Abstract: Provided is a backside illuminated avalanche photodiode and a manufacturing method thereof. The backside illuminated avalanche photodiode comprises a semiconductor substrate; a semiconductor structure including a first semiconductor layer being arranged on a front surface of the semiconductor substrate and including a first conductivity type bottom electrical contact layer, a light absorption layer, and a multiplication layer, and a second semiconductor layer, stacked on the first semiconductor layer and including an etch stop layer and a second conductivity type top electrical conductivity layer stacked on the etch stop layer; a plurality of V-grooves in parallel with each other being formed by etching the top electrical contact layer; and a reflective top electrode formed by depositing a multi layer thin metal films on the top electrical contact layer wherein plurality of V-grooves parallel with each other are formed.

Abstract: A display apparatus having a photoelectric conversion function with high sensitivity is provided. The light extraction efficiency of the display apparatus is increased. The display apparatus includes a light-emitting device, a light-emitting and light-receiving device, a first lens, and a second lens. The light-emitting device has a function of emitting light of a first color. The light-emitting and light-receiving device has a function of emitting light of a second color and a function of receiving light of the first color and converting it into an electric signal. The light emitted by the light-emitting device is emitted to the outside of the display apparatus through the first lens. Light enters the light-emitting and light-receiving device from the outside of the display apparatus through the second lens.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a ranging device and a ranging module that allow a light emitting element and a light receiving element to be integrated with a simple structure. A light emitting substrate having a light emitting element is connected to a circuit substrate through first bumps, and a light receiving substrate having a single light emitting element or light emitting elements that are two-dimensionally disposed is connected to the circuit substrate through second bumps. The optical axis of a lens, the optical axis of the light emitting element, and the center axis of the light receiving element are disposed on substantially the same axis. The present technique can be applied to a ranging device that carries out ranging, and so forth.

Abstract: Provided is a glass type electronic device in which an optical driving assembly is disposed in a spatially efficient position and which stably implements an optical path. The glass type electronic device includes a binocular lens provided to correspond to both eyes of a wearer, a lens frame fixed to the binocular lens and seated on a head of the wearer, an electronic component case fixed to the lens frame, an optical driving assembly mounted in the electronic component case for emitting an image light to the binocular lens, and a battery supplying power to the optical driving assembly. The electronic component case is disposed to correspond to an area between superciliary arches of the wearer.

Abstract: An integrated circuit is formed in a semiconductor substrate. An array of single-photon-avalanche diodes is formed at a front side of the semiconductor substrate. The array includes first and second diodes that are adjacent to each other. A Bragg mirror is positioned between the first and second diodes. The Bragg mirror is configured to prevent a propagation of light between the first and second diodes.

Abstract: A metal air battery includes: cells, each of which includes a positive electrode, an negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a magnetic field generator configured to form a magnetic field in the cells. The magnetic field generator comprises a permanent magnet attached to one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

Abstract: The invention discloses a photocathode comprising an amorphous substrate such as a glass substrate (110) presenting an input face that will receive incident photons and a back face opposite the front face. Nanowires (120) made from at least one III-V semiconducting material are deposited on the back face of the substrate and extend from this face in a direction away from the front face. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such a photocathode by MBE.

Abstract: An avalanche photodiode detector is provided with a substrate including an array of avalanche photodiodes. An optical interface surface of the substrate is arranged for accepting external input radiation. There is provided at least one cross-talk blocking layer of material including apertures positioned to allow external input radiation to reach photodiodes and including material regions positioned for attenuating radiation in the substrate that is produced by photodiodes in the array. Alternatively at least one cross-talk blocking layer of material is disposed on the optical interface surface of the substrate to allow external input radiation to reach photodiodes and attenuate radiation in the substrate that is produced by photodiodes in the array. At least one cross-talk filter layer of material can be disposed in the substrate adjacent to the photodiode structures, including a material that absorbs radiation in the substrate that is produced by photodiodes in the array.

Abstract: A display device comprising at least: (a) a plurality of photovoltaic active areas and a plurality of holes, two neighboring photovoltaic active areas forming an opening; (b) one or more artificial light sources; (c) a plurality of light concentrators and reflective opaque disposed between said light sources and said photovoltaic active areas. This device wherein said hubs of light are arranged so that the light emitted from artificial light sources is directed by the light concentrators through the holes.

Abstract: An inspection method including following steps is provided. A pixel array substrate including a plurality of pixel units is in contact with a photoelectric inspection device. A plurality of electrical signals is inputted to the pixel units of the pixel array substrate and the photoelectric inspection device. Based on an optical property of the photoelectric inspection device, the pixel units of the pixel array substrate are being examined on whether they are normal or not. Moreover, an inspection apparatus realizing the inspection method is also provided.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a semiconductor substrate having a surface including an active semiconductor device including one of a laser and a photodiode; and a visual indicator disposed on the semiconductor body and at least adjacent to a portion of said active semiconductor device, the indicator having a state that shows if damage to the active semiconductor device may have occurred.

Abstract: A photo cathode for use in a vacuum tube including a cathode layer, having an entrance face capable of absorbing photons impinging on the cathode layer, and an exit face for releasing electrons upon impinging of the photons, and an electron exit layer, in facing relationship with the exit face of the cathode layer for improving the releasing of the electrons, and a carbon containing layer, positioned between the exit face of the cathode layer and the electron exit layer, for bonding the electron exit layer to the cathode layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include an electron counter with a charge-coupled device (CCD) register configured to transfer electrons to a Geiger-mode avalanche diode (GM-AD) array operably coupled to the output of the CCD register. At high charge levels, a nondestructive amplifier senses the charge at the CCD register output to provide an analog indication of the charge. At low charge levels, noiseless charge splitters or meters divide the charge into single-electron packets, each of which is detected by a GM-AD that provides a digital output indicating whether an electron is present. Example electron counters are particularly well suited for counting photoelectrons generated by large-format, high-speed imaging arrays because they operate with high dynamic range and high sensitivity. As a result, they can be used to image scenes over a wide range of light levels.

Abstract: A photo sensor capable of reducing the distortion of signals output from the photo sensor to output a correct measured value and an organic light emitting display using the same. The organic light emitting display includes a pixel unit formed on a transparent substrate to display an image in response to scan signals and data signals, a scan driver generating the scan signals to transmit the scan signals to the pixel unit, a data driver generating the data signals to transmit the data signals to the pixel unit, and a photo sensor including a sensing unit sensing brightness of ambient light to output a sensing signal and a control unit for receiving the sensing signal to output a brightness control signal for controlling brightness of the image.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy collector and sensor use enhanced fields to emit electrons for energy collection. The collector and sensor collect energy from visible light, infrared radiation and ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation. The collector and sensor include a waveguide with a geometry selected to enhance the electric field along a conductor to create a high, localized electric field, which causes electron emission across a gap to a return plane.

Abstract: When light is incident to an antenna layer AA6 of a photocathode AA1, light of a specific wavelength included in the incident light couples with surface plasmons in the antenna layer AA6 whereupon near-field light is outputted from a through hole AA14. The intensity of the output near-field light is proportional to and greater than the intensity of the light of the specific wavelength. The output near-field light has a wavelength that can be absorbed in a photoelectric conversion layer AA4. The photoelectric conversion layer AA4 receives the near-field light outputted from the through hole AA14. A region of the photoelectric conversion layer AA4 around the through hole AA14 absorbs the near-field light and generates photoelectrons (e?) in an amount according to the intensity of the near-field light. The photoelectrons (e?) generated in the photoelectric conversion layer AA4 are outputted to the outside.

Abstract: A light emitting device-light receiving device assembly includes: a mount substrate having first and second surfaces, and including a first base as a raised portion on the first surface; a light receiving device having first and second surfaces, the first surface of the light receiving device being anchored on the first base; and a light emitting device, the light receiving device including a light passage portion allowing for passage of light emitted by the light emitting device, the light emitted by the light emitting device emerging to outside through the light passage portion, the first base, and the mount substrate, the light receiving device receiving externally incident light through the mount substrate and the first base, the light receiving device including an annular second base as a raised portion on the second surface of the light receiving device, and the light emitting device being anchored on the second base.

Abstract: A lamp includes a housing, a plate body disposed in the housing and having a wavelength-conversion material, a light-emitting module disposed in the housing and spaced apart from the plate body, and a light sensor disposed on the plate body. The light-emitting module includes a circuit board, and a plurality of light-emitting units disposed on the circuit board and emitting light onto the plate body. The light sensor is used for sensing the color temperature of light that is emitted from the light-emitting units and that propagates within the plate body.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display device substrate, a display device substrate manufacturing method, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal display device manufacturing method and an organic electroluminescent display device that allow suppressing faults derived from occurrence of gas and/or bubbles in a pixel region. The present invention is a display device substrate that comprises: a photosensitive resin film; and a pixel electrode, in this order, from a side of an insulating substrate. The display device substrate has a gas-barrier insulating film, at a layer higher than the photosensitive resin film, for preventing advance of a gas generated from the photosensitive resin film, or has a gas-barrier insulating film, between the photosensitive resin film and the pixel electrode, for preventing advance of gas generated from the photosensitive resin film.

Abstract: An exemplary LED includes a substrate, an LED chip, a light pervious encapsulation, and an auxiliary electric component. The substrate includes a first surface, an opposite second surface, and an accommodating space defined therein between the first surface and the second surface. The LED chip is mounted on the first surface of the substrate. The light pervious encapsulation is formed on the substrate and covers the LED chip. The auxiliary electric component is received in the accommodating space between the first and second surfaces of the substrate.

Abstract: An envelope has a glass bulb body and a cylindrical glass bulb base. The glass bulb body includes an upper hemisphere and a lower hemisphere. The upper hemisphere is curved in a substantially spherical shape. The lower hemisphere is substantially curved in a spherical shape and connects the upper hemisphere and glass bulb base. A photocathode is formed on the inner surface of the glass bulb body. An avalanche photodiode is disposed on the glass bulb body side relative to an intersection between an imaginary extended curved surface of the lower hemisphere within the glass bulb base and an axis. When light enters the photocathode, electrons are emitted from the photocathode. The electrons are converged at the position above and in the vicinity of the APD by an electrical field in the electron tube, so that the electrons enter the APD in an efficient manner and are detected satisfactorily.

Abstract: Back-illuminated silicon photomultipliers having a substrate of a first conductivity type having front and back sides, a matrix of regions of a second conductivity type in the substrate, a matrix of regions of the first conductivity type under the matrix of regions of the second conductivity type and adjacent the back side of the substrate, with the bottom of the matrix of regions of the second conductivity type forming a p/n junction with the substrate or a matrix of regions of the second conductivity type, the matrix of regions of the first conductivity type having a higher conductivity than the substrate, a common anode formed by a uniform layer of the first conductivity type of higher conductivity than the substrate on the back side of the substrate. Preferably a plurality of trenches filed with an opaque material are provided in the back side of the substrate, the substrate preferably having a thickness of less than approximately 150 um.

Abstract: A mesotube apparatus is disclosed which includes a header insulator in order to avoid premature breakdown at lower voltage that occurs between a cathode and an anode in a discharge assembly. A chamber can be mounted on a header base and can be located away from plasma surrounded with dielectric so that breakdown occurs outside the normal voltage operating range. A number of feed-through pins associated with the header base can be electrically isolated from the header base by a dielectric insulator. The dielectric insulator can also be placed over the header base and topside of the chamber in order to passivate from stray electrons and plasma. The header base can be thin which allows welding of the anode and the cathode to the feed-through pins with a weld tool attached to the side of the feed-through pins. The chamber can be located on the header base by tightly fitting to the feed-through pins.

Abstract: A transmission type photocathode includes a light absorption layer 1 formed of diamond or a material containing diamond as a main component, a supporting frame 21 for reinforcing the mechanical strength of the light absorption layer 1, a first electrode 31 provided at the plane of incidence of the light absorption layer 1, and a second electrode 32 provided at the plane of emission of the light absorption layer 1. A voltage is applied between the plane of incidence and plane of emission of the light absorption layer 1 to form an electric field in the light absorption layer 1. When light to be detected is made incident and photoelectrons occur in the light absorption layer 1, the photoelectrons are accelerated to the plane of emission by the electric field formed in the light absorption layer 1, and emitted to the outside of the transmission type photocathode.

Abstract: The black bus electrode of plasma display panel is formed from a conductive composition comprising a conductive powder, glass powder, organic binder, organic solvent, and black pigment, wherein the conductive powder is coated with metal selected from the group of Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt and Au.

Abstract: An improved design for maintaining separation between electrodes in tunneling, resonant tunneling, diode, thermionic, thermo-photovoltaic and other devices is disclosed. At least one electrode 1 is made from flexible material. A magnetic field B is present to combine with the current flowing in the flexible electrode 1 and generate a force or a thermal expansion force combined with a temperature distribution that counterbalances the electrostatic force or other attracting forces between the electrodes. The balancing of forces allows the separation and parallelism between the electrodes to be maintained at a very small spacing without requiring the use of multiple control systems, actuators, or other manipulating means, or spacers. The shape of one or both electrodes 1 is designed to maintain a constant separation over the entire overlapping area of the electrodes, or to minimize a central contact area.

Abstract: An electron gun for generating an electron beam is provided, which includes a secondary emitter. The secondary emitter includes a non-contaminating negative-electron-affinity (NEA) material and emitting surface. The gun includes an accelerating region which accelerates the secondaries from the emitting surface. The secondaries are emitted in response to a primary beam generated external to the accelerating region. The accelerating region may include a superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavity, and the gun may be operated in a continuous wave (CW) mode. The secondary emitter includes hydrogenated diamond. A uniform electrically conductive layer is superposed on the emitter to replenish the extracted current, preventing charging of the emitter. An encapsulated secondary emission enhanced cathode device, useful in a superconducting RF cavity, includes a housing for maintaining vacuum, a cathode, e.g.

Abstract: A light emitting/receiving element includes: a substrate; an organic layer which is provided above the substrate; a forward bias power supply which applies a bias voltage between both ends of the organic layer so as to inject charges from an outside into the organic layer; a reverse bias power supply which applies a bias voltage, which is opposite in polarity to the bias voltage applied by the forward bias power supply, between the both ends of the organic layer so as to extract charges generated in the organic layer to the outside; and a current detecting unit, wherein the organic layer includes an organic material which, when the bias voltage is applied by the forward bias power supply, has the light emitting function, and which, when the bias voltage is applied by the reverse bias power supply, has the photoelectric converting function.

Abstract: Electron multipliers, radiation detectors, and methods of making the multipliers and detectors are described. In some embodiments an electron multiplier has a structure including a plurality of interconnected fibers having electron-emissive surfaces, the fibers having a width to thickness aspect ratio greater than one.

Abstract: A photo cathode converts an incident light into photoelectrons. A photomultiplier kept vacuum inside thereof, amplifies photoelectrons converted by the photo cathode. Photoelectrons intensified by the photomultiplier arrives at an output electrode array, and a current signal produced by the photoelectrons arriving at the output electrode array is directly read outside the photomultiplier via metal bulbs or anisotropic conductive rubber.

Abstract: A photo-therapeutic, electrodeless lamp (10) comprising a closed-loop envelope (12) containing an arc generating and sustaining medium that includes mercury. A phosphor coating (14) is provided on the interior surface of the envelope (12). The phosphor coating is capable of generating a first radiation in response to excitation from 254 nm radiation and provides the first radiation having an energy output in the region of 335-430 nm. This wavelength region is most efficient for the treatment of morphea or scleroderma. The output radiated energy from the lamp in the 335-430 nm region is ?20,000 ?W/cm2. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the phosphor is SrB4O7:Eu, which has a spectral response with a peak between 366-368 nm with a bandwidth of about 18 nm.

Abstract: An optronic observation device including a detector having a photocathode and a sensor arranged to receive an incident light beam. The device also including a switch to position an optical element opposite the detector in the pathway of the incident beam or to retract the optical element and a focusing element to focus an incident ray on the photocathode when the optical element is in a retracted position. When the optical element is positioned opposite the detector, it is able to focus the beam on the sensor and to filter the beam spectrally to block all or part of the wavelengths for which the responsiveness of the photocathode is greater than a given threshold.

Abstract: A limiter device is used as a fiber optic faceplate (FOFP) night vision goggle for limiting light or laser induced damage on a vacuum side of the FOFP. The limiter device includes a plurality of longitudinally extending optical fibers, each bundled to each other to form a light input surface on an external side of the FOFP and a light output surface on the vacuum side of the FOFP. The optical fibers include fiber optic cores and a glass cladding surrounding each of the cores. A portion of the glass cladding is replaced by an optical absorber material extending longitudinally away from the light input surface. The optical absorber material may extend longitudinally about 1-20 microns away from the light input surface.

Abstract: In a photomultiplier, a ring-like side tube is not interposed between a side tube and a stem in the radial direction, and the side tube is joined to the ring-like side tube in a state of being directly capped onto a portion of the stem that protrudes out from an open end face at the upper side of the ring-like side tube. The enlargement of the photomultiplier in the radial direction due to overlapping of the side tube and the ring-like side tube can thereby be restricted and a high density, a high degree of integration, etc., can be realized in mounting the photomultiplier.

Abstract: Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices (“OPODs”) are disclosed which include an exciton blocking layer to enhance device efficiency. Single heterostructure, stacked and wave-guide type embodiments are disclosed. Photodetector OPODs having multilayer structures and an exciton blocking layer are also disclosed. Guidelines for selection of exciton blocking layers are provided.

Abstract: A photocathode manufacturing intermediary article (24) includes a substrate layer (26), and an active layer (20) that is carried by the substrate layer (26). The active layer (20) includes photoemissive alkali antimonide material that is epitaxially grown on the substrate (26).

Abstract: A photomultiplier has a dynode cascade arranged radially rather than axially. Effective dynode area thereby can increase through the cascade, leading to improved linearity of response, and the axial length of the device can be reduced. The dynodes are sections of a set of toroids and may be formed as a layer of secondary emissive material such as caesiated antimony on a monolithic sintered cast or otherwise moulded or machined block of insulating material. This novel form of dynode construction can also be used in other photomultiplier or electron multiplier configurations.

Abstract: A night vision system for a vehicle includes a pulsed light source for illuminating a region proximate the vehicle, the light source operating at a predetermined pulse timing. A light sensor generates a light intensity signal in response to detecting light at approximately the same wavelength as light from the light source. A controller receives first and second light intensity signals from the light sensor corresponding to first and second time periods between pulses of the light source, compares the first and second light intensity signals, and modifies the light source pulse timing as a function of a ratio or difference between the first and second light intensity signals, to avoid blinding of the vehicle's night vision system by similarly-equipped vehicle's traveling in the opposite direction.

Abstract: A housing for microelectronic devices requiring an internal vacuum for operation, e.g., an image detector, is formed by tape casting and incorporates leads between interior and exterior of said housing where said leads are disposed on a facing surface of green tape layers. Adjacent green tape layers having corresponding apertures therein are stacked on a first closure member to form a resulting cavity and increased electrical isolation or channel sub-structures are achievable by forming adjacent layers with aperture dimension which vary non-monotonically. After assembly of the device within the cavity, a second closure member is sealed against an open face of the package in a vacuum environment to produce a vacuum sealed device.

Abstract: Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices (“OPODs”) are disclosed which include an exciton blocking layer to enhance device efficiency. Single heterostructure, stacked and wave-guide type embodiments are disclosed. Photodetector OPODs having multilayer structures and an exciton blocking layer are also disclosed. Guidelines for selection of exciton blocking layers are provided.

Abstract: A photocathode and an electron tube in which the photocathode plate can be securely fixed without using any adhesive. Even under the severe condition that a high vibration resistance is required or thermal stress occurs because of great temperature variation, it can be used widely for an image intensifier, a streak tube, or a photomultiplier. The photocathode plate of the photocathode is sandwiched between a faceplate and a support plate. First pins embedded in the faceplate are joined to the support plate. Therefore, the photocathode plate can be readily fixed securely to the faceplate without using any adhesive.

Abstract: A photocathode as a source of electron beams, having a substrate of optically transmissive diamond and a photoemitter. A photocathode with a single emitting region provides a single electron beam; a photocathode with multiple emitting regions provides multiple electron beams. The photoemitter is positioned on the side of the diamond substrate opposite the surface on which the illumination is incident, and has an irradiation region at the contact with the optically transmissive diamond, and an emission region opposite the irradiation region, these regions being defined by the path of the illumination. The diamond substrate at the irradiation region/emission region interface conducts heat away from this focused region of illumination on the photocathode. Alternately, a diamond film is used for heat conduction, while another material is used as a substrate to provide structural support.

Abstract: A solar energy converter includes: a light-concentrating instrument; an electron emitter in an insulated vacuum vessel, emitting electrons in a vacuum as a temperature rises by sunlight; an electron accelerator within the light-concentrating instrument; a cathode on a surface of the electron emitter opposite to a surface which is irradiated by sunlight, and electrically connected with the electron emitter; an electric field supplier having a positive terminal and a negative terminal; and an electron collector in the vacuum vessel, collecting the emitted electrons flying from the electron emitter toward the electron accelerator; wherein the electron accelerator is connected with the positive terminal and the cathode is connected with the negative terminal to generate an electric field, and the electron collector is used as a negative generator electrode and the cathode is used as a positive generator electrode in which the collected electrons migrate to the electron emitter to generate electricity.

Abstract: Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices (“OPODs”) which include an exciton blocking layer to enhance device efficiency. Single heterostructure, stacked and wave-guide type embodiments. Photodetector OPODs having multilayer structures and an exciton blocking layer. Guidelines for selection of exciton blocking layers are provided.

Abstract: A system (300) for gating a sensor (118) includes a detector (120) that detects light and outputs a signal (102) corresponding to the light. A control unit (334) receives the signal (106), and enables and disables a power supply (314) in response to the signal (106) to generate a gated power signal (316). The power supply (314) outputs the gated power signal (316) to a sensor (118) sensing the light.

Abstract: An electron-emitting photocathode includes a base and a large number of projecting elements such as microscopic wires projecting from a surface of the base. The photocathode has high quantum efficiency, and hence can be used as the emitting element in a sensitive phototube.

Abstract: Provided is a small-sized less expensive light-intensity measuring apparatus for measuring a xenon excimer lamp that radiates a light beam having a central wavelength of 172 nm for an intensity. The light-intensity measuring apparatus of the present invention comprises a photoelectric converting means 23, preferably a photodiode, having photosensitivity in the range of from 800 to 1,000 nm, an operating means 25 for relatively determining the intensity of a light beam having a central wavelength of 172 nm depending upon an output of the photoelectric converting means 23 and a transmitting means 26 for transmitting the light intensity determined with the operating means 25.

Abstract: The solar energy converter comprises an electron emitter and an electron collector. They are provided separate from each other in a vacuum vessel. Solar energy in a wide range of sunlight spectrum can be efficiently converted into electric energy by moving electrons from the electron emitter to the electron collector.

Abstract: An aluminosilicate glass having a composition consisting essentially of, as calculated in weight percent on an oxide basis, of 58-70% SiO2, 12-22% Al2O3, 3-15% B2O3, 2-12% CaO, 0-3% SrO, 0-3% BaO, 0-8% MgO, 10-25% MCSB (i.e., MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO), and SrO and BaO in combination being less than 3%.

Abstract: An aluminosilicate glass having a composition consisting essentially of, as calculated in weight percent on an oxide basis, of 58-70% SiO2, 12-22% Al2O3, 3-15% B2O3, 2-12% CaO, 0-3% SrO, 0-3% BaO, 0-8% MgO, 10-25% MCSB (i.e., MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO), and SrO and BaO in combination being less than 3%.