Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an energy harvesting system for converting a low-voltage input of an energy harvesting source into a Direct Current (DC) output voltage. The energy harvesting source is one of an energy harvesting source providing an Alternating Current (AC) output such as a piezoelectric energy harvesting source, and an energy harvesting source providing a DC output such as a photovoltaic energy harvesting source.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a first switch circuit, a second switch circuit, and a mechanical switch. The first switch circuit is coupled to a control node. The first switch circuit is configured to generate a first control voltage. The second switch circuit is coupled to the control node. The second switch circuit is configured to generate a second control voltage. The mechanical switch is configured to selectively couple the control node to a ground voltage. When the first switch circuit is switched, the second control voltage is not affected. When the second switch circuit is switched, the first control voltage is not affected.

Abstract: An inrush control apparatus (ICA) having power limiting circuitry controls inrush current demand at load startup. The ICA controller continuously evaluates load power consumption based on characteristics of loads electrically connected, via the ICA, to an alternating current (AC) source. In response to detecting an inrush current condition, the controller initiates one or more soft-start procedures that includes triggering a thyristor to provide duty-cycled power, using duty cycled parameters associated with characteristics of a particular load. The controller connects the triggered thyristor to the particular load and disconnects the AC source power from the particular load. The thyristor provides duty-cycled power supplying a specified power level to the particular load, corresponding to steady state operation of the particular load.

Abstract: An inrush control apparatus (ICA) having power limiting circuitry controls inrush current demand at load startup. The ICA controller continuously evaluates load power consumption based on characteristics of loads electrically connected, via the ICA, to an alternating current (AC) source. In response to detecting an inrush current condition, the controller initiates one or more soft-start procedures that includes triggering a thyristor to provide duty-cycled power, using duty cycled parameters associated with characteristics of a particular load. The controller connects the triggered thyristor to the particular load and disconnects the AC source power from the particular load. The thyristor provides duty-cycled power supplying a specified power level to the particular load, corresponding to steady state operation of the particular load.

Abstract: A touch display device can include a display panel including a plurality of touch electrodes; a gate driving circuit to apply a plurality of scan signals to the display panel through a plurality of gate lines; a touch driving circuit to detect touch based on a change in capacitance of the plurality of touch electrodes; a compensation clock generating circuit to generate direct current (DC) compensation clocks for determining a DC compensation period based on clock signals that determine rising times and falling times of the plurality of scan signals. Also, the touch display device can include a DC voltage generating circuit to generate DC voltages based on a reference DC voltage; and a DC compensation voltage generating circuit to generate a DC compensation voltage based on one of the DC voltages and supply the DC compensation voltage to the display panel during the DC compensation period.

Abstract: A load control device may control power delivered from a power source, such as an alternating-current (AC) power source, to at least two electrical loads, such as a lighting load and a motor load. The load control device may include multiple load control circuit, such as a dimmer circuit and a motor drive circuit, for controlling the power delivered to the lighting load and the motor load, respectively. The load control device may adjust the rotational speed of the motor load in a manner so as to minimize acoustic noise generated by the load control device and reduce the amount of time required to adjust the rotational speed of the motor load. The load control device may remain powered when one of the electrical loads (e.g., the lighting load) has been removed (e.g., electrically disconnected or uninstalled) and/or has failed in an open state (has “burnt out” or “blown out”).

Abstract: Systems and methods for wafer grounding and wafer grounding location adjustment are disclosed. A first method may include receiving a first value of an electric characteristic associated with the wafer being grounded by an electric signal; determining a first control parameter using at least the first value; and controlling a characteristic of the electric signal using the first control parameter and the first value. A second method for adjusting a grounding location for a wafer may include terminating an electric connection between the wafer and at least one grounding pin in contact the wafer; adjusting a relative position between the wafer and the grounding pin; and restoring the electric connection between the grounding pin and the wafer. A third method may include causing a grounding pin to penetrate through a coating on the wafer by impact; and establishing an electrical connection between the grounding pin and the wafer.

Abstract: The electronic watch includes a controller configured to perform switching between a time display mode which displays a time, a modification mode in which at least one of hands is moved in accordance with an operation of the operation device, and a power saving mode which consumes less power than in the time display mode by stopping at least one of the hands. The controller switches to the power saving mode when a battery voltage is detected to be less than a first voltage threshold value while the time display mode is performed, and switches to the power saving mode when the battery voltage to be less than a second voltage threshold value which is lower than the first voltage threshold value while the modification mode is performed.

Abstract: Exemplary semiconductor processing systems include a processing chamber, a power supply, and a chuck disposed at least partially within the processing chamber. The chuck includes a chuck body defining a vacuum port. The chuck also includes first and second coplanar electrodes embedded in the chuck body and connected to the power supply. In some examples, coplanar electrodes include concentric electrodes defining a concentric gap in between. Exemplary semiconductor processing methods may include activating the power supply for the electrostatic chuck to secure a semiconductor substrate on the body of the chuck and/or activating the vacuum port defined by the body of the electrostatic chuck. Some processing can be carried out at increased pressure, while other processing can be carried out at reduced pressure with increased chucking voltage.

Abstract: A hydraulic fracturing system for fracturing a subterranean formation is disclosed. In an embodiment, the system may include a plurality of electric pumps fluidly connected to a well associated with the subterranean formation and powered by at least one electric motor, and configured to pump fluid into a wellbore associated with the well at a high pressure so that the fluid passes from the wellbore into the subterranean formation and fractures the subterranean formation; at least one generator electrically coupled to the plurality of electric pumps so as to generate electricity for use by the plurality of electric pumps; and at least one switchgear electrically coupled to the at least one generator and configured to distribute an electrical load between the plurality of electric pumps and the at least one generator.

Abstract: A rapid shutdown system includes a PV (photovoltaic) generator. It further includes a DC (Direct Current)-DC converter receiving power from the PV generator and outputting power. The DC-DC converter outputs power at a high voltage state or a low voltage state. It further includes a DC bus coupled to the DC-DC converter to receive the power outputted by the DC-DC converter. The DC bus is coupled to a system comprising a load. The DC-DC converter transitions from the high voltage state to the low voltage state based at least in part on an output current of the DC-DC converter transitioning below a threshold.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a non-volatile memory device having one or more memory dies and each of the memory dies include a plurality of input-output (I/O) lines. The data storage device further includes a controller. The controller is configured to receive an instruction to enter a low-power operating mode. Entering the low-power operating mode includes removing power from the one or more memory dies, providing an output signal toggling between a logic high and a logic low at a predetermined frequency to the plurality of I/O lines for a predetermined period of time, and operating in the low-power operating mode upon the expiration of the predetermined period of time.

Abstract: An electronic circuit, integrated circuit, and method for a bias-less Miller clamp protection circuit, electrically coupled to an output of a driver circuit and to an input gate of a semiconductor switch device, for dynamically protecting the semiconductor switch device from turning from an off state to an on state in response to a parasitic Miller turn-on signal at the gate, regardless of the bias-less Miller clamp protection circuit having, or lacking, a power supply that provides electrical power to the bias-less Miller clamp protection circuit. The semiconductor switch device can include one or more GaN switch devices. The bias-less Miller clamp protection circuit does not consume any current during normal operation of the electronic circuit and also does not cause any interference to the normal operation.

Abstract: A grid side inverter system includes a grid side inverter, a phase locked loop controller arranged to determine a phase of a dq-frame dependent on a monitored grid voltage vector in the dq-frame and a reference grid voltage vector in the dq-frame, a current reference decision unit arranged to generate a reduction of at least one of an active and a reactive current reference, wherein a decision to generate the reduction is based on an electrical parameter relating to the phase difference of the monitored grid voltage vector and the PLL vector, a current controller arranged to determine control signals for the grid side inverter for controlling generation of active and reactive power to the grid dependent on the active and reactive current references and monitored active and a reactive grid currents in the dq-frame.

Abstract: A power switch circuit includes a switch circuit, a solar photovoltaic panel and a detection circuit and connected with the solar photovoltaic panel and the switch circuit respectively. The solar photovoltaic panel is configured to provide an electrical signal to the detection circuit, the detection circuit is configured to detect whether the power in the electric signal exceeds a preset threshold, and when the power exceeds the preset threshold, the detection circuit outputs a first control signal to the switch circuit to turn on the switch circuit; when the switch circuit is turned on, the solar photovoltaic panel supplies power to the load through the switch circuit, and the switch circuit feeds back a second control signal to the detection circuit so that the detection circuit stops working.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for a battery management system (BMS) having a protection circuit. In one example, a vehicle battery system may include the BMS, the BMS including a cutoff circuit electrically coupled to the protection circuit, and a battery pack, a positive supply line of the battery pack being electrically coupled to the cutoff circuit, wherein the protection circuit may include each of an input electrically coupled to a control input of the cutoff circuit, an output electrically coupled to an output of the cutoff circuit, and a control input of the protection circuit electrically coupled to the output of the cutoff circuit. In some examples, the protection circuit may further include a low-current leakage transistor configured to maintain the cutoff circuit in an OFF state upon detection of a reverse bias voltage. In this way, the protection circuit may mitigate unexpected switching ON of the cutoff circuit.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for treating a substrate. The substrate treating apparatus includes a substrate supporting unit for supporting the substrate and fixing the substrate with electrostatic force, a plasma generating unit for generating a discharging plasma for discharging a charge of the substrate, and a power supplying unit for supplying power to the substrate supporting unit and the plasma generating unit, wherein the power supplying unit supplies power of a fluctuating pattern to the plasma generating unit when a charge of the substrate is discharged.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an electric energy store (1), to an electric energy store (1), and to a device, having an electric energy storage module (18), a switch unit (4), and a first and second connection (5, 7). The method has the following steps which follow one another chronologically: in a first step, a signal of a sensor of the electric energy store (1) is evaluated; in a second step, a critical state of the electric energy store (1) is ascertained; in a third step, an electrically conductive connection between the electric energy storage module (18) and the first and second connection (5, 7) is interrupted in the charge direction by means of the switch unit (4), while simultaneously the electrically conductive connection between the electric energy storage module (18) and the first and second connection (5, 7) remains connected in the discharge direction.

Abstract: A system and method for an isolation transformer boost system. The system includes an isolation transformer, a sensor, and an electronic processor coupled to the sensor. The electronic processor configured to receive an electrical characteristic measurement from the sensor, compare the electrical characteristic measurement to a predetermined threshold, and activate an electrical characteristic boost when the electrical characteristic measurement is below the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A solar power system including a first solar module group comprising one or more first solar modules; a second solar module group comprising one or more second solar modules; a first inverter coupled with the first solar module group and the second solar module group; a second inverter coupled with the first solar module group and the second solar module group; and a controller comprising a processor coupled with memory.

Abstract: A bidirectional power conversion system includes three power conversion ports. A first power conversion port includes a power factor correction device and a primary power conversion network. A second power conversion port includes a plurality of switches and a plurality of diodes, wherein an output voltage of the second power conversion port is regulated through adjusting an output voltage of the power factor correction device as well as through adjusting an operating parameter of the primary power conversion network. A third power conversion port includes a first switch network and a power regulator connected in cascade, wherein the first power conversion port, the second power conversion port and the third power conversion port are magnetically coupled to each other through a transformer.

Abstract: An integrated circuit can comprise an output terminal, a power transistor having a first current electrode coupled to the output terminal and a second current electrode coupled to a power supply terminal, a driver having an output coupled to a control electrode of the power switch, a capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the output terminal and a second terminal coupled to a circuit node, a first low pass filter coupled between the circuit node and an input of the driver, the first low pass filter having a first cut off frequency, a set of current sources, and a second low pass filter coupled between the circuit node and an output of the set of current sources. The second low pass filter can have a second cut off frequency that is higher than the first cut off frequency.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for optimizing loading of solar inverters. A system may include a first solar module group, a second solar module group, a first inverter, a second inverter, and a switching system. The switching system can be configured to connect the first and second solar module groups in (i) a first position in which the first solar module group outputs energy to the first inverter and the second solar module group outputs energy to the second inverter, and, when a combined output of the first solar module group and the second solar module group is below a threshold percentage of a maximum output of the first inverter or the second inverter, (ii) a second position in which the first solar module group and the second solar module group output energy to the first inverter.

Abstract: An application function (AF) device may identify a user equipment (UE) and may send, to a network exposure function (NEF) device, a battery level request message concerning a battery of the UE. The AF device may obtain, from the NEF device, based on sending the battery level request message, a battery level report, and may cause, based on the battery level report, at least one action to be performed.

Abstract: A method for managing a plurality of stacks of electrochemical cells, where the plurality of stacks are electrically coupled in parallel in a battery. The method includes (a) operating the plurality of stacks to execute a global operating strategy of the battery, (b) changing respective operating points of one or more first stacks of the plurality of stacks to execute a local operating strategy, and (c) changing respective operating points of one or more second stacks of the plurality of stacks to maintain the global operating strategy of the battery while executing the local operating strategy.

Abstract: The disclosure features circuits and methods for protecting transistors of a wireless power receiver, which can be controlled by gate drivers powered by an auxiliary power source. The circuit can include a comparator configured to generate a signal indicating a comparison of a value of the auxiliary power source to a predetermined threshold, and a fault latch coupled to the comparator. The fault latch can be configured to trigger based on the generated signal and transmit a signal to respective inputs of the gate drivers to cause a latched-on state of respective gates of the transistors. Switches respectively coupled to the gate drivers can be configured to disconnect respective outputs of the gate drivers from the respective transistor gates. Gate hold-up circuits respectively coupled to the respective transistor gates can be configured to maintain the latched-on state of the respective transistor gates for a period of time.

Abstract: An electronic watch includes a power generating mechanism; a battery that is charged with power generated by the power generating mechanism; hands that include a second hand; a driving source that rotates the hands; a driving circuit that drives the driving source with power supplied by the battery; and a control circuit that controls the driving circuit. The control circuit executes a first stopping operation for stopping the driving circuit and the control circuit in a power saving mode for suppressing power consumption and when a first determination time elapses without any power being generated by the power generating mechanism. The control circuit executes a second stopping operation for stopping the driving circuit and the control circuit in the power saving mode and when a second determination time elapses while a voltage of the battery is at a level equal to or lower than a predetermined level.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are active rectifiers for wireless power receivers. The exemplary active rectifier can include a first diode coupled between a first input of the rectifier and an output of the rectifier; a first transistor coupled between the first input and ground; a first capacitive snubber coupled in parallel to at least one of: (i) the first diode or (ii) the first transistor. The example active rectifier can include a second diode coupled between a second input of the rectifier and the output; a second transistor coupled between the second input and ground; and a second capacitive snubber coupled in parallel to at least one of: (i) the second diode or (ii) the second transistor.

Abstract: Devices having one primary transistor, or a plurality of primary transistors in parallel, protect electrical circuits from overcurrent conditions. Optionally, the devices have only two terminals and require no auxiliary power to operate. In those devices, the voltage drop across the device provides the electrical energy to power the device. A third or fourth terminal can appear in further devices, allowing additional overcurrent and overvoltage monitoring opportunities. Autocatalytic voltage conversion allows certain devices to rapidly limit or block nascent overcurrents.

Abstract: A circuit comprises an optical coupling including an illuminator optically coupled to an optical sensor to output a voltage from the optical sensor based on intensity of illumination from the illuminator. The circuit includes a voltage input node with a resistance connected in series between the voltage input and a Zener diode. A method includes powering an illuminator with current from a first voltage input node. The method includes sensing illumination level in illumination from the illuminator with a sensor and outputting output proportionate to illumination sensed by the sensor indicative of voltage detected at the voltage input node. The method can include limiting current between the voltage input node and the illuminator.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an interface comprising: a terminal for delivering a DC voltage; a comparator for delivering a first signal representative of a comparison of the DC voltage with a high threshold; a comparator for delivering a second signal representative of a comparison of the DC voltage with a low threshold; and a circuit configured to: deliver successive pairs of values of high and low thresholds for a time period after the DC voltage crosses a first value of the low threshold; modify successive pairs of values of the thresholds based on the first and second signals to determine values of thresholds surrounding the DC voltage; and determining a current value of the DC voltage based on the values of thresholds surrounding the DC voltage.

Abstract: A charge control device includes: a voltage generator which receives an input voltage and generates an output voltage; a power feeding circuit which supplies the output voltage to a terminal via a voltage supply line; and a control circuit. The control circuit is configured to make the power feeding circuit supply the output voltage when a value of the input voltage or the output voltage is equal to or higher than a first threshold value; electrically cut off the supply of the output voltage by the power feeding circuit when the value of the input voltage or the output voltage is less than the first threshold value; and resume the supply of the output voltage by the power feeding circuit when the value of the input voltage or the output voltage returns to be equal to or higher than the first threshold value.

Abstract: Provided is a temperature sensor including a bipolar transistor, a resistor, and a variable resistance circuit. The resistor is provided between a first node coupled to a base node of the bipolar transistor and a collector node of the bipolar transistor. The variable resistance circuit is provided between an emitter node of the bipolar transistor and a ground node.

Abstract: An output module of an industrial control apparatus includes an output circuit controlling an electrical connection between a power supply terminal and an output terminal and a controller controlling an operation of the output circuit. The output circuit includes multiple switches, which are connected in series between the power supply terminal and the output terminal, and a voltage divider circuit outputting a divided voltage. The controller controls on/off states of the switches, and detects a short circuit of the switches based on the divided voltage. When the divided voltage detected during an off period while the multiple switches are in off states is within a normal voltage range, the controller determines that no short circuit is occurred. When the divided voltage detected during the off period is out of the normal voltage range, the controller determines that a short circuit is occurred in at least one of the switches.

Abstract: A HART modem includes: a HART/Host communication conversion unit, which relays communication between a HART device and a HART host device; a communication waveform detection unit configured to generate data sampled from HART communication signals transmitted and received to and from the HART device; and a communication interface unit configured to transmit the data generated by the communication waveform detection unit to the HART host device.

Abstract: An electronic controller apparatus comprises a controller circuit for controlling an external load and a power supply circuit to power the controller circuit. A switch is adapted to alternately be conductive to bypass the power supply circuit from the input or allow the power supply circuit to obtain power from the input. A linear operation of the switch is used to reduce current and voltage waveform distortion when power is being obtained from the input.

Abstract: A wafer separating apparatus and method are provided. The apparatus includes an electrostatic chuck, a separation structure and a control device. The electrostatic chuck electrostatically supports a wafer during wafer processing using a voltage having a polarity. The separation structure mechanically separate the wafer from the electrostatic chuck. The control device controls the electrostatic chuck to, after the wafer processing is completed, reduce a magnitude of the voltage with the polarity while the separation structure applies a force to the wafer to separate the wafer from the electrostatic chuck.

Abstract: A drive circuit for a power semiconductor circuit may include input contact means for inputting a control signal, the control signal representing a switching command for the power semiconductor circuit, and also at least one output contact means, to which the power semiconductor circuit is connectable and which serves for outputting a switching signal to the power semiconductor circuit. Furthermore, the drive circuit comprises current path connection means for connecting the drive circuit to a current path to be switched by the power semiconductor circuit, and means for galvanically isolating the input contact means from the output contact means and the current path connection means. Circuit means which output a switching signal that switches on the power semiconductor circuit if a control signal representing the switch-on command for the power semiconductor circuit is input at the input contact means and also voltage is present at the current path connection means.

Abstract: The invention relates to monitoring operation of a switching device in a power system, where a load is connected to a power source through the switching device. The load has windings, with coupling between at least one of two or more phases of a winding, and two or more windings of the load. The method includes obtaining measurements of at least one of voltages and currents, at one or more of a source and load side. Further, the method determines an electrical parameter associated with electrical switching of one or more poles. The parameter for each pole is determined based on at least one of voltage measurements at the source and load side, and line measurements associated with at least one winding. The values of the electrical parameter are monitored to determine the switching instant of the pole, for determining mechanical operating time deviation for estimating future switching instants.

Abstract: A battery management system, a battery pack including same and a method for determining a failure in a current detecting circuit. The system includes the current detecting circuit configured to detect a reference current representing a current flowing through a high current path of the battery pack, a bidirectional switch including a charging FET and a discharging FET installed on the high current path, and a control unit. The control unit detects a first voltage across the charging FET and a second voltage across the discharging FET while a first high level voltage is applied to a gate of the charging FET and a second high level voltage is applied to a gate of the discharging FET. The control unit determines a failure in the current detecting circuit based on at least one of the first voltage and the second voltage and the reference current.

Abstract: A system for keyless activation, engagement, and monitoring of vehicles and mobile app system and methods of use via the Internet is provided. The system may include a group of devices having a processor and a data store that are connected to a network. Any one of a first, second, and/or third computing devices may be configured to transmit, receive and process at least one vehicle activation command associated with a first vehicle via a close proximity wireless communication. Additionally, a fourth computing device may be configured to electrically communicate with any of the first, second, and/or third computing device so as to control the first, second, and/or third computing device. An associated method is also provided.

Abstract: Embodiments for implementing intelligent refrigeration compressor runtime schedule extraction in an Internet of Things (IoT) computing environment by a processor. Compressor runtime positions of a compressor may be determined according to a single phase signal taken from an energy meter. Performance and health status of the compressor may be established according to the one or more compressor runtime activities determined from the established nominal baseload classifier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and arrangement for classifying a voltage fault condition of a battery comprising a plurality of cells for a vehicle. The method comprises detecting a cell voltage of one of the cells (S1), determining that the cell has a voltage fault condition based on the cell voltage being outside a predetermined voltage range (S2), classifying the severity of the voltage fault condition based on the cell voltage (S3), performing at least one diagnostic test routine, based on the severity of the voltage fault condition, to provide a cause for the voltage fault condition (S4), selecting and adapting a battery operation condition, based on the severity of the voltage fault condition and the cause, such that the battery is enabled to continue to operate the vehicle (S5).

Abstract: The power supply is capable of operating in a first state and a second state having a consumption power lower than a consumption power of the first state. The power supply controls a first power supply in the first state such that a first DC voltage is a first voltage and controls the first power supply in the second state such that the first DC voltage is a second voltage lower than the first voltage.

Abstract: A power supply system for a circuit device includes a power supply unit, a switch unit and a voltage detector. The power supply unit, coupled to the circuit device via a power line, is used for supplying basic power for the circuit device via the power line, wherein the power line is coupled to the circuit device via a plurality of nodes. The switch unit, near to a node among the plurality of nodes, is coupled to the circuit device via the power line. The voltage detector, coupled to the circuit device and the switch unit, is used for detecting a voltage of the node and controlling the switch unit to be closed to allow the circuit device to receive auxiliary power via the switch unit when detecting that the voltage of the node is lower than a first threshold value.

Abstract: Systems and methods to control a capacitor bank based on the power flow direction are described herein. For example, a capacitor bank controller (CBC) may determine a power flow direction based on one or more current measurements and one or more voltage measurements. The CBC may control the capacitor bank using a first quantity when the power flow direction is in a first direction. The CBC may control the capacitor bank using a second quantity when the power flow direction is in a second direction. The second quantity may be different from the first quantity to account for the relationship between sensors of the CBC with respect to the capacitor bank on the power line.

Abstract: A display device can include a display unit including data lines, gate lines crossing the data lines and pixels; a voltage generating unit configured to generate driving voltages for driving the display unit based on a voltage from a battery; and a data driver configured to convert input image data into data voltages and output the data voltages to the data lines, wherein the voltage generating unit includes a battery current control unit configured to control a magnitude of a low potential driving voltage applied to cathode electrodes of the pixels according to an amount of a battery output current flowing from the battery to the voltage generating unit, and wherein the battery current control unit is configured to increase the low potential driving voltage when the battery output current is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A power supply includes: a power factor correction circuit that includes a capacitor and converts an input voltage, produced by rectifying an AC input voltage, to a DC, output voltage; a current detector that detects an inflow current for the power factor correction circuit and outputs a current detection signal; an output voltage detector that detects the output voltage and outputs an output voltage detection signal; a voltage difference detector that detects a voltage difference between maximum and minimum values of a pulsation component of the output voltage detected from the output voltage detection signal; a working life determiner that compares the voltage difference and a threshold and gives notification of end of life of the capacitor when the voltage difference reaches the threshold; and a threshold updater that updates the threshold in keeping with the detected inflow current detected based on the current detection signal.

Abstract: A location of a broken electrical conductor of an electric power delivery system may be detected by monitoring a rate of change of phase voltage and/or a rate of change of zero-sequence voltage at various points on the conductor. Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) such as phasor measurement units may be used to obtain measurements and calculate synchrophasors. The synchrophasors may be used by a central controller to determine which two continuous IEDs measure rates of change of voltages of opposite polarities, where the broken conductor is between the two continuous IEDs. The synchrophasors may be used by a central controller to determine which two continuous IEDs where one exhibits a zero-sequence voltage magnitude that exceeds a predetermined threshold for a predetermined time, wherein the zero-sequence voltage magnitude of the other of the continuous IEDs does not exceed the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed at a method and apparatus for configuring and powering light fixture loads for a LED low voltage distribution system. The method and apparatus include converting power being supplied for powering the set of light fixture loads and then limiting this converted power to a set of multiple current outputs supplied to the light fixture loads. The multiple current outputs are then split or regrouped prior to being delivered to the light fixture loads.