Abstract: The disclosure is directed to image intensifier tube designs for field curvature aberration correction and ion damage reduction. In some embodiments, electrodes defining an acceleration path from a photocathode to a scintillating screen are configured to provide higher acceleration for off-axis electrons along at least a portion of the acceleration path. Off-axis electrons and on-axis electrons are accordingly focused on the scintillating screen with substantial uniformity to prevent or reduce field curvature aberration. In some embodiments, the electrodes are configured to generate a repulsive electric field near the scintillating screen to prevent secondary electrons emitted or deflected by the scintillating screen from flowing towards the photocathode and forming damaging ions.

Abstract: Methods and systems for three-dimensional imaging include sampling one or more emissions which are reflected back from a target scene with one or more micro-channel plates. The one or more sampled emissions are processed in one or more frames. Within each frame a phase is extracted and a distance to the target scene and amplitude is determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A three dimensional image of the target scene is generated and provided based on the extracted phase and the determined distance and amplitude for the one or more frames.

Abstract: A streak tube 1A comprises an envelope 10 including an entrance faceplate 12; a photocathode 20 for converting light received from the entrance faceplate 12 into an electron; an anode 23 having an opening 23a for passing there through the electron emitted from the photocathode 20; deflecting electrodes 24 for controlling a deflection of the electron having passed through the opening 23a of the anode; and a fluorescent screen 25 for detecting a streak image due to the electron having the deflection controlled by the deflecting electrodes 24. The photocathode 20 is configured so as to be kept from directly facing the anode 23 on an axis of an electric field formed between the entrance faceplate 12 and the anode 23 or on a tube axis passing the center of the opening 23a in the anode 23 within the envelope 10. Thus, the streak tube capable of suppressing influences of noise signals on signals corresponding to incident light can be realized.

Abstract: An electronic pulse detection device includes: an MCP in which a plurality of capillaries configured to increase the number of electrons are arranged in matrix; and an electronic pulse reading chip 30 disposed on an output side of the MCP. The electronic pulse detection chip 30 includes anodes 32 and detection transistors 34 both provided so as to correspond to the respective capillaries. Electronic pulses are incident on the anodes 32 from the MCP. Drains of the detection transistors 34 are connected to the corresponding anodes. The detection transistors 34 on the same row are connected to one another at gates thereof and turned on/off as a unit, and sources of the detection transistors 34 on the same column are connected to a corresponding switch circuit 80 as a unit to be connected to a current-voltage conversion resistance RL via the switch circuit 80.

Abstract: In a streak apparatus including a streak tube 1 having a vacuum container 1a which has a photocathode 3 at its one end and an output surface 6 at its other end, an accelerating electrode 4 for accelerating photoelectrons, a deflecting electrode 5 formed of a pair of electrodes, and a plurality of focusing magnetic flux generators 12a and 12b for focusing the photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode 3, a deflecting voltage generation circuit 10, an acceleration voltage generation circuit 9, and drive power supplies 13a and 13b for supplying a current to the focusing magnetic flux generators, the plurality of focusing magnetic flux generators 12a and 12b form a main focusing electron lens for forming an electron image, formed on the photocathode 3, on the output surface, and a prefocus lens arranged between the photocathode and main focusing electron lens to focus the photoelectrons, emitted from the photocathode 3, toward the center of the main focusing electron lens.

Abstract: A method of forming a protection layer of a plasma display panel, which has upper electrodes, lower electrodes and a barrier rib, includes the steps of: forming a dielectric layer on the upper electrodes; and forming a MgO protection layer on the dielectric layer by the method of direct coating the MgO solution on the surface of the dielectric layer. Some advantages are derived by properly mixing MgO particles, salt containing Mg, and organic binder and coating an MgO protection layer (thin film) on the surface of the PDP substrate irrespective of coating methods by simple facility and processing. These advantages include PDP MgO protection layer formation to reduce PDP production cost, time and firing voltages, and adjustment of the protection layer's thickness.

Abstract: An optoelectronic shutter for radiation, comprising an input plate and an output plate, comprising material substantially transparent to the radiation, each plate having an outer and an inner surface, wherein a recess is formed in the inner surface of at least one of the plates, and wherein respective non-recessed portions of the inner surfaces of the plates are bonded together, and the recess defines a vacuum chamber enclosed by the two plates; a photocathode fixed to the inner surface of the input plate, adjacent the chamber, and a photo-emissive anode, fixed to the inner surface of the output plate, adjacent the chamber and opposite the photocathode.

Abstract: The pair of vertical deflection electrode plates 13 in the double sweeping streak camera are supplied with a voltage of a sawtooth wave in synchronization with the input optical beam pulses. The other pair of horizontal deflection electrode plates 14 are supplied with a voltage of a stepped wave in synchronization with the sawtooth wave. The deflection electrode plates 13 and 14 sweep successively-incident photoelectrons. The photoelectrons are then detected at the phosphor screen 16. The phosphor screen 16 is therefore recorded with temporal changes in the spatial pattern of the optical beam pulse as an image of regularly-arranged optical beam patterns. The image analyzing device can easily analyze the image.

Abstract: An electrostatic-shutter image tube (10) has a shutter electrode (17) disposed between an electron source (12) and a focusing and accelerating electrode (13). An electron flow is propagated through a network of equipotential lines to form an image on a target (14). The shutter electrode (17) is annular and conforms with an equipotential line. Deflection electrodes (20a,20b) and an image sequencer (21) make it possible to influence the position of a sequence of small images on the target (14) where they are temporarily stored.

Abstract: The optical trigger 22 outputs a trigger signal in. synchronization with a pulse beam falling incident on the photocathode 91 of the streak tube 90. The deflection voltage generator 50 applies a pair of deflection voltages to the deflection electrodes 93 and 93' in the streak tube 90. The differential amplifier 60 detects the deflection voltages, and outputs a deflection voltage detection signal. The delay comparator 71 detects a time difference between the deflection voltage detection signal and the trigger signal, and outputs a difference signal indicative of the detected time difference. Based on the difference signal, the voltage control delay circuit 41 controls a delay amount of the deflection voltages to be outputted from the generator 50.

Abstract: An electron multiplier of the perforated sheet type includes two successive sheets constituting a dynode which has several multiplier channels in common. For controlling the gain of a given channel (A), a control electrode (30) is provided in the form of a sheet inserted between the sheets (14, 15) of a dynode (Dn) which has a grating window (33) controlling the gain of the channel (A) in question, and one (or several) aperture(s) (34) in accordance with the number of remaining channels. Another channel (B) is controlled by another electrode (31) inserted between the sheets (16, 17) of another dynode (D.sub.n+1). Also disclosed is a multi-channel photomultiplier tube which includes such an electron multiplier.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ultrarapid camera for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse. This camera comprises in vacuum housing a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen. According to the invention, the electron emitting photocathode is constituted by at least one metal tip (3, 12) and means (9, 10) are provided to send said laser pulse (13) into a zone situated in front of said tip.

Abstract: A feeble light measuring device comprising a photon counting tube, an image detector and a signal processor. The photon counting tube includes a photocathode for generating an electron upon an incidence of light to be measured, an MCP for multiplying the photoelectron from the photocathode and a phosphor screen for converting the photoelectrons multiplied by the MCP into a light image such as luminous spots. The MCP is not saturated by an incidence of single photoelectron. Thus the spread of the luminous spot corresponding to the single photoelectron is very small. The image detector converts the light image from the photon counting tube to electric outputs the signal processor removes noise components of the electric outputs from the image detector to extract signal components of the electric outputs.

Abstract: In a streak tube wherein a photocathode and an acceleration electrode are disposed in confronting relation to each other for accelerating a photoelectron beam emitted from the photocathode, at least one of the photocathode and the acceleration electrode is formed on a strip-like electrode. A pulse voltage is applied to the strip-like electrode, whereby a very intensive pulsed electric field is developed between the photocathode and the acceleration electrode with the application of a relatively low pulse voltage. Interactive regions of the photocathode and the acceleration electrode are closely position with high accuracy. The streak tube can thus generate a streaked image with a very high time resolution without an increase in the background emission on a phosphor screen.

Abstract: Time-dependent information such as light whose intensity varies with time is converted into positional information representing the change of the time-dependent information. A series of photoelectrons provided as the time-dependent information are accelerated or decelerated when passing through a region defined by first and second electrode to which a ramp voltage is applied so that the photoelectrons are accelerated or decelerated and are released at speeds varying depending on times. A speed analyzer analyzes the speeds of the photoelectrons and provides the positional information. The positional information is applied to a phosphor screen on which the positions of the photoelectrons applied thereto are displayed. The positions thereof represents the times involved with the photoelectrons.

Abstract: Apparatus for high speed analog data recording utilizing a new tube design (referred to herein as a photonic cathode ray tube) is presented. The photonic cathode ray tube includes a flat photocathode, a small aperture electron lensing system, a set of deflection plates and a phosphor screen.

Abstract: A streak camera for detecting a light signal representing optical events occurring in ultra-short time intervals, comprising a photocathode, an accelerating electrode, a focusing electrode, an anode, a traveling wave deflector having a deflecting electrode for deflecting photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode with a deflection voltage having a phase velocity, a deflection circuit for controlling the deflection voltage to be applied to the deflecting electrode of the deflector, an electron stream detector having for detecting the electron stream deflected by said deflector, and a voltage control unit for controlling voltages to be applied to the photocathode, the accelerating electrode, the focusing electrode, the anode and the electron stream detector, thereby controlling a potential distribution in a photoelectron transit path.

Abstract: A vacuum-tight envelope (601) having a terminal element (610) bearing the envelope's output window. An output screen (605) is glued to the inner face of the output window by a first glue (608) having the same refractive index as the output window. The envelope's terminal element is made unitary with a (611) of the envelope by vacuum-tight mounting (609). An optional anti-reflection coating (674) may be deposited directly onto the external face of the output window.

Abstract: A framing camera comprises a photocathode, a first deflection means for scanning electron beams emitted from the photocathode, a slit plate having a single slit for converting the electron beams with a spatial picture image information into electron beams with a picture image of temporal sequence and a second deflection means for scanning the electron beams passed from the slit plate to have them impinge upon a phosphor screeen to thereby produce a plurality of framed patterns, in which deflection voltages supplied to the first and second deflection means are adjustable independently of each other.

Abstract: An x-ray image intensifier has an electrode system for focusing electrons, produced by the incidence of x-radiation on the input luminescent screen, onto the output luminescent screen. An electrode of the electrode system is applied as a coating to the interior of a one-piece electrode substrate, which forms the envelope of the vacuum vessel of the x-ray image intensifier, and a voltage is applied to the coating so that the potential field continuously increases in the space between the input luminescent screen and the output luminescent screen.

Abstract: An oscilloscope constructed for use in real time resolving an ultrafast voltage signal includes a streak camera having a transmission line photocarthode, a constant light source for illuminating the photocathode, an input coupled to the transmission line photocathode, an accellerating mesh, a pair of sweep electrodes, electron multiplication means, a phosphor screen and a DC high voltage source. In use, the voltage signal to be examined is applied to the input. When the voltage signal on propagating through the photocathode intersects in time and space on the photocathode with the light from the light source, a number of electrons proportional to the intensity of the voltage signal are emitted from the photocathode. These electrons are then accelerated, deflected by the pair of sweep electrodes, multiplied by the microchannel plate and then impinge upon the phosphor screen, creating an optical image having an intensity proportional to the number of impinging electrons.

Abstract: The gating circuit includes a low voltage section and a high voltage section with a fast and a slow switch in the high voltage section for providing the gating pulses to the photocathode (PC) of the image intensifier. A high voltage isolated DC/DC power supply referenced to the MCPin terminal of the integral wrap around power supply of the image intensifier provides, to the fast and slow switches, positive and negative potentials referenced to MCPin. The negative potential is sufficient to turn the PC on and the positive potential is sufficient to turn the PC off and to clear burned in PC images. The high voltage isolated power supply provides high voltage isolation between the low voltage section and the reference input and outputs thereof in the high voltage section. A driver included in the high voltage section for driving the fast switch receives operating potentials from a low voltage isolated DC/DC power supply referenced to the high voltage supply.

Abstract: A sampling streak tube in which the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced. The tube includes a photocathode to which an incident light beam is applied and an accelerating electrode for accelerating an electron beam emitted by the photocathode the accelerating electrode being in the form of a plate with an opening through which the beam passes. The accelerated beam is passed through deflecting electrodes for deflecting the electron beam. The deflected beam crosses a slit in a sampling electrode, a sampled beam portion passing through the slit and impinging on a phosphor screen.

Abstract: Optical waveform observing apparatus including a sampling streak tube to which is applied an incident light beam having a waveform to be observed. An electron beam corresponding to the incident light beam is repetitively deflected in the streak tube, in response to a repetitive deflecting trigger signal, to sample the electron beam. The repetitive deflection of the electron beam is periodically stopped for a first time period. An integration circuit integrates data outputted by the streak tube. A subtraction circuit subtracts the integration of streak tube data outputted during the first time period from the integration of streak tube data outputted during a second time period when the repetitive beam deflection is not stopped, so that background noise and dark currents are not included in the subtraction result.

Abstract: Optical waveform observing apparatus including a sampling streak tube to which is applied an incident light beam having a waveform of repetitive frequency to be observed. An electron beam corresponding to the incident light beam is repetitively deflected in the streak tube, in response to a repetitive deflecting trigger signal, to sample the electron beam. The deflecting trigger signal is generated by a time sweep circuit that stepwise delays the occurrence of that signal when the sampling operation is carried out a predetermined number of times. An integration circuit integrates the output of the streak tube for the predetermined number of sampling operations for a sampling time and is then reset to begin integrating the streak tube output for the predetermined number of sampling operations for a next sampling time. The integration circuit output is digitized and displayed.

Abstract: A streaking or framing image tube includes a photocathode (4), three grid electrodes (1, 2 and 3), a focus electrode (5) and an anode (6) disposed successively along the image tube. The tube is gated by applying a positive voltage pulse first to the second grid electrode (2) and then to the photocathode (4), the delay time between the application of the pulse to the second grid and the photocathode being the gated "on" time of the image tube, while during the application of the pulse to the second grid electrode (2) and the photocathode (4), the potentials of the first and third grid electrodes (1, 3) are held constant at a constant value, and accordingly ultra high speed gating (e.g. allowing the passage of electrons for less than 10.sup.-9 seconds) can be achieved without effect on the magnification or resolution performance of the image tube.

Abstract: A streak camera having two pairs of orthogonal deflecting electrodes for producing elliptical waveform patterns. The sweep frequency is synchronized with a repetitive light source, and the eccentricity and position of the elliptical waveform can be adjusted such that part of the sweep excites the phosphor output screen and a return portion of the sweep may occur off the phosphor screen.

Abstract: A streak tube comprising an envelope having therein a photocathode surface, a mesh electrode, a focusing electrode, an aperture electrode, a deflection electrode and a phosphor screen positioned along the longitudinal axis of the envelope in the given order. The axis connects the photocathode surface and the phosphor screen which face each other. The photocathode is formed on a concave surface at one end of the envelope, the distance between the photocathode surface and the mesh electrode being greatest at the axis of the envelope and gradually decreasing toward its periphery. Electrons emitted from any position on the photocathode surface at a given instant enter simultaneously into the deflection field formed by the deflection electrode.

Abstract: A vacuum electron device including a semiconductor device in a hermetically sealed container enclosing a vacuum. The device includes an electron emissive source for emitting electrons into the vacuum, and a collector for collecting electrons emitted from the electron emissive source and tranported through the vacuum. The device is subjected to a high internal electric field such that electrons in the emissive source are excited to energies greater than the electron affinity of the semiconductor body.

Abstract: A middle-infrared image intensifier including an image-forming microchannel plate having an input face with a photoconductor material that is activated by middle-infrared radiation, means for flooding electrons to a region adjacent to the input face of the photoconductor, an electron sensitive light emitting screen positioned to receive electrons from the output face of the microchannel plate, and means for activating the microchannel plate to multiply electrons in channels of the microchannel plate having middle-infrared radiation incident thereon.

Abstract: A two dimensional array of image positions on the screen of an image converter is provided by switching the potentials applied to each of the deflector plates, which are arranged in pairs, one at a time in sequence, each step change in the applied potential for a given deflector plate being sufficient to shift the image position from one position to the next in the array. Pairs of plates can be arranged in orthogonal relationships. Shifting of image positions is performed in the intervals between shutter pulses and the durations of the shutter pulses and the inter-pulse intervals are individually adjustable. The converter includes a programmable memory for holding data words representing the said intervals and circuitry for converting these data words into timing signals for the shuttering and switching of the image converter.

Abstract: A framing tube includes a cylindrical airtight vacuum tube, a shutter plate, and a ramp generator. The container has a photocathode at one end thereof and a fluorescent screen at the other end thereof which is opposite to the photocathode. The shutter plate is disposed between and parallel to the surface of the photocathode and fluorescent screen and has a multiplicity of through holes perforated perpendicular to its surface. The shutter plate also carries at least three electrodes that are disposed perpendicular to the axis of the through holes and spaced parallel to each other. The electrodes divide the surface of the shutter plate into a plurality of sections. The ramp generator is connected to the electrodes. The ramp voltage generated changes in such a manner as to reverse its polarity, producing a time lag between the individual electrode.

Abstract: An image tube comprises a conductive film along the inside surface of an insulating tube extending axially of the image tube between a photoelectric cathode and a fluorescent anode. The conductive film should be electrically connected to the photoelectric cathode and have an axial length between 1/2 and 3/4 of that of the insulating tube. The conductive film may be formed along the outside surface of the insulating tube and either together with or without a conventional semi-insulating layer formed along the inside surface of the insulating tube.

Abstract: An electron-beam shutter for use in an optoelectronic device that forms an image of a luminous event changing at high speed on a screen comprises a shutter plate and a ramp voltage source. The shutter plate has a multitude of through holes extending perpendicular to its surface and a pair of electrodes disposed at its opposite edges and spaced away from each other in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the through holes. The ramp voltage source is connected to the aforesaid electrodes, and the polarity of the ramp voltage changes in a reversing manner. The ramp voltage develops an electric field that crosses the axis of the through holes in the shutter plate and controls the passage of electron beams through the through holes.

Abstract: An electronic streak camera is described which includes a housing enclosing an objective lens disposed along an optical axis for forming an image of optical radiation from an emissive body, a pinhole field stop at the focal point of the objective lens, a collimating lens for collimating radiation passing the pinhole field stop, a prism for splitting the radiation from the collimating lens into a characteristic optical spectrum of the radiation, an imaging lens for forming an image of the radiation from the prism.