sleeving from flexible strands of either conductive or nonconductive filaments, or a combination thereof, along with entrapped warp filaments of heat shrinkable material. The warp filament material is commonly known as heat reactive material and, when briefly subjected to heat below its fusion temperature, shrinks in the order of 30% to 50% of its length and very substantially expands the sleeving thereby greatly expediting the assembly thereof over an elongated object. Thereafter the sleeving is readily contracted into a snug fit with the object upon being tensioned between its opposite ends.

Abstract: In apparatus for applying a sliver at a bias to an endless backing web in the making of a paper machine felt, a needle machine is preceded by a sliver feeder, which is operable by a traversing drive to perform a traversing movement across the working width of the needle machine. Irregularities can be avoided because an automatically controlled position-correcting mechanism is provided, which serves to compensate any deviation of the actual course of one longitudinal edge of the backing web from a predetermined, desired course of said longitudinal edge, and means are provided for controlling the traversing drive so that the traversing movement of the sliver feeder will be influenced by changes of the width and/or length of the backing web.

Abstract: A method for seaming the ends of a papermaker's fabric during installation on papermaking equipment is disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a loop-shaped substrate composed solely of helical wound yarns. An endless winding belt is mounted on a pair of support rolls for travel in an endless path and a plurality of yarns are connected in parallel spaced relation to a threading section disposed along a side edge of the belt. As the belt is driven in its endless path, the yarns are wound on the rolls in a helical pattern. Guide members are located adjacent and upstream each of the rolls and include a plurality of openings to receive and uniformly space the respective yarns. After the group of yarns has been wound in a single convolution, the wound convolution is shifted laterally along the length of the rolls to thereby enable subsequent convolutions of the yarns to be wound on said rolls.

Abstract: A felt for paper manufacture and the method for producing the felt. At least two fabrics having a single weave or double combination weave structure are piled to form a ground fabric. A lap is fed on the ground fabric and the lap and fabrics of the ground fabric are combined with each other by needling.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a base fabric composed solely of warp yarns to be used in making a papermaker's felt. A plurality of yarns are drawn from a supply and wound around a pair of parallel drive rolls in a helical pattern by a travelling winding member. Two sets of parallel guide tines project from each end of the winding member. The corresponding ends of a plurality of loops are attached to the trailing ends of the first set of tines and pass around the rolls and the opposite ends of the loops are attached to the leading ends of the second set of tines. The yarns to be wound are attached to the trailing ends of the second set of tines. As the rolls rotate, the winding member travels in an endless path around the rolls to draw the yarns from the supply and wind the yarns in a helical pattern. A comb is located parallel to the rolls and the tines pass through the teeth of the comb to maintain proper spacing and order of the yarns as they are wound.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing an endless web includes means for supporting the endless web at a first location and a roll for supporting the endless web at a second location. The roll has first and second ends. First and second carriages are engaged to first and second substantially parallel tracks respectively for rotatably supporting the first and second ends of the roll respectively in a normal operating position and for moving the roll relative to the support means along the tracks. A bridge connects the first and second carriages. Means are mounted to the bridge for lifting the roll at a location between the first and second ends, whereby the roll is supported by the lifting means and the first carriage, whereby the endless web may be inserted or removed over the second end of the roll.The lifting means includes a cradle for supporting the roll, means for moving the cradle into and out of a position underneath the roll and means for elevating the cradle while the cradle is in the position under the roll.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for stretching and tensioning an endless web, such as a blanket or felt for papermaking machines. The apparatus includes a trackway having at least one movable stretch roll mounted thereon and movable relative to a work station for supporting and stretching the endless web or blanket. The movable roll is supported on a movable carriage arrangement at each end of the roll, with the carriage arrangement at one end including a first carriage section and a separable second carriage section. The first carriage section includes a device for lifting one end of the movable roll, and the second carriage section is connected to a saddle support which is pivoted into position to support the movable roll in the lifted position. The first carriage section is then disconnected from the second carriage section and is rolled away from its position under the movable roll. In this manner, the endless web can then be removed from the lifted end of the roll and replaced with another web.

Abstract: A stretching machine for treating removable belts supported on rollers, such as felts and wires in paper-making machines. The stretching machine comprises two rollers over which the belt is suspended, at least one of said rollers being adapted to be heated. A lifting device is inserted between the heatable roller and the belt, such that the belt can be held raised up from the roller.

Abstract: The disclosure is of a fabric adapted as clothing for a papermaking machine. The fabric, which may be made endless, is useful to make dryer felts, wet felts and forming wires. The fabric of the invention comprises a plurality of crosswise yarns disposed in a plurality of separate layers, each layer being on a plane parallel to the crosswise plane of the fabric. A plurality of lengthwise yarns is interwoven with the crosswise yarns and binds the layers of crosswise yarns together to form a multilayer fabric. Structurally, the crosswise yarns in a given layer are separated from the adjacent crosswise yarns in adjacent layers at points along their length by void spaces within the body of the woven fabric. A synthetic, polymeric, thermoplastic resin foam fills, at least partially, the void spaces to control the void volume in the fabric of the invention.

Abstract: A scouring-pad construction wherein an outer tubular envelope is inside-out loosely knitted around a loosely fabricated pliant stuffer material, given lengths of such materials being secured to establish end closure along generally transverse alignments. In a preferred form, the inner and outer materials are both knitted, and thermoplastic filament is an important component of both knits, the ends being heat-sealed for permanent closure by local fusion of such filaments.