Abstract: A transparent display panel including a transparent substrate and a plurality of display units formed on the substrate is provided. Each of the display units includes a color light area and a least one of transparent areas disposed around the color light area. The color light area has a geometric center, a first color pixel structure, a second color pixel structure, and a third color pixel structure. The first, second and third color pixel structures take the geometric center as a center in each display unit and are disposed in a radial way corresponding to the center to form the color light area.

Abstract: The manufacturing method of the light-emitting device is provided in which an auxiliary electrode in contact with an electrode formed using a transparent conductive film of a light-emitting element is formed using a mask, and direct contact between the auxiliary electrode and an EL layer is prevented by oxidizing the auxiliary electrode. Further, the light-emitting device manufactured according to the method and the lighting device including the light-emitting device are provided.

Abstract: Objects are to provide a small imaging device that can take an image of a thick book without distortion of an image of a gutter and to improve the portability of an imaging device by downsizing the imaging device. The imaging device has imaging planes on both surfaces. All elements included in the imaging device are preferably provided over one substrate. In other words, the imaging device has a first imaging plane and a second imaging plane facing opposite to the first imaging plane.

Abstract: An electro-optical device comprises a substrate, a scanning line, a data line, a pixel circuit, and a first storage capacitor holding a first voltage corresponding to a data signal. The first storage capacitor includes a first portion and a second portion connected in parallel. The first portion and the second portion overlap when viewed from a direction orthogonal with respect to the first main surface.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup device is provided which can inhibit degradation of image quality which may occur when a global electronic shutter operation is performed. A gate drive line for a first transistor of gate drive lines for pixel transistors is positioned in proximity to a converting unit.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element disposed in a display region and including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a light-emitting functional layer. The light-emitting device includes a wiring formed in a periphery of the display region and that is electrically connected to the second electrode, and a filter layer having a first color filter that overlaps the light-emitting element and a first layer that overlaps the peripheral wiring. The first color filter and the first layer are formed from a first colored layer that transmits light having a first wavelength.

Abstract: A large-format substrate with distributed control elements is formed by providing a substrate and a wafer, the wafer having a plurality of separate, independent chiplets formed thereon; imaging the wafer and analyzing the wafer image to determine which of the chiplets are defective; removing the defective chiplet(s) from the wafer leaving remaining chiplets in place on the wafer; printing the remaining chiplet(s) onto the substrate forming empty chiplet location(s); and printing additional chiplet(s) from the same or a different wafer into the empty chiplet location(s).

Abstract: There is provided a thin film transistor having improved reliability. A gate electrode includes a first gate electrode having a taper portion and a second gate electrode with a width narrower than the first gate electrode. A semiconductor layer is doped with phosphorus of a low concentration through the first gate electrode. In the semiconductor layer, two kinds of n?-type impurity regions are formed between a channel formation region and n+-type impurity regions. Some of the n?-type impurity regions overlap with a gate electrode, and the other n?-type impurity regions do not overlap with the gate electrode. Since the two kinds of n?-type impurity regions are formed, an off current can be reduced, and deterioration of characteristics can be suppressed.

Abstract: A pixel arrangement structure for an organic light-emitting diode display includes at least one first sub-pixel line having alternately disposed first and second sub-pixel units in a first direction. Each first sub-pixel unit includes four diagonally disposed red sub-pixels. Each second sub-pixel unit includes four diagonally disposed green sub-pixels. At least two second sub-pixel lines are respectively located on two sides of the first sub-pixel line. Each second sub-pixel line includes third sub-pixel units arranged in the first direction. Each third sub-pixel unit is located between one of the first sub-pixel units and one of the second sub-pixel units in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction and includes two blue sub-pixels arranged in the second direction. A red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel, which are adjacent to each other and which are respectively of the first sub-pixel line and the second sub-pixel line, form a pixel.

Abstract: A method for forming a thin film for fabricating an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one aspect, the method includes forming a plurality of shadow masks on a substrate. The substrate is then bent to form a predetermined curvature in the substrate. A deposition source is placed at a position having an equal angle with respect to central and peripheral portions of the substrate. The method also includes depositing a deposition material from the deposition source on the substrate and the shadow masks to form a thin film.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic p-n junction based ultraviolet detection device and an ultraviolet image detector using the device. The organic p-n junction based ultraviolet detection device (40) includes: an active glass substrate (42) and a packaging glass substrate (44) that are arranged and opposite to each other, a plurality of organic p-n junctions (43) arranged between the active glass substrate (42) and the packaging glass substrate (44), and a packaging material (48) arranged along a circumferential edge area of the active glass substrate (42) and the packaging glass substrate (44). The plurality of organic p-n junctions (43) is arranged in the form of an array on the active glass substrate (42).

Abstract: A display panel includes a plurality of pixel circuits. Each of pixel circuits comprises an emission unit including an organic light emitting diode, a pixel driving unit configured to drive an emission unit based on a scan signal and a data signal, and a switch unit configured to control an electrical connection between an emission unit and a pixel driving unit based on an emission signal. A first parasitic capacitance between an emission unit included in a first pixel circuit of pixel circuits and a pixel driving unit included in a first pixel circuit is smaller than a second parasitic capacitance between an emission unit included in a first pixel circuit and a pixel driving unit included in a second pixel circuit of pixel circuits adjacent to a first pixel circuit.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode comprising a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a stack of functional layers, including an organic light-emitting layer, sandwiched between said first electrode layer and said second electrode layer, and an passivation layer arranged adjacent to said first electrode layer is disclosed. The passivation layer reacts with the first electrode layer to form an oxide at a reaction temperature that is induced by an evolving short circuit between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The passivation layer is unreactive at temperatures lower than the reaction temperature.

Abstract: A display panel with a plurality of unit pixels, each of the plurality of unit pixels including a first sub-pixel having a polygonal shape having five or more sides, a second sub-pixel having a rectangular shape, and a third sub-pixel having a polygonal shape having five or more sides, the first, second, and third sub-pixels being configured to emit light having different colors from each other, and the first sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel being symmetrically arranged with respect to the second sub-pixel.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device and a method of fabricating the same includes a first substrate; a thin film transistor (TFT) on the first substrate; a planarization layer on the TFT; an organic light emitting diode (OLED) on the planarization layer; a passivation layer on the OLED; a second substrate on the passivation; and a hydrogen capturing material between the first and the second substrates to prevent oxidation of materials forming the TFT.

Abstract: An optoelectronic semiconductor module includes a chip carrier, a light emitting semiconductor chip mounted on the chip carrier and a cover element with an at least partly light transmissive cover plate, which is arranged on the side of the semiconductor chip facing away from the chip carrier, and has a frame part, wherein the frame part laterally encloses the semiconductor chip, is joined to the cover plate in a joining-layer free fashion and is joined to the chip carrier on its side remote from the cover plate.

Abstract: A display panel includes a carrier substrate, a system interconnect, and a plurality of display modules disposed across the carrier substrate. The display modules are each communicatively coupled to the system interconnect to each output a different portion of an overall image communicated via the system interconnect. Each of the display modules includes an array of direct emission display pixels and a module interconnect to couple the array of direct emission display pixels to the system interconnect. The array of direct emission display pixels of a given display module of the plurality of display modules is distinct and separate from the array of direct emission display pixels of other display modules of the plurality of display modules.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device (20) having a first layer comprising a fluorinated first organic compound with one or more fluorene residues and soluble in a fluorinated solvent, the first layer being adjacent to a second layer having second organic compound that is insoluble in a fluorinated solvent, and methods and materials for making said device.

Abstract: A multi-layered film includes: a plate-like flexible base member; first inorganic members that are each plate-like and arranged on the base member in separation from each other in a direction parallel to a main surface of the base member; a first organic member provided on the base member so as to be positioned between each adjacent two first inorganic members and surround each first inorganic member; a second inorganic member that covers an upper surface and lateral surfaces of the first organic member; and a second organic member that is provided on or above the first inorganic members, and is surrounded by the second inorganic member. Each lateral surface portion of the second inorganic member covering a corresponding lateral surface of the first organic member is thinner than each first inorganic member and each upper surface portion of the second inorganic member covering a corresponding portion of the upper surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic electroluminescent device (OELD) includes a first substrate including a pixel region that includes an element region and a light emission region; a storage capacitor disposed at the element region, and including a first storage electrode, a first buffer layer on the first storage electrode, and a second storage electrode on the first buffer layer; a second buffer layer on the storage capacitor; a plurality of TFTs on the second buffer layer at the element region; and a passivation layer on the plurality of TFTs, wherein the storage capacitor overlaps at least one of the plurality of TFTs.

Abstract: A quantum dot color filter, comprising: a base substrate (11); a pixel layer (14) provided on the base substrate (11), comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each of the pixels comprises a plurality of color sub-pixels (14R, 14G, 14B) of different colors, and at least one of the color sub-pixels (14R, 14G, 14B) is formed of a quantum dot material, and a color of light generated by the quantum dot material after the quantum dot material is excited by incident light (80) is the same as a color of the color sub-pixel (14R, 14G 14B) corresponding to the quantum dot material; an optical filtering layer (12) provided on the base substrate (11), which is disposed to correspond to the color sub-pixel formed of the quantum dot material, and configured to absorb the incident light (80) that fails to excite the quantum dot material but is transmitted through the color sub-pixel (14R, 14G, 14B). The quantum dot color filter has increased transmittance, and improved and enriched brightness and color of a picture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image display device and a method for repairing a short circuit failure. The present invention is applicable to, for example, an active matrix type image display device using an organic EL device, and a short circuit location between wiring patterns is able to be repaired. In a scanning line WSL or a signal line DTL, a bypass wiring pattern BP for bypassing a region where the signal line DTL and the scanning line WSL intersect with each other is provided. By using the bypass wiring pattern BP, a short circuit location between wiring patterns is repaired.

Abstract: A multicolor light emitting diode lamp includes a blue LED and a AlGaInP-based red LED having high luminescence efficiency, balancing with the blue LED are mounted in the same package. The red LED includes a light emitting section including a light emitting layer having a composition formula, (AlXGa1-X)YIn1-YP (0?X?1 and 0<Y?1). The red LED emits at least as many photons as the blue LED when the same electric current is flowed. When a strong red light is desirable for plant growth, by mounting two red LEDs and one blue LED, a desired mixed color is obtained with one lamp, and irradiation of light can be made uniform.

Abstract: A color filter substrate includes a color material layer that transmits light to generate colors of an image, and a change layer that is formed on a surface of the color material layer on which light is incident or on a surface of the color material layer from which light is emitted, and that has a characteristic in which a portion irradiated with laser light changes into black.

Abstract: A display panel includes a flexible substrate, a first display region, a second display region, and a third display region. The first display region has a quadrangle outline and includes a first side and a second side forming a first corner portion of the outline. The second display region is in contact with the first side and the width of the second display region in a direction parallel to the first side coincides with the length of the first side. The third display region is in contact with the second side and the width of the third display region in a direction parallel to the second side coincides with the length of the second side. The substrate includes a notch portion corresponding a region facing the first display region with the first corner portion provided therebetween.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an organic light emitting display panel is disclosed. The organic light emitting display panel includes a substrate. The method includes forming a plurality of bank arrays, each of which has a plurality of banks, utilizing a plurality of ink-jet heads, each of which has a plurality of nozzles arranged alternately, to move relative to the substrate along a moving direction perpendicular to a border of the substrate, and utilizing at least one of the plurality of nozzles to drop organic light emitting ink for forming at least one organic light emitting pixel in at least one bank. An oblique angle is formed between an arrangement direction of the plurality of banks and the border of the substrate. Each ink-jet head forms the oblique angle cooperatively with the border of the substrate.

Abstract: To improve efficiency when manufacturing a light emitting device formed using a mask to form regions corresponding to pixels on a substrate, provided is a method including, after forming a pattern on a substrate with a first light emitting material that emits light of a first spectrum, through a first opening and one or more second openings of a mask, moving the mask in a longitudinal direction of the first opening by a distance that is less than the width of the first opening in the longitudinal direction of the first opening and greater than or equal to the width of the one or more second openings in the longitudinal direction of the first opening, and then forming a pattern with a second light emitting material that emits light of a second spectrum, through the first opening and the one or more second openings of the mask.

Abstract: An organic EL panel including an organic light-emitting layer with a miniaturized structure formed by a wet process, allowing for excellent light-emitting characteristics, and a method for manufacturing the same. Specifically, the display panel includes: a substrate; first electrodes arranged above the substrate along a first and second direction intersecting with each other; a first, second, and third organic light-emitting layer arranged above the first electrodes so as to be adjacent to each other in the second direction, and each containing an organic light-emitting material corresponding to a different emission color; a first bank separating the first and the second layer; a second bank separating the second and the third layer; and a second electrode disposed above the first, the second, and the third layer and being different in polarity from the first electrodes. The first and the second bank are different in width along the second direction.

Abstract: A display device includes pixels, gate lines, and data lines on a substrate. The pixels include sub-pixels, and each sub-pixel includes a respective one of a plurality of first electrodes connected to one of the gate lines and one of the data lines. The first electrode of the sub-pixel at an n-th row and the first electrode of the sub-pixel at an (n+2)-th row in a same column are connected to different ones of the data lines. The sub-pixels in the n-th and (n+2)-th rows in the same column emit the same color of light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device and, more particularly, to a display device configured to minimize short circuit of power lines by minimizing overlap between the power lines. A display device according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a first substrate on which data lines, scan lines intersecting the data lines, first to p-th (p being a natural number greater than 1) power lines through which first to p-th source voltages are supplied, and pixels arranged in a matrix form are formed; and a second substrate on which first to p-th auxiliary electrodes are formed, wherein the first to p-th power lines are respectively connected to the first to p-th auxiliary electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides an active matrix organic light-emitting diode display substrate and a display device. The active matrix organic light-emitting diode display substrate comprises a substrate and a plurality of pixel structures arranged in a matrix on the substrate, and further comprises a power signal structure for providing a power signal to each pixel structure, wherein the power signal structure comprises one layer of power signal electrode having a planar structure. By designing the power signal structure to include a power signal electrode having a planar structure, resistance of the power signal structure is reduced, and accordingly voltage drop of VDD decreases, thus the difference in driving voltage among organic light-emitting diodes is relatively small, and uniformity of display brightness of a display panel is ensured.

Abstract: An outdoor area LED lighting system including: a housing containing a large array of LEDs mounted to an aluminum direct thermal path printed circuit board and a single lens. The large array of LEDs are capable of producing light rays directed through the single lens to produce a beam of light to illuminate the outdoor area. The single lens is preferably a Fresnel lens. The housing is preferably capable of being sealed in a weather-tight manner. A second housing may at least partially surround the first housing such that at least one air passage is provided between the first housing and the second housing. A heat sink including a heat block in thermal communication with a plurality of heat tubes and fin assemblies may be in partial thermal contact with the LED module and in fluid communication with the at least one air passage. At least one fan may be provided in or in fluid communication with said at least one air passage to cool the heat sink.

Abstract: A pixel arrangement structure according to the present disclosure may include pixel units parallel to each other. The pixel units each includes a plurality of first pixels and second pixels spaced from each other. The first pixels each include a first sub-pixel located in a first row, a second sub-pixel located in a second row, and a third sub-pixel located in third and fourth rows. The second pixels each include a third sub-pixel located in the first and second rows, a first sub-pixel located in the third row, and a second sub-pixel located in the fourth row. The first sub-pixels and second sub-pixels are arranged horizontally, while the third sub-pixels are arranged longitudinally.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has: a first transparent electrode, a drain electrode, and a source electrode formed on a substrate; an oxide layer joined electrically to the source electrode and the drain electrode and containing a semiconductor region; an insulating layer formed on the oxide layer and the first transparent electrode; a gate electrode formed on the insulating layer; and a second transparent electrode formed so as to overlap at least a part of the first transparent electrode with the insulating layer interposed therebetween. The oxide layer and the first transparent electrode are formed of the same oxide film.

Abstract: New and novel illuminatable fabricated decorative articles and architectural members such as paving blocks, building stones, panels, statuary, tiles, flooring, counter tops, furniture, or the like, emit or display, light of one or a plurality of colors from their surfaces by way of a light source or sources positioned at such surface and removable and changeable through said surface. More specifically architectural members, especially objects, articles, and the like used in construction, constructions, manufacturers and fabrications; and more particularly to such members that incorporate illumination and/or display lighting.

Abstract: A lighting module includes spaced-apart first and second plates, an electroluminescence element disposed in an enclosed space formed between the first and second plates, multiple electrodes and multiple conducting elements. Each electrode has an inner portion electrically connected to the electroluminescence element, and an outer portion disposed in a surrounding space surrounding the enclosed space. Each conducting element is disposed in the surrounding space, and electrically contacts the outer portion of a respective electrode. The conducting elements are exposed outwardly from at least one of the first and second plates. The second plate has a normal projection that falls on and substantially corresponds in size to the first plate.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device comprising: a first electrical supply conductor (206); a second electrical supply conductor (212) which is connected to a first electrical terminal (104); and a functional layer (208) for emitting radiation arranged between the first electrical supply conductor (206) and the second electrical supply conductor (212), the second electrical supply conductor (212) having a lateral first electrical conductivity which changes monotonically over the extent of the second electrical supply conductor (212) away from the first electrical terminal (104).

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display according to an embodiment includes an organic light emitting diode panel configured to display images, a back cover attached to the organic light emitting diode panel by an adhesive layer, a driving circuit board disposed at a rear surface side of the back cover, and a heat radiator disposed between the driving circuit board and the organic light emitting diode panel, so as to redirect heat generated from the driving circuit board away from the organic light emitting diode panel.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode device includes a first electrode, a light emitting member on the first electrode, a second electrode on the light emitting member, which second electrode includes a first material, a protective member on the second electrode, which the protective member includes a second material having a larger absolute value of a standard oxidation potential than that of the first material, and a thin film encapsulating layer on the protective member.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device includes a substrate, a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix on the substrate, and an organic common layer covering the pixel electrodes. The pixel electrodes include a plurality of first pixel electrodes, a plurality of second pixel electrodes, and a plurality of third pixel electrodes. An n-th pixel column includes the second pixel electrodes and the third pixel electrodes arranged alternately, an (n+1)-th pixel column which is adjacent to the n-th pixel column includes the first pixel electrodes, and an (n+2)-th pixel column which is adjacent to the (n+1)-th pixel column includes the second pixel electrodes and the third pixel electrodes arranged alternately, wherein n is a natural number. One of the second and third pixel electrodes is disposed in the n-th pixel column in a row and the other one of the second and third pixel electrodes is disposed in the (n+2)-th pixel column in the same row.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein may provide for devices comprising a digitized OLED light source (900) and/or methods of manufacturing such devices. In some embodiments, a first method may be provided. The first method may include the steps of depositing a first conductive layer (902) over a substrate (901), depositing a first organic layer (904) comprising electroluminescent material over the first conductive layer, and depositing a first patterned image layer (903) over some but not all of the first conductive layer. The first patterned image layer may locally alter the emissive properties of the first organic layer, and the shape of the first patterned image layer may be based on a non-uniform visual image. The first method may further comprise the step of depositing a second conductive layer (905) over the first organic layer.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display is disclosed. According to some aspects, the display includes a substrate having a display region and a peripheral region that surrounds the display region. The display further includes a pixel in the display region, and a contact unit in the peripheral region. The contact unit is configured to receive a common power signal from an external power source. A wiring line unit on the substrate provides a driving signal to the pixel. The pixel includes a first electrode provided on the substrate, an organic light emitting layer provided on the first electrode, and a second electrode that protrudes toward the contact unit on a plane to be electrically coupled to the contact unit. As a result, the area in which the second electrode overlaps the wiring line unit in the peripheral region is reduced and the parasitic capacitance that may be generated between the second electrode and the wiring line may be reduced.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent (EL) display includes a plurality of organic EL devices for red, green, and blue subpixels, each including a first electrode on a light output side, a second electrode opposite the first electrode, and an organic compound layer including a light-emitting layer therebetween. The organic EL devices have a resonator structure between a first reflective surface closer to the first electrode than the organic compound layer and a second reflective surface closer to the second electrode than the organic compound layer. A predetermined white color is displayed by mixing the three colors such that an optical distance of the organic EL devices of each color between an emission position in the light-emitting layer and the second reflective surface is set within ±10% from an optical distance corresponding to an nth-order minimum of a curve of required current density against at least the optical distance.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode and a display device employing the same are provided. The organic light-emitting diode includes a substrate; a cathode disposed on the substrate; an electron injection layer disposed on the cathode, wherein the electron injection layer includes a low work function metal layer and a metal complex layer having carrier injection capability; a light-emitting layer disposed on the electron injection layer; and an anode disposed on the light-emitting layer.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device, having a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, a plurality of pixels disposed between the first and second substrates comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic light-emitting layer disposed between the first and second electrodes, for suppressing external light reflection and reducing pixel blurring by disposing a scattering structure in a direction a light is extracted at a distance equal to or below an adjacent pixel pitch.

Abstract: A light extraction transparent substrate for an organic EL element includes a transparent supporting substrate; a diffraction grating having a first concavity and convexity layer having first concavities and convexities formed on a surface thereof, which is located on a surface of the transparent supporting substrate, and a microlens having a second concavity and convexity layer having second concavities and convexities formed on a surface thereof, which is located on a surface of the transparent supporting substrate. When a Fourier-transformed image is obtained by performing two-dimensional fast Fourier transform processing on a concavity and convexity analysis image obtained by analyzing the shape of each of the first and second concavities and convexities by use of an atomic force microscope, the Fourier-transformed image shows a circular or annular pattern substantially centered at an origin at which an absolute value of wavenumber is 0 ?m?1.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display panel of an organic light emitting display device includes determining a plurality of pixel groups, the pixel groups corresponding to groups of pixels of the display panel, calculating aperture ratios for the pixels, respective aperture ratios being calculated by pixel group based on respective distances between a power unit and the pixel groups, and forming the pixels of the display panel to have the respective aperture ratios according to the corresponding pixel groups.

Abstract: A thin film transistor (TFT) that includes a control electrode, a semiconductor pattern, a first input electrode, a second input electrode, and an output electrode is disclosed. in one aspect, the semiconductor pattern includes a first input area, a second input area, a channel area, and an output area. The channel area is formed between the first input area and the output area and overlapped with the control electrode to be insulated from the control electrode. The second input area is formed between the first input area and the channel area and doped with a doping concentration different from a doping concentration of the first input areas. The second input electrode makes contact with the second input area and receives a control voltage to control a threshold voltage.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, a pixel electrode, a light emitting layer, an opposite electrode and a pixel circuit. The second insulating layer is provided on the first insulating layer. The pixel electrode is provided on the second insulating layer and light-transmissive. The light emitting layer is provided on the pixel electrode. The opposite electrode is provided on the light emitting layer. The circuit is provided between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, includes an interconnect supplied with a drive current, and is configured to supply the drive current to the pixel electrode. The circuit is connected to the pixel electrode. The interconnect has a first region overlaying the pixel electrode when projected onto a plane parallel to the first insulating layer. The interconnect has an opening in the first region.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an organic EL display device, including: a lower electrode provided every first organic EL element for a blue color and every second organic EL element for another color on a substrate; a hole injection/transport layer provided every first and second organic EL elements; a second organic light emitting layer for another color provided on said hole injection/transport layer for said second organic EL element; a connection layer made of a low-molecular material and provided over an entire surface of said hole injection/transport layer for said second organic light emitting layer and said first organic EL element; a first organic light emitting layer for a blue color provided over an entire surface of said connection layer; and an electron injection/transport layer and an upper electrode provided over an entire surface of said organic light emitting layer in order.