Abstract: A mounting system for mounting an electronic component on a substrate includes a component identifying apparatus that identifies an electronic component to be mounted on the substrate. The component identifying apparatus includes a holding mechanism that holds the electronic component, a color-perceptive sensor that perceives a color of a predetermined region on the electronic component, and a data processor that identifies the electronic component on the basis of the color perceived by the color-perceptive sensor. The mounting system also includes a controller that controls an electronic component mounting operation on the basis of a result of identification obtained by the component identifying apparatus.

Abstract: A production system for manufacturing a workpiece comprises an index system including a plurality of index devices removably mounted on the workpiece at known longitudinally spaced locations therealong, and a longitudinally extending index member releasably engaged with at least two of the index devices such that a position and orientation of the index member are fixed relative to the workpiece by the index devices, the index member having position-indicating features distributed therealong. The production system further comprises a machine module mounted for longitudinal movement along the index member and operable to perform an operation, the machine module being operable to detect the position-indicating features on the index member and thereby determine a position of the machine module relative to the workpiece.

Abstract: A pallet pressure monitor (10) broadly comprises a pressure detector (14) to sense hydraulic pressure within a hydraulic system (16) of a pallet (22), a pallet transmitter (18) to monitor the detector (14), and a receiver unit (20) to receive a status signal from the pallet transmitter (18) indicative of the detector's status. The detector (14) preferably comprises an adjustable pressure switch. The pallet transmitter (18) preferably receives power through a wireless connection to the receiver unit (20). The receiver unit (20) preferably receives the status signal from the pallet transmitter (18) over the wireless connection and actuates a relay output (30) according to the status signal. The relay output (30) is preferably electrically connected to a warning unit (32), or other signaling device, that warns an operator when the pressure in the hydraulic system (16) is below a set-point.

Abstract: Fiducial calibration systems and methods for precisely and accurately manufacturing a part from a workpiece, inspecting or measuring a part, and/or assembling a plurality of manufactured parts including providing a workpiece, wherein the workpiece and the associated processes are subject to environmental and structural variations, and disposing a plurality of datums on a surface of or within the workpiece. The systems and methods also including calibrating the separation distance between each of the plurality of datums to workpiece distance units and disposing the workpiece in a machine, wherein the machine is subject to environmental and structural variations.

Abstract: A system of mounting a plurality of electric components on a circuit substrate and thereby producing an electric circuit including a system for performing the following steps of taking, immediately before each of the electric components is mounted on the circuit substrate, a first image of a first portion of the circuit substrate on which the each electric component is to be mounted and a second portion of the circuit substrate that is adjacent to the first portion, mounting the each electric component on the circuit substrate, taking, immediately after the each electric component is mounted on the circuit substrate, a second image of the mounted electric component, and inspecting, by comparing the first and second images with each other, a state in which the each electric component is mounted on the circuit substrate.

Abstract: An improved manufacturing technique for optical fiber arrays employs optical feedback in a partially assembled unit using an inspection camera. This allows immediate reworking of a problematic part. In the present invention, a video microscope is used to check the alignment of the optical fiber array during the manufacturing process. After the optical fiber array has been glued or otherwise affixed, then an optical device may be used to measure the performance of the glued assembly.

Abstract: There is provided a plurality of component mounting apparatuses for sucking a plurality of components by a mounting head section and successively mounting the components onto a board located at a board positioning section. The component mounting apparatuses are arranged in parallel to one another, and a board transfer path is provided so that it penetrates the component mounting apparatuses. Even when the number of components to be mounted onto the board increases, the components are mounted on the component supply tables of the component mounting apparatuses as distributed thereto, and therefore, the whole apparatus is not dimensionally increased. The component supply tables are fixedly installed so as to become free of vibration, and the mounting head section executes the suction and the mounting of the plurality of components. Therefore, the component mounting operation speed can be remarkably increased.

Abstract: A more reliable and fool-proof method and apparatus for assembling an article of assembly (e.g. with predetermined screw torque requirements) in which the article of assembly has multiple fastening locations. The method comprises holding the article of assembly fixed while providing at least two different types of targets fixed relative to the article of assembly that correspond to the individual fastening locations. Fasteners are fastened into the article of assembly at the fastening locations. When fastening is occurring at one of the fastening locations, one of the targets is being sensed. Based on the target sensed, a target output is generated that differentiates between different types of targets thereby indicating fastening location of the fastening tool. The electronic target output is used for electronic control such as for stopping a conveyor to keep the article of assembly at an assembly station until the fastening operations have been completed.

Abstract: A helmet with an optical display system is provided with a custom fit protective liner which precisely aligns the wearer's eyes with the optics on the helmet. The helmet is manufactured by positioning the subject's head in a fixture; determining the position of the subject's pupils with respect to the fixture; scanning the subject's head with a laser while positioned in the fixture in order to obtain a 3-D model of the subject's head; and providing a helmet liner having an outer surface which is profiled to position it inside a helmet shell. The position of the subject's pupils may be determined by scanning pupil locating features of the fixture. The 3-D model is then used to provide the helmet liner with an inner surface which conforms to the subject's head and is positioned with respect to the outer surface so that the outer surface will have a predetermined position with respect to the subject's pupils. The helmet liner is then fitted in the helmet shell to form a helmet.

Abstract: The present invention provides an assembly apparatus employing at least a robotic or automated assembly apparatus to manipulate the components to be assembled and at least a first vision alignment system to align the components prior to their assembly. An adhesive dispense system is provided to connect, attach or otherwise adhere the components together. In a method in accord with the present invention for assembling components, a source of the components is provided is located relative to a global reference system. The components held by the source are then located relative to the global reference system based upon the determined location of the source. An adhesive is dispensed onto a first of the components and a second component is manipulated into an initial attachment position relative to the first component.

Abstract: A fastener delivery and installation system is provided that comprises an end effector mounted on an automated machine and operable to drill a hole through a workpiece and insert a fastener through the hole, and a fastener feed unit operable with the automated machine to deliver the fasteners through the end effector and into the workpiece. Further, a hand-held tool is operable against a second surface of the workpiece and is aligned with the end effector. Once the hand-held tool is positioned properly, a magnetic field is generated and the workpiece is clamped to enable the end effector to drill a hole through the workpiece and insert a fastener therethrough. Additionally, a detector is located on the hand-held tool for generating guidance information to inform an operator where to move the hand-held tool so as to align the hand-held tool with the end effector.

Abstract: An apparatus has a holder that receives a component from a component supply and then places the component on a substrate. In operation, it is determined whether the holder would make an interference with another component already mounted on the substrate. If this judgement is affirmative, mounting of the component held by the holder is prohibited. If, on the other hand, this judgement is negative, the component held by the holder is mounted onto the substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for placing electronic components maintained in an array to feed tracks (2) of a placement unit (1) wherein, the correct placement of the array is accomplished in a feed supervisory unit (4) by comparison of component-related data stored on identification carriers (9) respectively assigned to the arrays with placement-related data stored on a portable equipment supervisory carrier (8).

Abstract: A miniaturized integrated sensor (50) useful for indicating the presence of a sample analyte is disclosed. The sensor (50) has a platform (52) with an upper surface (53) and a detector (62), light source (60), waveguide (58), and reflective fixtures (60, 62) embedded in the platform (52). The light source (60) is preferably a light emitting diode and sits in a cup-shaped dimple (68) that directs light from the light source (60) toward one of the reflective fixtures (64) to uniformly distribute light across the waveguide (58). The waveguide (58) is coupled to an upper surface (53) of the sensor platform (52) and is coated with a thin film of indicator chemistry (70) which interacts with the sample analyte to produce optic signal changes that are measurable by the detector (62). A lead frame (51) in the platform (52) has pins (54, 55, 56) which provide the interface to the outside world.

Abstract: A device for producing cut-out and/or shaped workpieces, especially for producing rotors and stators of a generator or electric motor, with at least one cutting device and/or at least one shaping device, at least one gripping device for picking up and setting down raw material and/or finished workpieces and at least one transfer device, at which at least one gripping device can travel and be driven.

Abstract: A mounting system for an electric component operates by transferring the electric component from a component supply device to a suction nozzle of a component-holding head on a circuit substrate. A relative position between a sucking surface of the suction nozzle and an axis of rotation of the component-holding head is obtained. A component-holding head and the component supply device are moved relative to each other on the basis of the obtained relative position, so as to minimize an error of relative positioning between the sucking surface and a predetermined sucking position of the electric component positioned at the component-supply portion. The head and the component supply device are then moved toward each other, for transferring the electronic components from the component supply device to the suction nozzle.

Abstract: A pneumatic or manual impact operated nailer requires fasteners in a clip, typically of about 100 fasteners. The invention provides uniform well-bonded fasteners in a clip for use in a pneumatic or manual nailer, the clips being adhesive-free. In addition, this invention provides a method and apparatus for manufacturing such adhesive-free clips by press-forming the fasteners, placing them in proper orientation in a fixture on a rotatable turret rotating the turret to a spot welding location, spot welding the fasteners, and rotating the turret to a clip unloading station. The clip product is also disclosed.

Abstract: During the process of transporting an electronic component (18) to a substrate (10) after a suction nozzle (7) has picked up the component (18), the component (18) being supplied from a component supply unit (1), the amount of offset of the component (18) with respect to the suction nozzle (7) is calculated. The feasibility of mounting the component (18) held by the suction nozzle (7) onto the substrate (10) without hindrance is determined from the amount of offset. If the result of the determination is positive, the component (18) is mounted onto the substrate (10).

Abstract: An electric-component mounting system, including a board supporting device, a movable member, a main moving device which moves the movable member, a rotatable body attached to the movable member, a rotatable-body rotating device which rotates the rotatable body, suction nozzles supported by the rotatable body along a circle whose center is located on an axis line of the rotatable body, such that each suction nozzle is not rotatable relative to the body and is movable relative to the body in a direction parallel to the axis line, an engaging member rotatable relative to the rotatable body about the axis line, movable relative to the body in the direction parallel to the axis line, and including a nozzle-engaging portion engageable with one suction nozzle, an engaging-member rotating device which rotates the engaging member to two rotation phases of the rotatable body at each of which the nozzle-engaging portion is engageable with one suction nozzle, an engaging-member moving device which moves the engaging mem

Abstract: An assembly line for economically and efficiently assembling a core into a recuperator. The assembly line has an inlet end, an assembly station, a welding station, a control station and an outlet end. The inlet end has a plurality of the cores to be used for assembly thereat. The core is positioned within the assembly station and an assembly fixture locates a ducting structure in a preestablished relationship to the core. The control station using a plurality of sensors sends an input to a controller and the welding station performs a weld fixedly securing the ducting structure to the core.

Abstract: The invention relates to band-like doctor blade assembly, a doctor blade and a method in the use of the doctor blade. The doctor blade assembly includes continuous and substantially infinite doctor blade that is placed in a reel, the doctor blade is then fed into a blade holder. The blade holder includes locking devices in its connection for locking the doctor blade in the blade holder. The continuous and substantially infinite doctor blade has a plurality of edge notches formed along an edge thereof and the doctor blade is fed over a length substantially equal to the distance between the edge notches, while the notches are placed, during the operation of the doctor blade, at both ends of the blade holder and permit bending of the continuous band-like doctor blade.

Abstract: A method for notifying installers 14-22 of the existence, type, and location of a portion 26 of an item within an assembly line 10. The notification allows the installers 14-22 to respectively ensure that the components 40 which are needed to be placed upon the portion 26 are available for use by the installer 14-22 in a timely manner.

Abstract: Mounting parts is performed by recognizing a particular part feeder where a part to be mounted is contained among a plurality of part feeders, moving a head unit to a position for picking up a part on the part feeder, moving an image sensor installed to be capable of moving to a position close to the particular part feeder, picking up a part from the particular part feeder with a suction nozzle installed at the head unit, moving the head unit to a position above the image sensor, detecting an image of the part held by the suction nozzle, moving the suction nozzle to a printed circuit board from the image sensor, and aligning the part with the printed circuit board while determining and compensating for an error generated when the part is picked up, and mounting the aligned part on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a spring core, in which a plurality of springs are connected to one another, is designed such that after the connection of the springs, automatic defect control is performed.

Abstract: There are provided a fixed-scroll moveable device which is capable of moving a fixed-scroll of a scroll compressor in the directions of an X axis and a Y axis, and an orbiting-scroll revolution compensation device which is capable of revolving an orbiting-scroll in a &thgr; direction by way of a main frame. An optimum angle of the fixed-scroll relative to the orbiting-scroll and an optimum wrap clearance are determined at the same time while orbitally moving the orbiting-scroll. Thereby, alignment of a scroll compression section is performed in a short time with a high precision including positioning of a rotating direction of the fixed-scroll relative to the orbiting-scroll.

Abstract: A crimping installation with first and second crimping stations includes at each station a device platform with device stations and a crimp press. A cable is advanced by a tape drive whereby the leading cable end is taken over by a first grip arm arranged on a first swivel arm, which supplies the stripped cable end to the first crimping station. After the leading cable end is provided with a crimping contact, a first swivel arm moves backwards into an axis of the tape drive. Then the tape drive continues to advance the cable until the desired length of a cable section is reached. A separation and a stripping station separates the cable section from the cable and removes the insulation at the cable ends. The lagging cable end of the cable section is taken over by a second grip arm arranged on a second swivel arm which supplies the lagging cable end to the second crimping station for assembly with a crimping contact.

Abstract: A multi-task process for simultaneously and independently processing a workpiece. A primary transfer and measuring system and an auxiliary transfer and measuring system transfer a workpiece through a first process and a second process wherein the first process and the second process simultaneously and independently perform operations on the workpiece.

Abstract: Improved component placement inspection and verification is performed by a pick and place machine. Improvements include stereovision imaging of the intended placement location; enhanced illumination to facilitate the provision of relatively high-power illumination in the restricted space near the placement nozzle(s); optics to allow image acquisition device to view the placement location from an angle relative to a plane of the placement location, thereby reducing the possibility of such images being obstructed by the component; techniques for rapidly acquiring images with commercially available CCD arrays such that acquisition of before and after images does not substantially impact system throughput; and image processing techniques to provide component inspection and verification information.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and medium is provided for increasing the efficiency with which wafers are transferred among different processing chambers in a wafer processing facility. A multi-slot cooling chamber allows multiple wafers to be cooled while other wafers are subjected to processing steps in other chambers. Each wafer in the processing sequence is assigned a priority level depending on its processing stage, and this priority level is used to sequence the movement of wafers between chambers. A look-ahead feature prevents low-priority wafer transfers from occurring if such transfers would occur just prior to the scheduling of a high-priority wafer transfer.

Abstract: There is described a manufacturing system comprising a production system operable to process starting materials to output a product. In an embodiment, the manufacturing system includes a sensor which is operable to generate a data signal representative of a parameter of the production system, the sensor having associated therewith a signalling device comprising a retro-reflecting modulator which receives an incoming light beam from a good signalling device associated with a system manager, modulates the incoming light beam in accordance with the data signal, and retro-reflects the modulated light beam conveying the data signal back to the second signalling device.

Abstract: An apparatus for mounting a bearing onto a shaft is disclosed. The apparatus includes a base plate and a support mounted to and extending upward from the base plate. The support is capable of supporting a shaft. The shaft has a shoulder, a tapered surface adjacent to the shoulder and a threaded portion adjacent to the tapered surface. A shim is positioned on the shaft adjacent to the shoulder and a bearing is positioned adjacent to the shim. The bearing has an inner race, an outer race and a plurality of roller elements positioned there between. The bearing is mounted onto the shaft by a lock nut which is secured to the threaded portion of the shaft and which contacts the inner race of the bearing. The apparatus further includes a motor mounted to the base plate. The motor has an output shaft which is axially aligned with and connectable to the outer race of the bearing. The motor is capable of rotating the outer race of the bearing at a predetermined speed.

Abstract: A semiautomatic method for digital feature separation uses a trained sample selected by an operator using a software “eye dropper” tool or a similar region-of-interest tool to sample features of interest on a stored digital image of, for example, an electronic component such as pads, bumps or leads of the component. Pixels from the sampled features are analyzed and plotted based on their color hue and saturation values or gray scale intensity values. The range of such values is chosen by a user. A second digital image is then compared to the sampled feature data gathered by the “eye dropper” tool. If the color and intensity values of the pixels from the second digital image fall within a user defined acceptable absolute value range, then the locations and values of those pixels in the image are saved.

Abstract: The preferred orientation, or planar oscillation plane, of a golf club shaft is located by measuring the oscillation of the shaft when a horizontal impulse is applied and from those measurements determining an orientation in which the oscillation would be substantially planar. In a preferred embodiment an iterative process is used to converge on the preferred orientation. The location of the preferred orientation may be marked on the shaft and used to assemble a golf club with the planar oscillation plane in a predetermined orientation. The assembly of the golf club can be done manually—e.g., in a refitting situation—or automatically—e.g., in a new club manufacturing setting.

Abstract: When plural board blocks formed in one board undergo sequential part-mountings at plural mounting stages, particular recognition points and recognition points in the board blocks target of a downstream mounting stage are recognized at an upstream mounting stage. Relative positional data of each recognition point of the board block with respect to the particular recognition points are thus obtained at the upstream mounting stage. At the mounting stage on downstream side, only the particular recognition points are recognized thereby detecting a whole position of the board. Based on the whole position and the relative positional data, a positional deviation of the board block at the mounting stage can be detected, so that repeated recognition of the same recognition points is avoided thereby shortening a total time of position recognition.

Abstract: An assembly system for automatic installation of a roof module in a vehicle body comprises an adhesive bonding station, in which a cylindrical dose of adhesive is applied to the inside of the roof module, and an assembly robot, whereby the roof module is then inserted into the body delivered on an assembly line. For accurate positioning and fixing of the roof module in the roof opening of the body, the assembly robot is provided with a floatingly mounted assembly tool. On the assembly tool are provided centering tools by which the assembly tool can be positioned with high accuracy relative to the roof module and the body. In addition, fixing hooks are provided on the assembly tool and permit a controlled firm pressing on the roof module into the roof opening of the body.

Abstract: A six-axis alignment and installation tool having a multi-component base unit and a plurality of multi-component interchangeable units. Some of the degrees of freedom are provided by the components of the base unit, and the remaining degrees of freedom are provided by the components of each interchangeable units. The alignment and installation tool has two modes of transportation: levitation by air bearings, and rolling by removable casters.

Abstract: A portion (14a, 14b) of a chip remover (14) is defined to be vibratory to give an NC machine tool (MT1) a vibration transferable onto a surface (FS) of a work (13) under a finishing by the NC machine tool (MT1), a decision is made whether the NC machine tool (MT1) enters the finishing, and vibration of the vibratory portion (14a, 14b) is controlled, as the decision is true.

Abstract: The preferred orientation, or planar oscillation plane, of a golf club shaft is located by measuring the oscillation of the shaft when a horizontal impulse is applied and from those measurements determining an orientation in which the oscillation would be substantially planar. In a preferred embodiment an iterative process is used to converge on the preferred orientation. The location of the preferred orientation may be marked on the shaft and used to assemble a golf club with the planar oscillation plane in a predetermined orientation. The assembly of the golf club can be done manually—e.g., in a refitting situation—or automatically—e.g., in a new club manufacturing setting.

Abstract: Apparatus for feeding electronic components comprises a slide base, a plurality of tape cassettes mounted on the slide base, a linear motor 14, and a control unit for the motor. The control unit includes a motor driver 61, a memory device 66, and a control device 67 which controls the motor driver 61 using data stored in the memory device 66. The control device 67 adjusts the data for controlling the motor according to the load weight of the slide base. The data is used for properly moving the slide base carrying a plurality of tape cassettes to a position for feeding the components.

Abstract: An apparatus for installing rivets or other fasteners through a workpiece includes an automated machine disposed on one side of the workpiece and a hand-held tool that is manipulated by a single worker located on the opposite side of the workpiece. The automated machine includes an end effector supporting tools such as a drill and a riveter. The automated machine also includes a guide structure adapted to be releasably affixed to the workpiece, and a carriage that travels along the guide structure and supports the end effector so that the end effector can be positioned in various locations along the surface of the workpiece where fasteners are to be installed. The end effector includes an electromagnetic clamping device, and the hand-held tool includes a magnetic clamping block that is attracted by the clamping device to clamp the workpiece therebetween. The end effector generates a positioning signal and the hand-held tool includes a detector for detecting the positioning signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for mounting a flipchip onto a work piece comprises a pick-up station for presentation of the flipchip, a transport mechanism, at least one pick-up tool arranged on the transport mechanism for pick-up and transport of the flipchip from the pick-up station to the work piece and a position acquisitioning device arranged on the transport mechanism for determining the position of the picked up flipchip. The position acquisitioning device comprises a slide and a single line camera secured to the slide, a guide element for guiding the slide, a drive mechanism for driving the slide and a measuring device for determining the position of the slide.

Abstract: A component mounting apparatus includes a board transfer section for carrying in circuit boards to a component mounting position and carrying out the circuit board after component-mounting operation. A component feed section is provided for feeding, to a specified position, a component to be mounted onto the circuit board, and a component mounting section is provided for loading a suction nozzle matching the component to be mounted, sucking up the component from the component feed section and moving the component to the mounting position, and mounting the component on a specified site of the circuit board. A controller is provided for controlling operations of the individual sections is order to execute a productional operation of component-mounting onto the circuit boards.

Abstract: An Assembly/processing apparatus includes part tray, work tray where work pieces are placed, conveyor, base machine, part-tray lane, work-tray lane, part-tray transfer apparatus and work-tray transfer apparatus. Conveyor conveys part trays and work trays together, base machine includes assembling means for assembling parts to a work piece, and part tray lane and work tray lane are provided on base machine. Conveyor conveys part trays and work trays to base machine, and respectively places them on each of part tray lane and work tray lane. Then, assembling means takes parts from part tray, and assembles them to the work piece on work tray.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing the form of a letter S of an inner lead after bonding in a method of manufacturing &mgr;BGA·IC in which a chip is fixed via an insulating film on a tape carrier on one main surface of which plural inner leads are laid and each electrode pad of the chip is bonded to each inner lead is disclosed. The inner lead is bonded to the electrode pad when the chip is supplied in a fixed position for a bonding tool. Next, the respective positions of the inner lead and the electrode pad are recognized using a feature lead and an electrode pad. The center line of the inner lead is recognized, the inner lead is pushed to the chip in the direction of the base and bent in the form of a letter S, the end of the inner lead is bonded to the electrode pad by thermocompression by the bonding tool.

Abstract: A piston ring compressor having position sensors for aligning a piston assembly with a cylinder of an engine block. The position sensors enable a piston assembly to be properly aligned with the cylinder prior to inserting the piston assembly into the cylinder without damaging either the piston assembly or the cylinder. The position sensors are linear variable distance transducer which are used to align the centerline of the piston ring compressor with the centerline of the cylinder.

Abstract: A pressing tool (13) includes a fluid pump (4), a cylinder element (5) arranged connecting with this and a piston which can be slid forward in the cylinder element (5) by pressure fluid of the fluid pump (4) and reset by a return spring (20a). A piston rod (6) is passed out to the cylinder element (5) as an activation part. The pressing tool (13) is moreover outfitted with a position measuring device (12, 12a; 112, 212, 212a) which measures without contact which makes the piston position continuously detectable over a positioning range free of disturbance and with a presence sensor (52). The presence sensor (52) verifies the presence of a jointing clamp (51) and issues an indicator signal in the event that a jointing clamp (51) is missing or improperly fastened and shuts the pressing tool (13) off following a delay period to the extent that no orderly inserted jointing clamp (51) is yet available.

Abstract: An automatic apparatus and method for attaching a ferrule to a fiber, such as an optical fiber. The apparatus may include a ferrule supply, a ferrule support, an adhesive dispenser and a fiber support. Components may be computer controlled and the method may provide for automatic attachment of a ferrule to an optical fiber.

Abstract: In a component mounting device in which a component is picked up and mounted on a circuit board by a suction nozzle, an amount of displacement between a center position of the suction nozzle 11 and that of the picked-up component 12 is measured, and when it is larger than a preliminarily determined value, a warning is generated indicating that the parts cassette 3 from which the component 12 has been fed is in abnormal condition, as well as the mounting action of the component 12 is stopped.

Abstract: A component lack at a component arrangement position designated by a mounting program at a component feed part which feeds components to be mounted is detected, whether a spare component for the lacking component to be mounted is present in a spare component feed area (16s) of the component feed part is detected, and the supply of the component to be mounted from the designated component arrangement position in the component feed part is switched to the supply of the spare component from the spare component feed area.

Abstract: A system and method for aligning aircraft coordinate systems includes determining a first coordinate in the first coordinate system from a first reflector using a first coordinate positioning device, and determining second and third coordinates in the second coordinate system from second and third reflectors, respectively, using a second coordinate positioning device. The second and third reflectors are disposed at predetermined distances from the first reflector. The system aligns the first and second coordinate systems based on the first, second, and third coordinates and the predetermined distances using a processor.