Abstract: An “eggbeater” cathode comprising a transparent cathode including a plurality of longitudinally oriented cathode strips anchored at both ends between support discs and forming an open-walled hollow cylindrical structure. A cathode base is disposed substantially coaxially with a longitudinal axis of the transparent cathode and surrounded by the plurality of cathode strips, wherein the support discs secure the cathode strips to the cathode base and result in a cathode that is more robust in harsh operating environments compared with a simple transparent cathode.

Abstract: A cathode structure comprises a cathode, a cathode sleeve, a cathode holder and a cathode strap. The cathode sleeve contains a heater. A hold structure includes a cylindrical cathode support cylinder for holding the cathode structure, and a cathode support strap having an elongated plate shape and having a cylindrically curved portion engaging the cathode support cylinder. An opening portion is formed in the cylindrically curved portion of the cathode support strap. The cathode support cylinder of the hold structure and the cathode holder of the cathode structure are welded through the opening portion, and the cathode structure is held by the hold structure.

Abstract: A cathode structure comprises a cathode, a cathode sleeve, a cathode holder and a cathode strap. The cathode sleeve contains a heater. A hold structure includes a cylindrical cathode support cylinder for holding the cathode structure, and a cathode support strap having an elongated plate shape and having a cylindrically curved portion engaging the cathode support cylinder. An opening portion is formed in the cylindrically curved portion of the cathode support strap. The cathode support cylinder of the hold structure and the cathode holder of the cathode structure are welded through the opening portion, and the cathode structure is held by the hold structure.