Abstract: The invention includes field emitters, field emission displays (FEDs), monitors, computer systems and methods employing the same for providing uniform electron beams from cathodes of FED devices. The apparatuses each include electron beam uniformity circuitry. The electron beam uniformity circuit provides a grid voltage, VGrid, with a DC offset voltage sufficient to induce field emission from a cathode and a periodic signal superimposed on the DC offset voltage for varying the grid voltage at a frequency fast enough to be undetectable by the human eye. The cathodes may be of the micro-tipped or flat variety. The periodic signal may be sinusoidal with peak-to-peak voltage of between about 5 volts and about 50 volts.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode for an electron source, a method for producing the same, and an electronic tube using the same which provide a decreased thickness of an electron emitting source, and an improved current distribution percentage. The electronic tube comprises a substrate, an electron emitting source area formed on the substrate, and a shield area around the electron emitting area. The shield area is formed of a material that does not produce an electron emitting source, when the electron emitting source is produced by a dry method. As a result, if a space between an electron drawing electrode and the electrode for the electron source is narrow, the percentage of anode current increases in the total current, thereby improving the current distribution percentage.

Abstract: A light source device includes a substrate, a plurality of discharge tubes arranged on one principal surface of the substrate, a driving circuit mounted on the other principal surface of the substrate that is opposite to the foregoing principal surface, a discharge medium sealed in the discharge tubes, and first and second electrodes for exciting the discharge medium. The foregoing discharge medium does not contain mercury. Thus, the light source device can be formed smaller in size and thinner in thickness, and a liquid crystal display device employing the same can be provided.

Abstract: A display having hot electron type electron sources displaying an image by a line sequential scanning scheme is provided to prevent poor brightness uniformity along scan lines. The hot electron type electron source is provided with a top electrode bus line serving as a scan line and a bottom electrode bus line serving as a data line. The top electrode bus line has a sheet resistance lower than that of the bottom electrode. The wire sheet resistance of the scam line can be reduced to several m/square. When forming a 40 inch large screen FED using the hot electron type electron sources, a voltage drop amount produced in the scan line can be suppressed below an allowable range. As a result, high quality image without poor brightness uniformity can be obtained.

Abstract: A structure for a multilayer electrode. Specifically, in one embodiment, a multilayer electrode for a flat panel display device is disclosed. The multilayer electrode comprises a metal alloy layer and a protective layer. The metal alloy layer includes neodymium having a concentration of between greater than three atomic percent and six atomic percent. The protective layer is disposed above the metal alloy layer to form a multilayer stack. The multilayer stack is etched to form the multilayer electrode.

Abstract: Distances between spacers and electron passing apertures in potential regulation plate are regulated. An electron beam apparatus includes a first substrate having a region from which electrons are emitted, a second substrate having a region which is irradiated by the emitted electrons, spacers located between the first substrate and the second substrate for forming an atmospheric pressure resistant structure, and at least one potential regulation plate having aperture portions, through which electrons emitted from the first substrate pass, between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the potential regulation plate has recessed portions, to which the spacers fitted on, on one principal surface of the potential regulation plate, and a part of the other principal surface of the potential regulation plate abuts on the first substrate and/or the second substrate in the state in which the spacers are fitted to the recessed portions.

Abstract: A field emission display that is simple to manufacture in a large screen size and that provides improved display characteristics, includes first and second substrates provided opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween; a plurality of gate electrodes formed on a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate, the gate electrodes being formed in a striped pattern; an insulation layer formed on the first substrate covering the gate electrodes; a plurality of cathode electrodes formed on the insulation layer in a striped pattern to perpendicularly intersect the gate electrodes; a plurality of surface electron sources formed along one long edge of the cathode electrodes; focusing units provided on the cathode electrodes for controlling the emission of electron beams from the surface electron sources; an anode electrode formed on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate; and a plurality of phosphor layers formed on the anode electrode.

Abstract: A light-emitting device having a layer including an emission region and provided between an anode and a cathode wherein the anode has a visible light (with a wavelength of 380 to 780 nm) transmittance ranging from 35 to 75%, and the anode has a work function of 3.0 to 7.0 ev wherein the device has an improved contrast characteristic while keeping high luminance.

Abstract: A charged particle apparatus, with multiple electrically conducting semispheric grid electrodes, the grid electrodes mounted in a dielectric mounting ring, with hidden areas or regions to maintain electrical isolation between the grid electrodes as sputter deposits form on the grid electrodes and mounting ring. The grid electrodes are mounted to the mounting ring with slots and fastening pins that allow sliding thermal expansion and contraction between the grid electrodes and mounting ring while substantially maintaining alignment of grid openings and spacing between the grid electrodes. Asymmetric fastening pins facilitate the sliding thermal expansion while restraining the grid electrodes. Electrical contactors supply and maintain electrical potentials of the grid electrodes with spring loaded sliding contacts, without substantially affecting the thermal characteristics of the grid electrodes.

Abstract: A flat panel display includes a faceplate, and a backplate combined with the faceplate to form a vacuum tight cell. An image production unit is provided within the cell to produce display images from the cell. A plurality of spacers are mounted within the cell such that the spaces are placed at a non-display area. The spacers are held between the faceplate and the backplate. A pair of alignment members are connected to the spacers in a body to align the spacers at the non-display area in a constant manner.

Abstract: An electron source includes a substrate, a coating layer provided on the substrate, plural electron emission elements disposed on the coating layer, and a metal for connecting the plural electron emission elements. The electron emission element includes a conductive film including the electron emission part disposed on the coating layer, with the conductive film being connected to a wiring line with a conductive member for blocking the metals contained in the wiring lines from being transferred to the conductive film.

Abstract: A horizontal type electron-emitting device structure and process of making, wherein the device includes a low-potential electrode and a high-potential electrode which are formed on a substrate, and an electron-emitting part placed between the electrodes. Above the substrate is an anode. A secondary-electron emitting material is arranged on the top of a region from the electron-emitting part to the high-potential electrode, so that secondary electrons are efficiently emitted to the anode, thereby to contribute to efficient electron emission. An auxiliary electrode may be formed, with a high-resistance or insulating layer interposed, on the substrate in the vicinity of the high-potential electrode. A voltage higher than that of the high-potential electrode is then applied to the auxiliary electrode, so that electrons emitted from the electron-emitting part are attracted to the auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: An electron lens is used for focusing electrons from a cathode to an anode. The lens includes a first conductive layer with a first opening at a first distance from the cathode. The first conductive layer is held at a first voltage. The lens also includes a second conductive layer with a second opening at a second distance from the first conductive layer and a third distance from the anode. The second conductive layer is held at a second voltage substantially equal to the voltage of the anode. The first and second openings are chosen based on the first voltage, the second voltage, the first distance, the second distance and the third distance. The opening focuses the electrons emitted from the cathode onto the anode to a spot size preferably less than 40 nanometers. The force created between the cathode and anode is minimized by the structure of the lens.

Abstract: An electrode structure for a display that includes lower electrodes and upper electrodes. In one embodiment, lower and upper electrodes are formed of either an aluminum alloy or a silver alloy. In another embodiment, upper and lower electrodes are formed using a metal alloy layer over which a cladding layer is deposited. A silicon nitride passivation layer is used to protect the upper electrodes from damage in subsequent process steps. Various other materials and structures are also disclosed that protect the upper electrodes from damage in subsequent process steps.

Abstract: An enhanced Spindt-tip field emitter tip and a method for producing the enhanced Spindt-tip field emitter. A thin-film resistive heating element is positioned below the field emitter tip to allow for resistive heating of the tip in order to sharpen the tip and to remove adsorbed contaminants from the surface of the tip. Metal layers of the enhanced field emission device are separated by relatively thick dielectric bilayers, with the metal layers having increased thickness in the proximity of a cylindrical well in which the field emitter tip is deposited. Dielectric material is pulled back from the cylindrical aperture into which the field emitter tip is deposited in order to decrease buildup of conductive contaminants and the possibility of short circuits between metallic layers.

Abstract: The plasma display panel includes a pair of glass substrates forming therein display cells. One substrate has address electrodes and the other has sustain electrodes including X-electrodes and Y-electrodes. X-electrodes are connected to terminals of sustain pulse generating circuits provided on a printed circuit board, via intermediate circuit boards. The printed circuit board and the intermediate circuit boards are connected to each other by connectors having a first set of terminals connected to the first sustain pulse generating circuit and a second set of terminals connected to the second sustain pulse generating circuit. Terminals of first and second sets are arranged in a row alternately one by one, or group by group.

Abstract: In order to provide a thin-film electron emitter device of a structure wherein electric connection between a top electrode and top electrode busline can be secured and also to provide a display apparatus using the thin-film electron emitter device, the top electrode busline thin on its connection side with the top electrode is formed on a field insulator which is thicker than an insulator forming electron emission areas and which is formed around the insulator, and the top electrode covers the top electrode busline to be connected with said thin part of said top electrode busline.

Abstract: A method of displaying a halftone image on a PDP display unit by using a frame division technique, the method comprising selecting display lines whose number is identical to the total number of said divided subfields, addressing for designating pixels of selected display lines to be displayed and displaying each subfield allocated for the said selected display lines; shifting by a predetermined number of display lines from said selected display lines for at least a sustain pulse period unit, selecting display lines, addressing for designating pixels to be displayed and displaying each subfield allocated for the said selected display lines; and repeating said shifting, said selecting, said addressing and said displaying steps until each of the subfields is completely displayed for all display lines; wherein display lines for which all subfields of one frame have been completely displayed for an idle period.

Abstract: A method of displaying a halftone image on a PDP display unit by using a frame division technique, the method comprising selecting display lines whose number is identical to the total number of said divided subfields, addressing for designating pixels of selected display lines to be displayed and displaying each subfield allocated for the said selected display lines; shifting by a predetermined number of display lines from said selected display lines for at least a sustain pulse period unit, selecting display lines, addressing for designating pixels to be displayed and displaying each subfield allocated for the said display lines; and repeating said shifting, said selecting, said addressing and said displaying steps until each of the subfields is completely displayed for all display lines; wherein display lines for which all subfields of one frame have been completely displayed for an idle period.

Abstract: A field-emission-display (FED) having a pixel structure which operates at small anode voltages, and thus, provides the FED with an increased life-time. The pixel structure of the FED includes an edge emitting cathode and an anode spaced from the cathode. The cathode has a first conductive film with a low electron affinity, such as alpha-carbon and a second conductive film disposed on the first conductive film. The first conductive film has an edge which is operative for emitting an electron beam. The anode has a third conductive film and a layer of light emitting material disposed over the third conductive film. Both the cathode and the anode are fabricated on a single glass substrate, which provides simple and reliable mass production technology compatible with planar silicon batch fabrication technology.

Abstract: A charged particle apparatus, with multiple electrically conducting semispheric grid electrodes, the grid electrodes mounted in a dielectric mounting ring, with hidden areas or regions to maintain electrical isolation between the grid electrodes as sputter deposits form on the grid electrodes and mounting ring. The grid electrodes are mounted to the mounting ring with slots and fastening pins that allow sliding thermal expansion and contraction between the grid electrodes and mounting ring while substantially maintaining alignment of grid openings and spacing between the grid electrodes. Asymmetric fastening pins facilitate the sliding thermal expansion while restraining the grid electrodes. Electrical contactors supply and maintain electrical potentials of the grid electrodes with spring loaded sliding contacts, without substantially affecting the thermal characteristics of the grid electrodes.

Abstract: Organic semiconductors consisting of conjugated chromophores wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are deuterated are disclosed. Methods of preparing such organic semiconductors are described. The organic semiconducting compounds exhibit remarkably high luminescence and good thermal stability. Applications of these materials for optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting devices and photodiodes, with enhanced performance and lifetime are disclosed. The disclosed materials can be used as emissive layer, charge-transporting layer, or energy transfer (i.e. phosphorescence dopant) material in organic light-emitting devices.

Abstract: A display device has a screen made of a substrate and a group of elongated illuminators that are arranged on the substrate. Elongated electrode supporters are arranged on at least one side of the illuminators in the width direction. The elongated electrode supporter has plural electrodes that am spaced along the longitudinal direction of the illuminator and define corresponding discharge cells. A wiring conductive pattern is formed on the substrate for supplying electricity to the plural electrodes of the electrode supporter. Selective light emission from the discharge cells of the illuminator is controlled by signals applied to the wiring conductive pattern and the plural electrodes.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first substrate and a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate, with fluorescent material being provided on the second substrate. A matrix wiring having a plurality of first wires and a plurality of second wires is provided, with each of the first wires located on the first substrate, and each of the second wires intersecting the plurality of first wires. Also included are electron-emitting devices, each of which emit an electron by applying a signal to the matrix wiring, and a metal electrode, having a plate-shaped form, provided above the matrix wiring, with the metal electrode having electron through-holes for passing electrons emitted by the electron-emitting devices.

Abstract: A microtip electron source including at least one electron emission zone composed of a plurality of microtips connected electrically to a cathode conductor. At least one gate electrode is positioned opposite the electron emission zone and pierced with apertures located opposite the microtips, to extract the electrons from the microtips. An emitted electron focusing gate is positioned opposite the gate electrode, and includes an aperture unit including at least one slit located opposite at least two successive microtips. A flat display screen can include such a microtip electron source. Further, a manufacturing process of such an electron source is disclosed.

Abstract: A field emission device with a micro-channel gain element included a plurality of field emission or “cold” cathodes (102) formed into an array. The cold cathodes are typically modulated by a grid (108) having a driving voltage. A microchannel gain element (114) is secondary electron emissive material within each of the channels. The channels correspond number and location to the cathode and enable multiplication of electron emitted by the cathodes. Multiplication of the electrons enables the cathodes to be driven at a lower current of emitted electrons than normally applied, absent the microchannel, to obtain the same resulting beam. The beam existing each of the micro-channels is directed to an anode (130), which can include a phosphor (128) for use in a flat panel display.

Abstract: A plasma display panel, one of flat panel display device, having improved electrical connections and the driving method thereof are disclosed. The plasma display panel and the driving method thereof have the advantage of diminishing the number of the high voltage driving ICs of high price by effectively constituting the connections of the discharge electrodes to diminish the number of the driving circuits. In addition, since the total scan electrodes are divided into two blocks, and are driven sequentially and alternately from a block to another, the influence of crosstalks by the leakage of the space charge may be diminished by disposing scan electrodes concurrently impressed with voltage signals to be relatively far apart.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device disclosed has stable electron emission characteristics with little variation, in high electron emission efficiency, in high definition, and at low driving voltage. The electron-emitting device disclosed is constructed in such structure that on a substrate there are a lower electrode, an insulating layer having pores, and an upper electrode stacked in this order, the insulating layer is an anodic oxide layer, and a carbon deposit is formed in the pores.

Abstract: This invention discloses an image forming apparatus having an electron source on which a plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged, an image forming member on which an image is formed by electrons emitted by the electron-emitting devices, and a structure for maintaining an interval between the electron source and the image forming member, in which an interval between two electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other via the structure is larger than an interval between two electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other without the mediacy of the structure, and electrons emitted by the electron-emitting devices are deflected toward the structure.

Abstract: A method of CNT field emission current density improvement performed by a taping process is disclosed. The method comprises following steps. First of all, a conductive pattern coated on a substrate by screen-printing a conductive slurry containing silver through a patterned screen is carried out. Thereafter, a CNT layer is attached thereon by screen-printing a CNT paste through a mesh pattern screen to form CNT image pixel array layer. The CNT paste consists of organic bonding agent, resin, silver powder, and carbon nano-tubes. After that the substrate is soft baked by an oven using a temperature of about 50-200° C. to remove volatile organic solvent. A higher temperature sintering process, for example 350-550° C. is then carried out to solidify the CNT on and electric coupled with the conductive pattern.

Abstract: This invention improves the stability and control of high-pressure glow discharges by means of a microhllow cathode discharge. The microhollow cathode discharge, which is sustained between two closely spaced electrodes with an opening formed in the electrodes, serves as a plasma cathode for the high-pressure glow. Small variations in the microhollow cathode discharge voltage generate large variations in the microhollow cathode discharge current and consequently in the glow discharge current. In this mode of operation the electrical characteristic of this invention resembles that of a vacuum triode. Using the microhollow cathode discharge as a plasma cathode, stable, dc discharges in argon up to atmospheric pressures can be generated. Additionally, parallel operation of these discharges allows for the generation of large volume plasmas at high gas pressure through superposition of individual glow discharges.

Abstract: A field emission cathode providing for dynamic adjustment of beam shape is disclosed. Beam shape adjustment is accomplished by segmenting the gate electrode of a gated field emission cathode and independently driving the various gate segments to form the desired beam shape. Segments can be turned on and off as the beam is deflected allowing dynamic correction of aberrations in the beam. A focus lens can be placed on the gated cathode to produce a parallel electron beam. In addition, a hollow cathode can be produced to minimize space charge repulsion in a beam.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the intersection of the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the intersection. The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both wires.

Abstract: A method of driving a cold cathode element, includes (a) providing a plurality of cold cathodes; (b) deflecting a plurality of electron beams respectively emitted from the plurality of cold cathodes; (c) providing at least one control electrode for at least one of the plurality of cold cathodes, wherein an electric field above the control electrode is changed when a voltage is applied to the control electrode; and (d) controlling the voltage applied to the control electrode such that the plurality of electron beams are concentrated on a fluorescent surface.

Abstract: A field emission device (100) includes an electron emitter (115) and an emitter-enhancing electrode (117) having an enhanced-emission structure (131), which is disposed proximate to electron emitter (115). Enhanced-emission structure (131) is embodied by, for example, each of the following structures: a tapered portion (118) of emitter-enhancing electrode (117), an electron-emissive edge (135) that is generally parallel to an axis (136) of electron emitter (115), a combination of a conductive layer (137) and an electron-emissive layer (138) that is disposed proximate to an edge (133) of conductive layer (137), and an electron-emissive layer (146) having a thickness of less than about 500 angstroms.

Abstract: A high-speed field emission vacuum switching device comprises a cathode tip formed on a substrate, an extraction grid close to the cathode tip, and a modulator grid spaced from the cathode tip by a dielectric layer. The grids have apertures aligned with the cathode tip. An anode is spaced from the modulator grid by a dielectric layer. By use of the modulator grid, a substantial improvement in high-frequency switching performance can be achieved. A collector grid may be provided between the extraction grid and the modulator grid, and a cut-off grid may be disposed between the modulator and collector grids.

Abstract: A plasma display panel driving method is disclosed. In the method, a screen is divided into at least two blocks along scanning lines, and other blocks perform a sustaining process when a certain block performs an addressing process. Accordingly, the ratio of a time occupied by a sustaining interval in the entire frame is raised to improve a brightness level. Also, an addressing time is reduced to permit a high-speed driving. Since a reset interval is separated to increase the contrast.

Abstract: A field emission display (100) includes an electron emitter structure (105) designed to emit an emission current (134), a phosphor (126) disposed to receive at an electron-receiving surface (127) emission current (134), and a multi-layered barrier structure (125) disposed on electron-receiving surface (127) of phosphor (126). Multi-layered barrier structure (125) of the preferred embodiment includes an aluminum layer (128) disposed on electron-receiving surface (127) of phosphor (126) and a carbon layer (129) disposed on aluminum layer (128).

Abstract: A support member (20) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An insulating film is formed on the support member (20) or its surface. An intermediate layer (21) is formed at a portion near the rear plate (31). The intermediate layer (21) is set at a low resistance and the same potential as that of the rear plate (31). As a result, an electron beam emitted from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (20) follows an orbit which is directed temporarily away from the support member and then comes close to the support member near the face plate (30) due to the steady charge-up of the support member. Then, the electron beam is irradiated on a defined position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron emission device capable of deflecting emitted electrons to a predetermined direction and preferably emitting electrons with a small drive voltage as well as a production method of the same. The electron emission according to the present invention includes a layered body including an auxiliary electrode, a first insulation layer, a first gate electrode, a second insulation layer, an emitter electrode, a third insulation layer, and a second gate electrode formed in this order on a substrate. In this electron emission device, a hole is formed through the first insulation layer, the first gate electrode, the second insulation layer, the emitter electrode, the third insulation layer, and the second gate electrode, so that the auxiliary electrode is exposed at the bottom of the hole and the first gate electrode protrudes further than the emitter electrode toward the center line of the hole.

Abstract: An electron source comprises a substrate, at least one row-directional wire, at least one column-directional wire intersecting the row-directional wire, at least one insulation layer arranged at the intersection of the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire, and at least one conductive film having an electron-emitting region also arranged at the intersection. The insulation layer is arranged between the row-directional wire and the column-directional wire and the conductive film is connected to both wires.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a field emission cold cathode device, having a field emission cold cathode element which comprises a plurality of emitters formed on a substrate and each in the shape of a sharply pointed cone, and a gate electrode provided with an opening section to let electrons emit from the respective apexes of said group of emitters and set in the vicinity above said group of emitters, wherein a positive voltage with respect to the emitters is applied to said gate electrode and thereby an electron beam is emitted from the group of emitters; a lens electrode making the electron beam which is emitted from said group of emitters converge; and a target on which the electron beam made to converge by said lens electrode irradiates; wherein the area of the region occupied by the group of emitters is set at the optimum size using specific equations.

Abstract: A plasma display panel, one of flat panel display device, having improved electrical connections and the driving method thereof are disclosed. The plasma display panel and the driving method thereof have the advantage of diminishing the number of the high voltage driving ICs of high price by effectively constituting the connections of the discharge electrodes to diminish the number of the driving circuits. In addition, since the total scan electrodes are divided into two blocks, and are driven sequentially and alternately from a block to another, the influence of crosstalks by the leakage of the space charge may be diminished by disposing scan electrodes concurrently impressed with voltage signals to be relatively far apart.

Abstract: An electron-emitting apparatus according to the present invention comprises (A) a substrate, which has a first major surface and a second major surface that are positioned opposite each other, (B) an electron-emitting device, which includes a first electrode, to which a first voltage is applied, and a second electrode, to which a voltage Vf is applied, that are mounted, with an intervening interval, on the first major surface, (C) an anode electrode, which is located opposite and at a distance H from the first major surface, (D) first voltage application means, for applying to the second electrode the voltage Vf that is higher than the first voltage, and (E) second voltage application means, for applying to the anode electrode a voltage Va that is higher than the voltage Vf, wherein a space defined between the anode electrode and the electron-emitting device is maintained in a reduced-pressure condition, and wherein, when a value Xs=H*Vf/(&pgr;*Va) is established for a plane that is substantially per

Abstract: A cold cathode field emission device having an electron emission layer (14), an insulating layer and a gate electrode (12) which are laminated one on another with the insulating layer positioned between the gate electrode, and the electron emission layer (14), and further having an opening portion which penetrates through at least the insulating layer and the electron emission layer, the electron emission layer having an edge portion for emitting electrons, the edge portion being projected on a wall surface of the opening portion, and the electron emission layer being connected to a power source through a resistance layer (23).

Abstract: A field emitter device including an insulator structure provided on an upper gate line layer of the device. The insulator structure may surround groups of emitters arranged on adjacent gate lines, groups of emitters arranged on the same gate lines, and/or entire regions of a larger array of field emitters. The insulator structure may reduce the occurrence of flashovers to and from the gate lines and emitters when the field emitter device is used in a display. The insulator structure may also enhance the focus of electrons emitted by the field emitter device on the display screen. Focus may be further enhanced by the addition of a resistive coating on the insulator structure. Methods of making the insulator structure and resistive coating are also disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process for fabricating nanotube field emitter structures is provided, in which the nanotubes protrude from a supporting base material to improve emission properties. The resulting emitter structure are useful in a variety of devices, including microwave vacuum tube devices and flat-panel, field-emission displays. To attain the protruding nanotube emitter structure, according to one embodiment of the invention, nanotubes and metal particles are mixed and consolidated into a compact, and the compact is then sectioned to expose a substantial number of nanotube ends. A layer of the metal is selectively etched from the sectioned surface, leaving the exposed nanotubes protruding from the surface. The extent of protrusion is at least twice the average diameter of the nanotubes, advantageously at least ten times the average diameter of the nanotubes.

Abstract: An electric field emission display (FED) and a method for manufacturing a spacer thereof are provided. The FED includes a spacer having a structure in which a multi-focusing electrode layer, an electron beam amplifying layer and a getter layer are stacked between an anode and a cathode, or a spacer having a structure in which a first electrode layer, a first insulating layer, a second electrode layer, a second insulating layer, a third electrode layer, a third insulating layer and a fourth electrode layer are sequentially stacked. Thus, electron beams can be easily focused by the multi-focusing electrode of the spacer, and high luminance can be realized at low current due to electron beam amplification of the electron amplifying apparatus. Also, the diamond tip is used as an electron emission means, to thereby obtain a low driving voltage, stability at a high temperature, and high thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A field emission device includes a substrate, a first electrode formed on the substrate in a predetermined pattern, a dielectric layer formed on the substrate to embed the first electrode, a second electrode formed on the dielectric layer in a predetermined pattern, a floating electrode spaced apart a predetermined distance from the second electrode, on the dielectric layer, and a conductive particle layer formed between the second electrode and the floating electrode to electrically connect the second electrode and the floating electrode.

Abstract: An electron-emitting device contains an emitter electrode (12), a group of sets of electron-emitting elements (24), a group of control electrodes (28), and a focusing system (37) for focusing electrons emitted by the electron-emissive elements. The sets of electron-emissive elements are arranged generally in a line extending in a specified direction. Each control electrode has a main portion (30) and a gate portion (32). the electron-emissive elements are exposed through gate openings (36) in the gate portion. The main portion of each control electrode crosses over the emitter electrode and has a large control opening (34) which laterally circumscribes one of the sets of electron-emissive elements. The focusing system has a group of focus openings (40) located respectively above the control openings. Each control opening is largely centered on, or/and is no more than 50% as large as, the corresponding focus opening in the specified direction.