Abstract: A filament lamp comprising a bulb which has a hermetically sealed portion on at least one end and multiple filament assemblies, each filament assembly comprising a coiled filament and connected leads to supply power to that filament, the filament assemblies being sequentially arranged in the axial direction of the bulb, the leads of each filament assembly being electrically connected to respective multiple conductive parts set in the sealed portions, and power being independently suppliable to each of the filaments. A respective one of the coiled filaments is located in a respective first quadrant formed by intersecting planes that are perpendicular to each other and that are tangent to an outer coil diameter of the respective coiled filament. The leads are positioned in quadrants other than the quadrant in which the coiled filament is located. A light irradiation type heat treatment apparatus uses a plurality of such filament lamps.

Abstract: Vacuum microelectronic devices with carbon nanotube films, layers, ribbons and fabrics are provided. The present invention discloses microelectronic vacuum devices including triode structures that include three-terminals (an emitter, a grid and an anode), and also higher-order devices such as tetrodes and pentodes, all of which use carbon nanotubes to form various components of the devices. In certain embodiments, patterned portions of nanotube fabric may be used as grid/gate components, conductive traces, etc. Nanotube fabrics may be suspended or conformally disposed. In certain embodiments, methods for stiffening a nanotube fabric layer are used. Various methods for applying, selectively removing (e.g. etching), suspending, and stiffening vertically- and horizontally-disposed nanotube fabrics are disclosed, as are CMOS-compatible fabrication methods. In certain embodiments, nanotube fabric triodes provide high-speed, small-scale, low-power devices that can be employed in radiation-intensive applications.

Abstract: An electron emission device includes an electron emission region formed on a substrate for emitting electrons, a driving electrode for controlling the emission of the electrons, and a focusing electrode electrically insulated from the driving electrode. The driving electrode has an effective portion for inducing the emission of the electrons from the electron emission region, and a first voltage applying portion electrically connected to the effective portion. The focusing electrode has a focusing portion for focusing the electrons emitted from the electron emission region, and a second voltage applying portion electrically connected to the focusing portion. The effective portion and the focusing portion are disposed in different planes from each other, and the first applying portion and the second voltage applying portion are non-overlapping.

Abstract: A light-emitting cell, includes a light-emitting material which can emit light in response to a collision of an electron beam; an electron-emitting unit having a carbon nanotube as an electron source for releasing the electron beam and emitting the electron beam to ram against the light-emitting material; and a gate disposed above the carbon nanotube for controlling the electron beam emitting from the carbon nanotube whether to pass through the gate to ram against the light-emitting material at a specific address wherein the gate comprises a network conductor including a first metal layer for determining an x-coordinate of the address, a second metal layer for determining a y-coordinate of the address, and an extracting electrode placed between the carbon nanotube and the first metal layer for extracting the electron beam from the carbon nanotube.

Abstract: The present invention is an integrated screen comprising a screen portion having openings and an integral protector edge disposed about the periphery of the screen portion. This integrated screen protector edge can be utilized individually as the membrane support/flow field in an electrochemical cell or in conjunction with one or more subsequent screen layers. When utilized with subsequent screen layers, the integrated screen protector edge is disposed adjacent to and in intimate contact with the membrane assembly.

Abstract: The high voltage electrostatic accelerator of this invention has spark arrester rings which form magnetic shield elements around an acceleration tube and which together with mu-metal rings between accelerator segments shield the electrons being accelerated from stray static and dynamic magnetic fields. The spark arresters surround the accelerating electrodes. The rings between accelerator segments are formed of mu-metal, an alloy of nickel designed for its magnetic shielding properties and consisting of 77 percent nickel, 4.8 percent copper, 1.5 percent chrome and 14.9 percent iron. The mu-metal spark arresters together with the rings between accelerators segments provide an effective magnetic shield in a cost-effective manner. Because mu-metal has a high permeability, magnetic field lines tend to travel about the Mu-metal rings rather than pass through the acceleration tube, where they would influence electrons being accelerated.

Abstract: A high-power switch tube is shown constructed from a plurality of electron guns each gun having a cathode and an anode. Between the cathode and anode is mounted a shadow grid closest to the cathode beyond which is mounted a control grid, a screen grid, and, in some applications, by a suppressor grid. Each anode is formed with an anode cavity having an opening that is smaller in dimension than the largest dimension of the cavity thus forming a Faraday cage collector which prevents secondary emission problems.

Abstract: A photomultiplier includes a solid disk dynode and a pair of annular guiding electrodes disposed about the disk dynode transversely along the central axis of the photomultiplier tube on opposite sides of the dynode. The secondary and subsequent dynodes may be of conventional (e.g. venetian blind) construction or of solid disk construction. The solid disk dynode and guiding structure exhibits improved photoelectron pulse-height resolution and a better signal-to-noise ratio than a conventional venetian blind type dynode. In addition, the solid dynode structure is less susceptible to physical shock than conventional photomultiplier dynode designs.

Abstract: An integrated radiation detector comprises a number of electrode plates assembled at a mutual distance. The electrode plates comprise slots in which electrically insulating gas-tight strips projecting through all the electrode plates are provided, of which strips one serves as an input window and the remaining strips serve as walls of the detection spaces. For sealing, the strips are interconnected, for example, by means of electrically insulated glued joints. Since the detector need no longer be assembled in a gas-tight housing, connections for the electrodes can be realized in a simple manner. Parts of the electrodes projecting beyond the actual detection space on the side of the input window may serve a collimator for the incident radiation.

Abstract: Dimensional stability of an electron discharge heating device having electrodes for focussing the discharge current is improved by providing one or more heat pipes for transferring heat from an electrode to cooling fins outside the vacuum chamber. In one embodiment, a second electrode is water-cooled. The improved cooling not only permits of use of a structure which takes a short time to reach thermally stable conditions due to the small heat capacity of the solid material but also permits of different parts of the gun assembly being operated at different temperatures.

Abstract: An improved high power electron tube has at least one grid electrode. The grid electrode is formed from a one piece cylindrical member, closed at one end, having an outside diameter, D. The cylindrical member has a plurality of arcuate, circumferentially elongated apertures extending therethrough. Each of the apertures has a length x and a width y wherein the length x is greater than width y, and wherein the length x is not greater than 0.55 times the diameter, D, of the electrode. The width y, of each of the apertures is not greater than 0.1 times the diameter D, of the electrode.

Abstract: A crowbar switch having a start and a crowbar gap each having a trigger electrode therein. The two gaps are disposed close to each other so that the photons and thermoelectrons emitted from the arc produced by a discharge in the start gap ionize the ambient gas about the crowbar gap for easier occurrence of a discharge in the crowbar gap.