Abstract: A system and method for maximizing the post-ABS regenerative braking capability of an automotive vehicle having regenerative braking available for more than one axle determines the availability of surplus regenerative braking capacity on a first axle and then uses the surplus, if any, to satisfy the brake demand for another axle having insufficient regenerative braking capacity. This system restores regenerative braking without causing the regenerative braking to trigger a subsequent ABS event.

Abstract: A regenerative braking control apparatus for a wheeled vehicle, includes: a regenerative braking unit arranged to produce a regenerative braking effort for the vehicle; and a control unit connected for signal communication to the regenerative braking unit, and configured to perform the following: measuring a wheel speed deviation defined as a difference between a speed of a front wheel set of the vehicle and a speed of a rear wheel set of the vehicle; and controlling the regenerative braking effort in accordance with the wheel speed deviation during cornering. The control unit is configured to control the regenerative braking effort to decrease with an increase in the wheel speed deviation during cornering braking, and configured to perform braking for the vehicle in accordance with an operation of slowdown request, prioritizing a regenerative braking effort for one of the front wheel set and the rear wheel set of the vehicle.

Abstract: A hydraulic regenerative braking system and method for a vehicle include a variable displacement hydraulic machine operable as a pump or a motor (22). The hydraulic machine facilitates connections between some of its piston cylinders (50, 52) and a low pressure source (32), and some other of its piston cylinders (50, 52) and a high pressure source (28). The cylinders are alternately connected to the high and low pressure sources such that a pressure transition occurs during each piston stroke. By controlling where in a piston stroke the transitions occur, the power of the hydraulic machine can be modulated. The hydraulic machine is configured to effect the pressure transitions in only a portion of the cylinders at one time. This can be accomplished by asymmetrically configuring cam lobes (86, 88, 90) and fluid ports (74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84). Staggering the pressure transitions helps to inhibit flow disturbances in the machine when it is operating at less than full displacement.

Abstract: A braking regeneration and propulsion system for a passive trailer including wheels with axles includes a gear box to be operatively coupled to the axle; a motor/generator operatively coupled to the gear box; an energy storage system for storing captured energy and supplying energy; and a control computer to assist deceleration of the passive trailer by causing the axle to drive the motor/generator via the gear box and supply energy to the energy storage system during deceleration, and, assist acceleration of the passive trailer by causing the motor/generator to draw energy from the energy storage system and drive the wheels via the gear box and axle during acceleration.

Abstract: In a deceleration control method for a vehicle, by which deceleration control of the vehicle is performed based on a distance between the vehicle had an obstacle including a preceding vehicle ahead of the vehicle, a target deceleration at which the vehicle is to be decelerated is obtained based on the distance; a speed or speed ratio that will apply a deceleration equal to, or less than, the target deceleration to the vehicle is selected as the speed or speed ratio of a transmission of the vehicle during a shift operation; and the deceleration control is executed by an operation of a brake system which applies a braking force to the vehicle and a shift operation which shifts the transmission of the vehicle into a relatively low speed or speed ratio.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a brake force generator for a vehicle hydraulic brake system comprising a force input element that is connectable or connected to a brake pedal, a master cylinder, in which a primary piston is displaceably guided, wherein the primary piston with the master cylinder delimits a primary pressure chamber for generating a hydraulic brake pressure, and an actuating-force generating device for exerting an actuating force on the primary piston, wherein the actuating-force generating device comprises a control valve and a chamber arrangement, wherein the chamber arrangement is formed by a vacuum chamber and a working chamber, which is separated from the vacuum chamber by a movable wall and fluidically connectable by the control valve, and wherein the control valve comprises a control sleeve, which is displaceable relative to a valve element in accordance with a pedal actuation to achieve a pressure difference between the working chamber and the vacuum chamber that determines the actuat

Abstract: A turbine generator regenerative braking system may be used to slow or stop a rotating shaft or wheel, wherein energy may be recovered as electricity generated by a turbine generator and stored in batteries, ultra-capacitors, or other storage systems. The turbine generator may be fluid-jet powered, the fluid-jet being provided by at least one hydraulic fluid pump linked to the rotating shaft or wheel. A braking actuation system operatively connects/starts the pumping action, and controls may be provided to adjust the flowrate through the fluid-jet nozzle. In some versions of the system, a hydraulic pump, a clutch, and an adjustable-flow nozzle will be dedicated to each ground engaging wheel of the vehicle. In a vehicle, braking is preferably initiated by the driver by actuation of a brake master cylinder that provides hydraulic pressure to cause each hydraulic pump to engage with its corresponding pump. The pressurized fluid output of each pump is then fed to the turbine through the adjustable-flow nozzle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling a regenerative brake system with a number of friction brakes (F) and an electro-regenerative brake (R), whose total deceleration is composed of deceleration components of the brakes, and the actual deceleration components are desired to correspond to the nominal deceleration components as exactly as possible. A control unit is used to change the ratio of the nominal deceleration components of a number of brakes (R, F) relative to each other by determining a correction value (k1, k2) for a number of the brakes based on the quantities of efficiency w of a number of brakes representing the ratio between the actual deceleration (aactual) and the nominal deceleration (anominal), which correction value is applied to the nominal deceleration (anominal) of these brakes.

Abstract: A method for controlling regenerative braking of an electric that compensates the difference between slip amounts of left and right wheels when an anti-lock braking system ABS is activated in a regenerative braking mode of the driving wheels in the electric vehicle. Steps include activating an anti-lock braking system in a regenerative braking mode of the electric vehicle, detecting slip amounts of left and right wheels to compare the same, and controlling to reduce a hydraulic braking torque or a regenerative braking torque in accordance with the difference between the slip amounts of left and right wheels.

Abstract: A method for compensating a regenerative braking amount when regenerative braking of a vehicle fails due to an error in controller area network (CAN) communications between an electronic brake system (EBS) and a hybrid control unit (HCU). The method includes steps of determining whether or not the regenerative braking is activated, remembering a regenerative braking control amount in the HCU and the EBS, learning and remembering a difference between the regenerative braking control amount in a normal state calculated just before the failure and the braking amount for the failure check in the HCU and the EBS, compensating the braking amount for the failure check with the difference value between the normal regenerative braking control amount and the braking amount for the failure check, and performing a regenerative braking control in the HCU and the EBS respectively.

Abstract: A hydraulic unit for a slip-controlled brake system, comprising an accommodating member accommodating inlet and outlet valves in several valve accommodating bores. The inlet and outlet valves thereof being necessary for brake slip control are arranged in one single valve row (X) in a particularly space-saving fashion.

Abstract: A hydraulic control method for generating a regenerative braking force for a that decreases the reduced amount of a regenerative braking force to increase an energy recovery rate by generating the regenerative braking force directly from the regenerative braking. Such a control method includes steps of measuring a braking force required by a driver; determining where or not the braking force required by a driver is greater than a maximum regenerative braking force; generating an insufficient braking force with a hydraulic braking force, determining where or not the braking force required by a driver is greater than a predetermined reference value; gradually applying a fluid pressure or canceling the fluid pressure by setting a hydraulic braking force entry section; and performing a braking operation only with the regenerative braking force.

Abstract: A method for controlling regenerative braking of a vehicle includes: initiating the regenerative braking; detecting an amount of slip of a wheel during the regenerative braking; if the amount of slip is increasing, reducing a regenerative braking torque; and if the amount of slip is greater than a set value, actuating an antilock brake system and reducing the regenerative braking torque or a hydraulic braking torque continuously until the vehicle is stopped. Alternatively, if the amount of slip is increasing, the regenerative braking torque is not reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a regenerative system and method for determining the occurrence of a braking imbalance between at least two wheels. In the event of a braking imbalance a vehicle controller generates signals that cause a reduction in the regenerative braking force and a corresponding increase in friction braking force being applied to the vehicle wheels.

Abstract: An electric brake system for an aircraft as described herein electrically actuates brake mechanisms in a seamless manner when a power interrupt condition is experienced. While operating in an autobraking mode and in response to a power interrupt condition, the electric brake system preserves the last brake actuation command generated by the autobrake function. After normal operating power is reestablished, the last brake actuation command is retrieved and processed by the electric brake system. While operating in a pedal braking mode and in response to a power interrupt condition, the electric brake system discards the last brake actuation command generated from brake pedal interaction. After normal operating power is reestablished, the brake pedal data is refreshed to generate a new brake actuation command. These procedures reduce lurching and unexpected brake actuation levels following a power interrupt in the electric brake system.

Abstract: A system for a hybrid vehicle driver by an operator, comprising of an energy storage device, a regenerative braking system coupled to the energy storage device, a dissipative braking system coupled to the vehicle, a brake lever, a haptic operator interface, and a control system for operating one or both of the regenerative and dissipative braking system in response to actuation of the brake lever, and providing feedback to the operator through the haptic interface differentiating a type of braking operation.

Abstract: A braking distribution system is provided for system with a front regenerative braking system and a rear regenerative braking system. The system comprises a brake controller coupled to the front regenerative braking system and the rear regenerative braking system, and the brake controller is configured to receive a braking request, a first amount of braking that is available from the front regenerative braking system, and a second amount of braking that is available from the rear regenerative braking system. The controller is also configured to calculate a front base braking based at least in part on the braking request and a front base braking distribution, calculate a rear base braking based at least in part on the braking request and a rear base braking distribution, and determine a front regenerative braking request and a rear regenerative braking request based on the first amount and the second amount.

Abstract: A regeneration and brake management system includes a prime mover, an energy storage device associated with the prime mover, and a regenerative braking system including a controller and at least one friction brake, wherein the regenerative braking system is configured to at least partially disable the at least one friction brake during regenerative braking.

Abstract: An aircraft braking system includes a brake disk stack (22) that has at least one brake rotor (26) rotatable with an aircraft wheel (16) and at least one brake stator (24), at least one actuator (36) movable in response to a braking command to compress the brake disk stack (22) and slow the wheel (16), at least one actuator motor (32) operably connected to the at least one actuator (36) for moving the at least one actuator (36), a generator (40, 82, 100) having a generator rotor (42) and a generator stator (44), the generator (40, 82, 100) being operably connectable to the aircraft wheel (16) such that said generator rotor (42) rotates when the wheel (16) rotates, and a controller (50) electrically connected to the generator (40, 82, 100) and the at least one actuator motor (32). Also a method of generating electrical power from an aircraft wheel (16).

Abstract: In a vehicle brake apparatus, front-wheel brake power is controlled with fluid pressure brake power (a front-wheel VB fluid pressure part Fvbf+an increase in fluid pressure brake power equivalent to a liner valve pressure difference ?P1) and regenerative brake power Freg, while rear-wheel brake power is controlled with only fluid pressure brake power (a rear-wheel VB fluid pressure part Fvbr+an increase in fluid pressure brake power equivalent to a liner valve pressure difference ?P2), so that regenerative and cooperative brake controlling is executed. When a brake pedal is additionally depressed during front/rear brake power proportion controlling, the shortage of the total brake power is compensated by adding additional brake power Fadd, which is the same as rear-wheel brake power shortage ?Fr generated by the additional depression, to the front-wheel brake power.

Abstract: A relay switch for selectively connecting a power supply line of an inverter to a ground line is inserted between the inverter and a power source, and a power consumption unit such as a resistor element is inserted between the relay switch and ground line.

Abstract: When vehicle speed V decreases to or below a preset reference vehicle speed Vref during output of regenerative braking force from a motor in response to the driver's depression of a brake pedal, the vehicle of the invention performs a replacement pre-operation (steps S190 to S220 and S160) and a replacement operation (steps S240 to S280 and S160) and controls the motor and an electronically controlled hydraulic braking system to satisfy a braking force demand BF*. The replacement pre-operation actuates and controls pumps included in a brake actuator of the electronically controlled hydraulic braking system to exert their proper pressurization performance. The replacement operation decreases the regenerative braking force output from the motor and enhances a pressure increase by the pumps to replace the regenerative braking force with a pressure increase-based braking force BFpp.

Abstract: A braking apparatus for a vehicle includes a hydraulic brake apparatus generating a basic hydraulic pressure so that a basic hydraulic braking force is generated at wheels, the hydraulic brake apparatus generating a controlled hydraulic pressure so that a controlled hydraulic braking force is generated at the wheels, a regenerative brake apparatus causing a regenerative braking force to be generated at any of the wheels, and braking force replacement controlling means for gradually replacing the regenerative braking force with the controlled hydraulic braking force while braking during which at least the regenerative braking force is applied for a purpose of achieving a braking force replacement control to ensure a total braking force required for the wheels by decreasing the regenerative braking force at a gradient within a predetermined range and by increasing the controlled hydraulic braking force in response to the decrease of the regenerative braking force.

Abstract: A hybrid system for a vehicle which can ensure a braking stability on a slippery road is provided. Therefore, the system is provided with a motor 2 a rotation force of which is transmitted to a rear wheel 7, braking actuators 57, 67 which brake the front wheel 6 and the rear wheel 7, and proportional valves 53, 63 controlling a braking force introduced into each braking actuator 57, 67. A control unit 20 is so provided that the control unit 20 calculates a required braking energy based upon a vehicle operating condition in demanding a braking and operates the motor 2 as a power generator to generate a power so as to produce the calculated braking energy, as well as controls a braking force of the front wheel 6.

Abstract: A rider surface maintenance vehicle with variable dynamic braking, in contrast to a mechanically-engaged braking system that uses a brake cable. A brake pedal engages a sensor that encodes the pedal position as an electronic signal. The electronic signal, along with the vehicle velocity, determines a machine deceleration rate, or braking rate, either by calculation, lookup table, or a combination of the two. The braking rate may be tuned so that the of the brake mimics or approximates the feel of a conventional mechanically-engaged brake that uses a brake cable. During stopping, once the vehicle passes below a threshold velocity, a parking brake is automatically engaged. The braking rate is converted to a duty cycle, and the braking is preferably accomplished by pulse width modulation (PWM) of an electrical load applied in parallel to the motor.

Abstract: A system for braking the wheels of a hydraulic hybrid vehicle includes a brake pedal having a range of pedal displacement including a deadband displacement range, an accumulator containing fluid at relatively high pressure, a reservoir containing fluid at lower pressure, a pump/motor having variable volumetric displacement connected to the accumulator and reservoir, and driveably connected to the wheels; a system responsive to brake pedal displacement in the deadband range for placing the pump/motor in a pump state wherein the pump/motor is driven by the wheels and pumps fluid from the reservoir to the accumulator; and a control valve for changing the volumetric displacement of the pump/motor in response to displacement of the brake pedal.

Abstract: A method of operating a brake system for a hydraulic motor, by feeding the hydraulic motor with at least one pump having a variable cubic capacity, in a closed circuit, providing a friction brake to brake the motor, providing a brake controller that controls an amount of applied frictional braking by the friction brake and an amount of applied hydraulic braking, and determining a level of actuation of the brake controller to detect normal and emergency braking situations. In normal braking situations, the proportional amount of frictional and hydraulic braking is managed as a function of parameters to cause progressive hydrostatic braking to occur by causing a ratio between the fluid flow rate delivered by the pump and the active cubic capacity of the motor to decrease progressively. In emergency braking situations there is a controlled sudden decrease in the ratio between the fluid flow rate delivered by the pump and the active cubic capacity of the motor, and then progressive hydrostatic braking occurs.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle is capable of performing regenerative operations of generator-motors disposed adjacently to front wheels and/or rear wheels of the vehicle so as to achieve efficient conversion of kinetic energy of the vehicle into electric energy as much as possible when the vehicle slows down, thereby permitting higher use efficiency of energy. When the vehicle decelerates, a target deceleration force or a target deceleration torque of the vehicle is set, and a permissible maximum value of the braking torque to be imparted to rear wheels from a second generator-motor is set, and the permissible maximum value and the target deceleration torque of the vehicle, whichever is smaller, is set as a target braking torque to be imparted from the second generator-motor to the rear wheels.

Abstract: An antilock brake system for use with a self-energizing brake system having hydraulic interconnected actuators that act on an eccentric rotor and a brake exciter that provides for disengagement of the actuators from the rotor. The antilock brake system has wheel speed sensors that provide for a control module to determine when a wheel is in a state of immanent brake lock-up and to generate a control signal. Responsive to the control signal a brake disengagement module provides for regulation of the brake force generated by the brake system by alternately causing the exciter to operate the actuators to disengage and to re-engage the rotor.

Abstract: A relay switch for selectively connecting a power supply line of an inverter to a ground line is inserted between the inverter and a power source, and a power consumption unit such as a resistor element is inserted between the relay switch and ground line.

Abstract: Controlling regenerative braking of front and rear motors of a four wheel drive electric vehicle equipped with front and rear motors and a manual transmission having a clutch, based on whether the clutch is engaged or not.

Abstract: A wind-powered brake system which is operated to brake a movable body when a driving force of a driving source for moving the movable body should be decreased, is described. The object of the present invention is to assist normal braking, to reduce a heat energy loss, and to perform braking suitable for a necessary braking force. A wind tunnel 34 is installed in each armrest 16 of a wheelchair 10. In braking, a load for generating power is put on rotary vanes 40 provided in the wind tunnel 34. Thus, the flow of wind is obstructed, and this functions as a braking force. It is thus possible to brake the wheelchair 10 using a combination of a brake mechanism of an electric motor and a wind-powered brake system. The burden on the brake mechanism of the electric motor can be lessened, and early wear and performance degradation due to frictional heat can be suppressed. By assisting the brake function of the electric motor, the amount of heat energy released from the electric motor into the air can be reduced.

Abstract: The method includes detecting a brake pedal operation. Thereafter, calculating a non-driven wheel braking force applied to a non-driven wheel of the electric vehicle according to the brake pedal operation. Subsequently, calculating a target braking force for a driven wheel corresponding to the non-driven wheel braking force. Then, calculating an available regenerative braking force for the driven wheel. The method then compares the target braking force and the available regenerative braking force for the driven wheel. The method also controls regenerative braking and hydraulic braking of the driven wheel on the basis of the comparison of the target braking force and the available regenerative braking force for the driven wheel.

Abstract: In a lift truck of a type that, using a brake controller 20, a traveling motor 3 can be braked by an electromagnetic brake 17, the brake controller 20, when it detects the brake operation of a brake operation device, not only actuates the electromagnetic brake 17 but also detects the truck body weight and traveling speed of the lift truck, thereby electrically braking the traveling motor 3 in such a manner that the electric brake force can be increased or decreased in correspondence to whether the thus-detected truck body weight is heavy or light as well as the electric brake force can be increased or decreased in correspondence to whether the thus-detected traveling speed is high or low.

Abstract: In a method, which is intended for a motor vehicle with a regenerative and an anti-lock conventional brake system (ABS) and is used for coordinating the application of the regenerative and the anti-lock system, the regenerative brake system is switched off upon entry into an ABS control, however, upon termination of the ABS control or ABS control phase, regenerative braking is admitted again in dependence on the respective driving situation and/or criteria representative of the brake demand and the instantaneous coefficient of friction, in a modified form as compared to the regenerative braking operation prior to the entry into the ABS control mode.

Abstract: A coordinated brake control system is for a hybrid brake system including a regenerative brake unit and a friction brake unit for a vehicle and is arranged to generate a total braking torque which is a combination of a regenerative braking torque generated by the regenerative brake unit and a friction braking torque generated by the friction brake unit, so as to bring the total braking-torque closer to a target braking torque, and to limit a rate of change of the regenerative braking torque according to a response delay of the friction braking torque when a first distribution ratio of the generative braking torque relative to the total braking torque is decreased and when a second distribution ratio of the friction braking torque relative to the total braking torque is increased.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle includes a powertrain having a retarded diesel engine, an electric machine and energy storage system. The engine and motor are operatively coupled through one or more planetary gearsets and selective coupling paths in accordance with application and release of various torque transfer devices to a drivetrain via an output. Regenerative and retarded engine braking are coordinated to provide priority to energy return to an energy storage system in accordance with predetermined power flow limits. Power flow in excess of the limits are handled by increased engine retard braking contributions via engine speed increases.

Abstract: A strategy is provided using feedback control algorithms to monitor and dynamically modify front and rear braking torque to maintain controllability in a vehicle that initially favors regenerative braking. Simple proportional-integral-derivative feedback controllers can be used. The controller can monitor wheel speed, lateral acceleration, yaw rate, and brake position to selectively activate non-regenerative braking independently for each individual wheel and regenerative braking in varying proportion based on at least one actual vehicle controllability value and at least one predetermined target value for controllability and optimization of energy recovery. Controllability factors can include predetermined longitudinal slip ratio, comparison of tire slip angle or yaw rate. For rear wheel drive configurations, the non-regenerative brakes can be applied to just one front axle wheel on the outside of a turn.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system to control regenerative braking during the operation of a yaw stability control system. The method and system use feedback control algorithms to monitor and dynamically modify regenerative and non-regenerative braking. The controller can use a simple proportional-integral-derivative feedback controller. A vehicle yaw stability control system can determine if a vehicle is experiencing an oversteer or understeer condition. The controller compares actual brake balance to a desired brake balance. The controller determines if the front axle wheels are overbraked relative to the rear axle wheels or if the rear axle wheels are overbraked relative to the front axle wheels as compared to the desired brake balance. The controller can adjust regenerative braking and non-regenerative braking levels according to the determinations.

Abstract: A brake control apparatus for a vehicle includes an actuating section to apply a regenerative braking force to a motor-driven wheel driven by a motor of the vehicle. A control section is arranged to vary the regenerative braking force in a direction to shift a front and rear wheel braking force distribution toward an ideal braking force distribution, in accordance with a wheel locking tendency of the motor-driven wheel when the regenerative braking force exceeding a braking force determined by the ideal braking force distribution is applied to the motor-driven wheel.

Abstract: A brake system for a vehicle is comprised of a first brake system that mechanically applies a braking force to wheels according to a master cylinder hydraulic pressure outputted from a master cylinder which receives a brake manipulation force of a driver, and a second brake system that apply a braking force to other wheels according to at least a braking state of the first brake system.

Abstract: An instrument panel for a vehicle has an anti-lock braking system and a regenerative braking system. A method is used to control the brake system indicators on the instrument panel. If it is determined that an anomalous condition exists in either the anti-lock braking system or the regenerative braking system, a first indicator is illuminated in an amber color to alert the vehicle operator of this condition. If the anti-lock braking system is active, and there is no anomalous condition detected in the anti-lock braking system, a second indicator is illuminated in green to alert the vehicle operator that the anti-lock braking system is active. Control of the first and second indicators is provided in accordance with a hierarchal structure that gives priority to an anomalous condition in the anti-lock braking system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control apparatus for a hybrid vehicle having an engine, a drive motor (3) that regenerates power, and an electric power storage device (6) that gives/receives power to/from the drive motor (3). The control apparatus includes power consumption means (2) for consuming power; a sensor (26, 27) that detects a state of charge of the electric power storage device; means (18, 23, 51) for detecting a driving state of the vehicle; and a controller (9).

Abstract: A vehicle braking system and method of control is disclosed which includes electromagnetic and friction braking functionality. The electromagnetic braking system includes a generator which supplies power to eddy current devices. Accordingly, the eddy current devices apply a retarding torque on the wheels of the vehicle. In the event the generator produces an amount of power greater than that needed by the electromagnetic braking system, the generator will supply power to a supplemental power source such as a battery.

Abstract: In a hybrid vehicle, an engine is connected to front wheels through a first motor/generator and a transmission, and a second motor/generator is connected to rear wheels. The first and second motors/generators are connected to a battery so that they are driven or regenerated. During regenerative braking of the vehicle, the distribution ratio of regenerative braking forces to the first and second motors/generators is controlled to become an ideal distribution ratio corresponding to a longitudinal acceleration (deceleration) of the vehicle, whereby the distribution ratio of the braking forces to the front and rear wheels can be always maintained at an optimal value during rapid deceleration as well as during slow deceleration of the vehicle, to improve the braking performance.

Abstract: A turbine generator regenerative braking system is for an automotive or other vehicle having ground engaging wheels and an electrical energy storage device. The braking system comprises an hydraulic fluid turbine generator having an electrical power output connected to the electrical energy storage device, a plurality of hydraulic fluid pumps, an actuation system for operatively connecting/starting pumping action, and a hydraulic fluid circuit connecting the hydraulic pumps to the turbine generator. In some versions of the system, a hydraulic pump, a clutch and an adjustable flow nozzle will be dedicated to each ground engaging wheel of the vehicle. In operation, braking is preferably initiated by the actuation of a brake master cylinder which provides hydraulic pressure to cause each rotating wheel with its corresponding hydraulic pump to engage. The pressurized fluid output of each pump is then fed to the turbine through the adjustable-flow nozzle causing the flywheel, and thus the generator, to rotate.

Abstract: A vehicle braking apparatus is provided that basically comprises a hydraulic braking apparatus, an electric braking apparatus and a regenerative braking apparatus. The hydraulic braking apparatus is configured and arranged to apply a hydraulic braking force on at least one first wheel subject to a first braking system. The electric braking apparatus is configured and arranged to apply an electric braking force on at least one second wheel subject to a second braking system that is different from the first braking system. The regenerative braking apparatus is configured and arranged to apply a regenerative braking force on one of the first and second wheels subject to a corresponding one of the first and second braking systems. The vehicle braking apparatus enables the battery for an electric braking apparatus to be more compact while also enabling regenerated electric power to be used for braking.

Abstract: Each of target braking forces for front and rear wheels of a vehicle is calculated based on an amount of braking performed by a driver and a predetermined braking force distribution ratio between the front wheels and the rear wheels. Each of the target regenerative braking forces for the front and rear wheels, respectively, is calculated based on a corresponding one of the target braking forces such that a maximum regeneration efficiency is obtained. If the driver has performed an abrupt braking operation, if the driver has performed a braking operation when the vehicle runs at a high deceleration, or if the vehicle runs at a high lateral speed, it is quite likely that anti-skid control will be started afterwards. Therefore, the target regenerative braking forces are gradually reduced, and target frictional braking forces are gradually increased. If anti-skid control is started, the target regenerative braking forces are set as 0.

Abstract: A vehicle control apparatus performs regenerative braking by regeneratively operating first and second motor-generators to apply first and second braking torques in response to a deceleration request. The vehicle control apparatus is improves the efficiency in regeneratively generating electric power without greatly disturbing the balance between the. The control apparatus calculates an ideal front-rear wheel distribution ratio for front wheel braking torque and the rear wheel braking torque, and also calculates a distribution allowance for the ideal front-rear wheel distribution ratio. The control apparatus then corrects the ideal front-rear wheel distribution ratio within the distribution allowance such that the electric power generation efficiencies of the first motor-generator connected to the rear wheels and the second motor-generator connected to the front wheels are increased.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dissipating energy in a fuel cell generator system is provided. The method comprises determining an amount of electric power to be dissipated, operating a compressor to draw electric current as required to dissipate the determined amount of electric power, and valving the compressor to reduce the delivery of gas containing oxygen to the fuel cell stack. Valving the compressor includes restricting the flow of gas containing oxygen into the compressor, as well as venting gas containing oxygen to the atmosphere. Valving the compressor also includes inefficiently operating the compressor to reduce the flow of gas containing oxygen to the fuel cell stack. Such electrical power to be dissipated may be generated from a regenerative braking system of a vehicle, or from the minimum amount of electrical power that the fuel cell system can generate.