Abstract: A display device exhibiting improved thermal performance at the faceplate by utilizing a layer of thermally highly conductive substantially optically transmissive solid material is provided. According to the invention, an optically transmissive display faceplate is disclosed having a substantially planar optically transmissive base sheet or a substantially optically transmissive region of substantially uniform thickness of a cathode ray tube envelope. On the base sheet is disposed at least one layer of substantially optically transmissive solid material, such as a deposited diamond film, with thermal conductivity greater than that of the faceplate material disposed on at least a part of a major surface of the substantially optically transmissive base sheet or substantially optically transmissive region of substantially uniform thickness of a cathode ray tube envelope.

Abstract: Heat transfer means are disclosed to remove heat from a fused quartz arc tube being employed as the light source in an electric discharge lamp. The heat removal is carried out during lamp operation with a fused quartz protuberance that cooperates to remove heat being conducted through the arc tube walls. Various lamp embodiments are disclosed whereby such fused quartz protuberance is physically disposed adjacent the hot spot region of the arc tube in a xenon-metal halide lamp.

Abstract: A low-wattage metal-halide discharge lamp has a quartz tube of the double-ended type that forms a bulb or envelope, a pair of electrodes, e.g., an anode and a cathode, which penetrate into an arc chamber inside the envelope, and a suitable amount of mercury plus one or more metal halide salts. The electrodes are each formed of a refractory metal, i.e., tungsten wire, extending through the respective necks into the arc chamber. Heat dissipation through the neck is controlled by constructing the quartz shanks to that they have shank segments of a desired surface area that extend from the necks a distance equal to the length of the arc chamber. A shank segment loading factor defined as the rated power divided by the shank segment surface areas, and should be in a target range of 12 to 36 w cm.sup.-2. Lamps of this design achieve high efficacy at relatively low power, i.e., below 30 watts.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling a cathode ray tube in a projection television receiver including a lens assembly for focusing images formed by the cathode ray tube. A cooling chamber is arranged in front of the cathode ray tube and behind the lens assembly in thermal contact with the face of the cathode ray tube through which the images are projected. This cooling chamber is then filled with an optically clear substantially waterless liquid consisting of an isoparaffinic solvent which is distributed under the trademark ISOPAR V.

Abstract: A cathode-ray tube device for generating a bright light spot is provided, in the path of radiation, a container with a coolant from the cathode-ray tube containing a solution of about 0.5-2.0% by weight of a surfactant selected from the group consisting of sorbitan esters of fatty acids of 12-18 carbons, polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof and ethers of polyoxyethylene in polyethylene glycol 200-300 all of said container in contact with said solution being formed of polymethyl methacrylate and all surfaces of which container are in contact with said solution are provided with a thin layer of silicon dioxide.

Abstract: Anode and cathode means are provided for a metal halide lamp which cooperate in providing more rapid light output during lamp start-up. A xenon-metal halide lamp employing the improved discharge electrode means is disclosed along with an automotive headlamp having this lamp for its light source.

Abstract: A low wattage metal halide capsule shape having a cylindrical shape geometry with asymmetrical regions behind the anode and cathode for direct current operation is disclosed. The disclosure concerns several arc tube geometries to encourage internal convective flow in small, direct current arc discharge lamps.

Abstract: A photoconductive device having a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film, a photoconductive film and a layer of an insulator provided on at least part of the substrate and of high thermal conductivity, and a method of operating the photoconductive device. Thus, especially, the temperature of a photoconductive film of an imaging device typical of an image pick-up tube or the photoconductive device which may be a one- or a two-dimensional image sensor or a photocell can be controlled precisely and efficiently.

Abstract: The discharge space of a flat type fluorescent lamp in which a pair of electrodes are oppositely positioned for producing discharge therebetween establishes a predetermined elongated width W along the pair of electrodes and a prescribed height H in a direction perpendicular to the discharge direction. A fill including argon is sealed in the discharge space at a target pressure F (torr) which satisfies the following relationship when an aspect ratio F defined by the ratio of the predetermined elongated width W to the prescribed height H is equal to or greater than four and is equal to or less than eight: 10.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.-5/2 (F-4)+40; and the following relationship when the aspect ratio F is equal to or greater than eight and is equal to or less than eighteen: 10.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.30.

Abstract: An electrodeless high intensity discharge lamp having an excitation coil disposed about an arc tube includes thermal apparatus for ensuring that a metal halide condensate forms a protective film on the portion of the arc tube which is nearest the plasma arc discharge during lamp operation. For a short, cylindrical arc tube, the thermal apparatus comprises a heat shield situated on the top and/or bottom thereof. In one embodiment, the bottom of the arc tube is concave to ensure that the condensate does not collect on the bottom of the arc tube. The excitation coil may be situated sufficiently close to the arc tube to ensure that enough heat is removed from the side wall of the arc tube to a heat sink so that the protective metal halide film forms on the inner surface of the arc tube wall. An outer glass envelope is preferably situated between the arc tube and the excitation coil, which envelope also functions to remove heat from the arc tube side wall.

Abstract: Apparatus for cooling the lamp envelope of an electrodeless lamp which includes a conduit for carrying cooling gas into the vicinity of the lamp envelope and directing the cooling gas towards the lamp envelope through a slotted orifice in a wall of the conduit. The slotted orifice is preferably oriented with its long dimension substantially perpendicular to the conduct orifice and substantially parallel to the axis of a rotating lamp envelope.

Abstract: Electrodeless low-pressure discharge lamp having a discharge vessel which is sealed in a gastight manner and is filled with an ionisable metal vapor and a rare gas, which lamp has a cylindrical core of a magnetic material in which during lamp operation an electromagnetic field is generated in the discharge vessel by a metal wire winding surrounding the core and a high-frequency electric power supply unit connected thereto, the magnetic material core being provided with a cooling body consisting of a heat pipe which is located at the area of the longitudinal axis of the core and is surrounded by the core at least as far as the proximity of its first end, while the second end of the heat pipe is maintained at a relatively low temperature.

Abstract: A metal vapor discharge lamp has an envelope formed of a vitreous high temperature resistant material. A pair of electrodes each has a metal rod and an arc supporting electrode. The metal rods are sealed at one end of the envelope. The envelope is filled with a starting gas and a charge. The present invention also includes insulating films formed on the envelope behind the arc supporting electrodes to increase the vapor pressure of the charge, and improve output and the spectral color distribution.

Abstract: A high-pressure sodium discharge lamp having a nominal power of at most 50 W provided with an elongate ceramic lamp vessel, which has over a length L an at least substantially constant inner diameter .phi. and a substantially constant wall thickness d, in which discharge vessel electrodes are arranged with their tips opposite to each other at a relative distance D. During operation, the lamp emits light having a color temperature of at least 2250K. According to the invention, it holds that D/L.ltoreq.0.5 and (.phi.+d).ltoreq.2.5 mm, while the discharge vessel is in mechanical contact with a substantially radially extending molding.

Abstract: An end-viewed vapor discharge lamp having a differential temperature control structure that removes heat more effectively from a base end of the lamp than from the light emitting output end of the lamp. The lamp envelope which contains an excitable vapor, such as mercury, includes a small bore capillary tube with a window at one end. A large bore extension contiguous with the capillary tube and a parallel second tube contain electrodes for providing a discharge in the capillary tube. A thermally conductive shell surrounds and is spaced apart from sides of the envelope and is partly filled with a thermally conductive material around the base end of the envelope. The output end around the capillary tube is free of this material. Heat conduction is better at the base end so that the capillary tube runs hotter, inhibiting condensation of vapor and giving a stable light output. An optional heater pad may be provided around the shell for maintaining an optimal temperature for maximum light output.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp having a pair of discharge devices with one of them initially operative. The discharge devices are laterally adjacent with the higher temperature end of the operative discharge device proximate the lower temperature end of the inoperative discharge device for heating it during lamp operation. This facilitates starting of the inoperative discharge device after a momentary power interruption.

Abstract: A method of modifying light and heat emission patterns from an electrodeless lamp which includes an envelope containing a plasma-forming medium and a source of electromagnetic energy coupled to the plasma-forming medium. The method consists of rotating the envelope at a rate fast enough to modify surface heating and the distribution of radiating plasma along lines of constant longitude on the envelope.

Abstract: A mercury-vapor lamp is provided with a reservoir in which a superfluous amount of mercury is stored in the form of liquid state. The liquid mercury in the reservoir is cooled to a certain temperature. The pressure of mercury-vapor is automatically reduced to the saturated pressure of the liquid mercury cooled. In this configuration, the pressure of mercury-vapor is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the liquid mercury stored in the reservoir.

Abstract: A plug-in lamp assembly for use as a picture element in an information display screen includes a plurality of low-pressure arc discharge lamps for selectively generating multiple colors, a lamp plug for interconnection and mounting of the discharge lamps, and a lamp socket for plug-in attachment of the lamp plug. Each discharge lamp has electrical leads extending from a first end thereof and a light output region at a second end thereof. The lamp plug comprises a base having spaced-apart electrical connector pins and a cap attached to the base. The first ends of the discharge lamps extend through openings in the top wall of the cap into the lamp plug, and selected electrical leads are coupled to the electrical connector pins. The lamp plug and the lamp socket include openings for directing cooling air over the first ends of the discharge lamps.

Abstract: An electrodeless lamp bulb is rotated about an axis which is at a designated angle to the predominant direction of the electrical field. This has the effect of evening out the temperature distribution about the bulb and reducing the formation of hot and cold spots.

Abstract: Projection television display tubes having an evacuated envelope (1) with a display window (4) which on its inside comprises a display screen (5) and in front of which a light permeable second window (6) is provided on its outside, a cooling liquid (16) flowing through the space (7) between the display window (4) and the second window (6) from at least one inlet aperture to at least one outlet aperture (17) namely by temperature differences in said cooling liquid. When in such a projection television display tube at the area of the windows (4, 6) and around the said space (7) a cooling jacket (8) is provided which comprises at least one duct (9) which transports the cooling liquid (6) from the outlet aperture(s) to the inlet aperture(s) of the said space, an effective cooling is obtained at a power between 12 and 25-30 W without external pipes or a heat exchanger.

Abstract: This invention provides a source of optical radiation of high brightness obtained from an output window that is located on the axis of an extended length arc discharge device. The arc discharge device is confined by an electrically insulating tubular element, and caused by the tubular element to have an extended length to diameter ratio. The tubular element is provided with a reflecting surface that improves efficiency and increases output. Means are provided to transfer heat from the tubular element and to support high internal gas pressure, and to thereby facilitate use of a very high brightness arc discharge.

Abstract: A metal-halide arc tube and lamp having improved uniformity of azimuthal luminous intensity and being particularly suited for navigational signal applications. The arc tube when operationally positioned about a vertical axis has a body which is substantially egg-shaped with the lower half of the body being more oblate than the upper half. During operation, the surface of the upper half of the arc tube body remains entirely free of metal-halide condensate so that no emitted light is blocked by condensate in any direction and nearly uniform azimuthal intensity is achieved. A heat-reflecting coating about the lower electrode prevents the formation of a condensate puddle about the lower electrode and relocates the condensate during operation to an area of the lower half above the coating and below the center of the arc tube.

Abstract: A metal-halide arc tube and lamp having improved uniformity of azimuthal luminous intensity and being particularly suited for navigational signal applications. The arc tube when operationally positioned about a vertical axis has a body which is substantially egg-shaped with the lower half of the body being more oblate than the upper half. During operation, the surface of the upper half of the arc tube body remains entirely free of metal-halide condensate so that no emitted light is blocked by condensate in any direction and nearly uniform azimuthal intensity is achieved. A heat-reflecting coating about the lower electrode prevents the formation of a condensate puddle about the lower electrode and relocates the condensate during operation to an area of the lower half above the coating and below the center of the arc tube.

Abstract: Discharge tube apparatus includes an outer containing vessel and a structure comprising for example five metal cylinders located co-axially within it. Each of the metal cylinders includes projecting spacers on its outer surface which serve to space it from adjacent ones. Such a structure is thermally insulating and may be arranged to enable a large temperature difference to be maintained between the interior of the discharge tube and the outer containing vessel. In other embodiments, a plurality of structures are included disposed along the axis of the tube. Also, dispenser segments for dispensing part of the active medium of a metal vapor laser may be included and arranged to shield vulnerable surfaces in the tube from direct exposure to the discharge.

Abstract: To provide for preheating of a high-pressure discharge lamp (6) having a charge vessel (7) closed off by a pinch or press seal (8), a ceramic holder (1), typically a ceramic tube with multiple capillary openings therein, has a heating wire threaded through the capillary openings, and the ceramic holder is located in intimate thermal transfer with respect to the lamp, for example by being placed and cemented in the transition zone between the discharge vessel (7) and the pinch or press seal. Heater power of about 10 W applied to two such ceramic capillary heaters located adjacent both sides of the pinch or press seal permits preheating the fill of the lamp so that 40% of rated light output can be obtained within several seconds after energization of the electrodes. The lamp is suitable as a headlamp for vehicular use and can be constructed in miniature size, with a discharge vessel volume in the range of 100ths cm.sup.3.

Abstract: In an arc tube for a high intensity metal halide discharge lamp, a particular composition of metal halide dose is provided to control thorium transport to the electrodes within the arc tube and tungsten transport to the wall to improve arc tube performance.

Abstract: A magnetron apparatus comprises a magnetron with an anode cylinder, and a radiator having an integral construction and attached to the outer peripheral surface of the anode cylinder so as to allow cooling air to pass therethrough. The radiator includes a plurality of horizontal plates arranged in stages and each having a cylindrical portion for receiving the anode cylinder, and a pair of vertical walls which connect adjacent ends of the horizontal plates, the vertical walls serving to maintain, between adjacent horizontal plates, a gap which is greater than the axial length of the cylindrical portion. The radiator, which has an integral construction of cooling plates; can be installed on the anode cylinder of the magnetron easily in such a manner to ensure a close contact between the radiator and the anode cylinder.

Abstract: An arc discharge lamp assembly simulating the appearance of a gaslight for installation in an existing incandescent light fixture. The assembly includes an arc discharge lamp having electrical contact means (e.g., a pair of contacts on the base of the lamp) located at one end thereof. A mantle supported by a wire frame substantially encloses the arc discharge lamp. In a preferred embodiment, the lamp includes at least two longitudinally extending leg members having a predetermined spacing therebetween and joined together by a transversely extending envelope portion. A diffusing means is disposed adjacent the leg members to provide an appearance of a substantially uniform light output from the entirety of the envelope during operation of the lamp.

Abstract: The bulb (1) of an incandescent lamp, such as a vehicular headlight, is mted on a base structure (3) without cementing, by means of a securing element (2) having two shell-shaped halves (4). Each half (4) has a lug (5) on one side and bent tabs (6) on its other side which engage the lug (5) of the other half (4) to form a cuff around the pinch seal of the lamp and to connect the lamp to the base structure (3), which may be made of plastic. Each half (4) has a flange (8) with a projecting rim (10) whose curvature matches that of a tubular base structure (3). The projecting rim (10) has perforations (9) so that, if a plastic base structure (3) is used, the rim (10) can be connected to the base structure (3) by high-frequency heating, which causes the plastic to permeate the perforations (9) and harden therein.

Abstract: A coupled cavity travelling wave tube has a coupling wall/ferro-magnetic pole piece formed as an iron-copper-iron sandwich with a coolant channel therein defined at least in part by the inner copper member of the sandwich. Where the coolant channel is defined also in part by a surface of an outer ferromagnetic member, at least that surface is electroplated.

Abstract: The invention described herein discloses a method and apparatus for controlling the Hg vapor pressure within a lamp. This is done by establishing and controlling two temperature zones within the lamp. One zone is colder than the other zone. The first zone is called the cold spot. By controlling the temperature of the cold spot, the Hg vapor pressure within the lamp is controlled. Likewise, by controlling the Hg vapor pressure of the lamp, the intensity and linewidth of the radiation emitted from the lamp is controlled.

Abstract: An improved structure for cooling a cathode ray tube apparatus for projecting color images includes a cooling medium contained in a space defined by a front panel of the cathode ray tube, a front panel or lens, and a metallic frame for transferring heat from the tube to the frame. An improvement includes an air or expansion chamber communicating with the defined cooling medium space to permit expansion of the heated cooling medium into the chamber, while preserving the distance between the front panel of the tube and the lens.

Abstract: A cooling system for a projection television receiver, the receiver having at least one cathode ray tube with a face thereon, comprising a lens for focusing light exiting from the tube; a frame supporting the lens in alignment with the face of the tube for defining a cooling chamber between the lens and the face with a fluid therein; and seals for sealing the tube and the lens to the frame in a fluid-tight manner and essentially preventing gas from the fluid sealed in the chamber from exiting the chamber. The seals are preferably of a material which is essentially, impermeable to the passage of the gas, such as co-vulcanized ethylene propylene rubber and polydimethyle siloxane.

Abstract: An efficiently cooled display tube is obtained by pumping a low viscosity liquid having a high heat capacity through a cooling space less than 1 mm. thick on the outside of the display window. A chamber is smoothly connected to the inlet aperture of the cooling space to assure a laminar flow, eliminating swirls which could give rise to refractive patterns in the display picture.

Abstract: An electric lamp having a glass lamp vessel 1 with a seal 7 coated with an intermediate coating layer of zirconium oxide 8. Lamp vessel 1 is connected at its seal 7 by a sealing cement 9 to a lamp cap 2. Zirconium oxide coating 8 completely separates seal 7 from sealing cement 9 and reduces mutual adherence therebetween. During operation of the lamp, zirconium oxide coating 8 reduces the thermal load and prevents cracking of seal 7 of lamp vessel 1.

Abstract: A projection television receiver comprises at least one cathode ray tube for receiving video signals and projecting images therefrom, the tube including a face; a lens mounted adjacent to the face for focusing the images projected by the tube; and a coolant disposed between the lens and the face for absorbing and dissipating heat from the tube, the lens and the coolant having substantially the same refractive index for reducing reflection. The coolant may be a mixture of glycerol and ethylene glycol including about 20 to about 40% by weight of glycerol.

Abstract: A method of cooling the lamp envelope of an electrodeless lamp by directing a stream of cooling gas at the envelope while providing relative rotation between the lamp envelope and the stream of cooling gas. The relative rotation can be achieved by rotating the envelope, or the source of cooling gas, or both.

Abstract: To improve the stability of operation of a compact, single-ended fluoresc lamp under "base down" operation, and provide for a predetermined temperature "cold spot" defining the vapor pressure within the fluorescent lamp, and particularly for a lamp having four parallel tubular portions which are interconnected to form a continuous discharge vessel, one of the tubular portions which does not carry an electrode has a small tube or stub element (16) connected into a pinch seal terminating the particular tubular element, the stub element extending below the pinch seal and into the base of the lamp. The lamp is formed with two vertically arranged openings to provide for passage of cooling air, by thermal convection, from a lower opening (17), past the cooling tube or stub (16) and to an upper outlet vent opening (19).

Abstract: A system for converting three-phase AC to DC voltage employs three separate converter circuits having their outputs connected in parallel to reduce current harmonics. Each converter circuit includes a full wave rectifier feeding a pulse width current modulator which modulates the DC current flow to the load in a manner to maintain the magnitude of the DC current proportional to the instantaneous magnitude of the DC voltage. The current modulators act as substantially resistive loads to reduce source current harmonics and correct the power factor. The modulators include a pair of transistors connected in a push-pull circuit which are controlled by an oscillator circuit to modulate the DC current at a frequency which is many orders of magnitude greater than the line frequency of the AC source. The DC current outputs of the modulators are coupled through DC/DC isolation transformers to the load.

Abstract: Projection television display tube comprising an evacuated envelope having a display window provided on its inside with a display screen, a transparent second window which is disposed in front of said display window on its outside, and a transparent coolant flowing through the space between the display window and the second window, said coolant conveying the heat taken up at the display window through a cooling member to the atmosphere. The coolant is also in thermally conducting contact with a latent heat accumulator, so that an effective cooling is obtained even at peak loads of more than 40 W, and without external pipes.

Abstract: A liquid-cooled projection tube apparatus has a projection tube, a metal plate having an opening and fixed in close contact with a face plate of the projection tube, and a transparent plate made of resin fixed in close contact with the metal plate. A space surrounded by the face plate, metal plate and transparent plate is filled with a liquid. The transparent plate has a groove, and the metal plate has a projection around the opening which is fitted into the groove so that the transparent plate is easily positioned with respect to the metal plate and that the liquid is sealed within the space.

Abstract: For cooling the faceplate of a high-energy cathode ray tube in an in-line television projection system, a cooling cell (5) constructed as a separate entity is interposed between the CRT faceplate (2) and the transmission lens (3) which is arranged in front of and in line with the cathode ray (1). The cooling cell comprises two flexible transparent diaphragms (6 and 7) which are connected at their peripheries to form an enclosure (8) for containing a cooling liquid and which are arranged in contact with the front surface 2a of the CRT faceplate and the rear surface (4) of the lens. The cooling cell has an inlet (11) and an outlet (12) through which circulating liquid enters and leaves the cell.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp provided with a cylindrical shield near an end and around and at a certain distance from the discharge envelope. The cylindrical shield is electrically insulated from current-conveying parts, so that migration of filling constituents through the wall of the discharge envelope is counteracted.

Abstract: A display device with a cooling circuit in the screen to limit the rise in temperature of the luminescent material, particularly during strong current densities of the electron beam. The device comprises a window formed of an optical fiber plate of which one or several cladding glasses have been partially removed in order to form channels for the passage of a cooling liquid while maintaining studs comprising light conductors formed by the glass core surrounded by a cladding glass of the optical fiber plate. A transparent display window having a luminescent layer is glued or sealed to the window thus constituting a cooling network connected to an external circulation by pipes embedded in moulding tubes.

Abstract: In this invention, disposed in front of a front panel (1a) of a cathode ray tube (1) is a transparent panel (2) through a metal spacer (3) which serves also as a heat radiator, a liquid tight space (5) is formed between the front panel (1a) and the transparent panel (2), a transparent liquid coolant (6) is sealed in the space (5), a protruded portion (3C) is provided on at least the upper end portion of the transparent panel (2) and an extended space (5A) into which the liquid coolant is injected is formed between the protruded portion and the metal spacer (3), whereby it is possible to effectively radiate the heat generated in the front panel (1a) of the cathode ray tube (1).

Abstract: A linear beam tube has multiple heat pipes formed integrally in the cavity wall between the beam collector and external air cooling fins. The heat pipes use sintered copper pellets on the walls of the pipes as wicks to facilitate the return flow of liquid condensed at the fins. Circumferential channels connect the heat pipes at each end to reduce vapor lock effects. Vapor surface area enhancement rods are used at the heat source to increase the transfer rates of heat into the fluid.

Abstract: A lamp having an integral heat sink that gives off heat as well as light during operation. The heat sink intersects the surface of the lamp adjacent the lamp filament for maximum heat transfer effect with minimum light radiation loss.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube apparatus having a glass panel in front of the phosphor screen made of a material which has an X-ray absorption coefficient larger than that of the backing on which the phosphor layer is applied. The two panels are separated by means of a spacer and a liquid coolant is incorporated into the space between the panels to enhance the heat radiation effect of the phosphor surface and to avoid the radiation of X-rays.

Abstract: A low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp having a lamp envelope (1) which encloses a folded tubular discharge vessel (2), the discharge vessel being provided with an appendix (6) which is kept at a relatively low temperature by a heat shield (7) located within the lamp envelope. The heat shield shields the outer wall surface of the appendix from the outer wall of the discharge vessel. The cooler appendix serves to maintain the mercury vapor pressure at an optimum value during operation of the lamp.