Abstract: A lamp including a first and second lamp substrate with a first and second external electrode, respectively, and a first and second internal phosphor coating, respectively, wherein the first phosphor coating is a phosphor monolayer. A method of manufacturing a lamp, including screen-printing a phosphor monolayer on a first lamp substrate; screen-printing a phosphor layer on a second lamp substrate; joining the phosphor-coated faces of the first and second lamp substrates together with a seal; and joining a first and second electrode to the uncoupled exterior faces of the first and second lamp substrates, respectively.

Abstract: A chopper for a particle beam comprises an annular guiding element and an element for controlling the intensity of the particle beam. The control element is supported on the guiding element so that at least one point under consideration on the control element can revolve along the circumference of the guiding element. Mounting along a circumference allows for accommodation of considerably higher disturbance torque than mounting on a rotational axle, using the same bearing force. Furthermore, it is possible to dispense with the entire rotational axle, and the control element can be designed, for example, as a ring. This brings about considerable weight savings as compared to chopper wheels according to the prior art, which accordingly enables higher circumferential speeds and therefore higher modulation frequencies for the particle beam, while at the same time increasing operational safety.

Abstract: Bradbury-Nielson gates for the modulation of beams of charged particles, particularly ion beams in mass spectrometry, have been produced with an adjustable wire spacing down to 0.075 mm or a smaller spacing. The gates are robust, they can be fabricated in less than 3 hours, and the method of production is reproducible. In time-of-flight mass spectrometers, fine wire spacing leads to improvements in mass resolution and modulation rates. Gates that were produced using this new method have been installed in a Hadamard transform time-of-flight mass spectrometer in order to demonstrate their utility.