Abstract: The present invention discloses a plasma display panel and method for manufacturing the same wherein the quality of an image can be improved by preventing an erroneous discharge. A plasma display panel having a number of discharge cells according to an embodiment of the present invention includes barrier ribs by which a discharge space is defined between an upper substrate and a lower substrate; and an oxide film of a low dielectric constant formed on each of the barrier ribs. A method for manufacturing a plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: forming barrier ribs on a lower substrate so that a discharge space is defined by the barrier ribs between an upper substrate and a lower substrate; and forming an oxide film of a low dielectric constant on each of the barrier ribs.

Abstract: A cell geometry for a coplanar electrode plasma display panel consisting of two transparent plates, one with parallel sustain electrodes, and the other with address electrodes deposited on their surface. The electrodes are covered with a dielectric film. A protective MgO layer is deposited on the dielectric film adjacent the sustain electrodes. A phosphor layer is deposited on the other dielectric film. The plates are scaled together with their electrodes at right angles and the gap between the plates is filled with an inert gas mixture. The geometry of the sustain electrodes and/or associated dielectric film provides a larger equivalent capacitance at the outer part of the sustain electrodes to provide larger luminous efficiencies.

Abstract: A plasma display device is provided in which deterioration in brightness of phosphor layers can be avoided. The plasma display device includes a plasma display panel in which a plurality of discharge cells in one color or in a plurality of colors are arranged and phosphor layers are arranged so as to correspond to the discharge cells in colors and in which light is emitted by exciting the phosphor layers with ultraviolet rays. The phosphor layers include blue phosphor, the blue phosphor being composed of an alkaline-earth metal aluminate phosphor containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo and W. The addition of hexavalent ions (Mo, W) in the blue phosphor allows the elimination of oxygen defects in the vicinity of a layer containing Ba atoms (Ba—O layer), the suppression of adsorption of water to the surface of the blue phosphor and the improvement of deterioration in brightness and a change in chromaticity for the respective phosphors and discharge characteristics.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) which enables optimization of a process to apply phosphor paste in order to achieve mass production using a nozzle jet method includes dummy areas structured in such a manner to determine whether or not applying conditions such as an ejecting pressure or the like are stable by measuring a depth of the applied layer after applying phosphor paste at a portion thereof in advance. The PDP includes: a first substrate and a second substrate opposing each other; address electrodes arranged on the first substrate; display electrodes arranged on the second substrate along a direction perpendicular to the address electrodes; barrier ribs arranged in a space between the first substrate and the second substrate to define a plurality of discharge cells, and phosphor layers arranged in each of the discharge cells.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is provided. The plasma display panel includes a front panel including a front glass substrate, a plurality of pairs of discharge-maintaining electrodes disposed over the front glass substrate, and a first dielectric layer disposed in covering relation to the pairs of discharge-maintaining electrodes, and a rear panel disposed in confronting relation to the front panel with discharge spaces interposed therebetween, the front panel including a second dielectric layer disposed between the front glass substrate and the pairs of discharge-maintaining electrodes, the second dielectric layer including a cluster of fine particles of silica.

Abstract: A plasma display panel having reduced reflectance and increased luminance efficiency includes multiple discharge electrodes formed on an inner surface of a front substrate, multiple barrier ribs formed between the front substrate and a rear substrate to partition multiple red, blue and green discharge cells, and at least one red, blue or green phosphor layer in each respective red, blue and green discharge cell, where the red and the blue phosphor layers are respectively colored with red and blue pigments.

Abstract: The present invention provides a plasma display panel (PDP) with a structure that can reduce an outer reflection of an external light source and increase the reflection of visible rays emitted from the phosphor, remarkably increase the aperture ratio of the front panel, and remarkably reduce occurrence of a permanent residual image.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a sustain electrode pair including an X electrode and a Y electrode that are separated from each other by a discharge gap, and a barrier rib formed on a second substrate facing the first substrate and including first barrier ribs and second barrier ribs that define a discharge cell. Assuming that L is a sum of a width of the discharge gap and widths of the X and Y electrodes, P is a pitch between neighboring second barrier ribs, and H is a height of the first barrier ribs, a value of H satisfies 200×L/P<25?H(?m)?200×L/P?5.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes first and second substrates having a predetermined gap therebetween. Barriers are disposed between the first and second substrates to partition discharge cells and fluorescent layers are formed in the discharge cells. Address electrodes corresponding to the discharge cells extend in a first direction, and pairs of first and second electrodes extend in a second direction to cross the first direction. The address electrodes are on one of the substrates to correspond to the discharge cells. A dielectric layer covers the first and second electrodes, wherein the dielectric layer is colored with a first color, the barriers are colored with a second color having a subtractive mixture relation with the first color, and wherein the fluorescent layers include first fluorescent layers on the barriers and the discharge cells, and second fluorescent layers on the first fluorescent layers in the second color.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) includes: a front substrate having a first color tone; a rear substrate facing the front substrate; address electrodes arranged on the rear substrate and extending in a first direction; display electrodes arranged on the front substrate and extending in a second direction intersecting the address electrodes; a dielectric layer arranged on the front substrate to cover the display electrodes, the dielectric layer having a second color tone; barrier ribs arranged between the front and rear substrates to define discharge cells at intersection regions of the address and display electrodes, the barrier ribs having a third color tone to be subtractive-mixed with the first and second color tones; and phosphor layers arranged in the discharge cells.

Abstract: In a gas discharge display apparatus, a dielectric layer overlies the row electrode pairs provided between the opposing front and back glass substrates placed across the discharge space. A protective layer for the dielectric layer includes a crystalline MgO layer that has a property causing a cathode-luminescence emission having a peak within a wavelength range of 200 nm to 300 nm upon excitation by electron beams. A red phosphor layer generating visible light by being excited by vacuum ultraviolet light includes a mixed phosphor of a first phosphor of (Y, Gd)BO3:Eu or the like which is a borate-system red phosphor and a second phosphor of Y(V, P)O4:Eu which is a phos-vana system red phosphor.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel comprising a front substrate, a sealing layer that seals a discharge gas, and phosphor layers on the sealing layer without a rear substrate formed of glass, thereby improving brightness and luminous efficiency and a plasma display apparatus including the plasma display panel. The plasma display panel includes: a substrate; barrier ribs formed on the substrate and defining a plurality of discharge cells; pairs of discharge electrodes disposed in the barrier ribs and generating a discharge in the discharge cells; a sealing layer, along with the substrate, sealing the discharge cells; first phosphor layers disposed on the substrate in the discharge cells; and second phosphor layers disposed on the sealing layer in the discharge cells.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) includes: first and second substrates facing each other and spaced apart from each other; barrier ribs arranged between the first and second substrates and defining discharge cells; an address electrode extending in a first direction to correspond to the discharge cells; first and second electrodes arranged on one of the first and second substrates and extending in a second direction crossing the first direction to correspond to the discharge cells; a dielectric layer covering the first and second electrodes; a first colored layer arranged on a portion of the barrier ribs close to the first and second electrodes, and a second colored layer arranged on the dielectric layer and corresponding to the first colored layer, the first and second colored layers inducing a subtractive color effect.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel with improved ventilating capability. The plasma display panel includes a front substrate; a rear substrate that is located to face the front substrate, and defines a plurality of discharge cells which are arranged in a row direction and a column direction; and a barrier rib structure including first partitions formed between discharge cells arranged in the row direction, second partitions connecting the first partitions, and third partitions arranged between rows of the discharge cells, wherein the height of the first partitions is lower than the height of the third partitions.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is disclosed. The plasma display panel includes a substrate, a plurality of electrodes, and a dielectric layer. The substrate includes a plurality of substrate depression portions spaced from each other with a predetermined distance therebetween. The plurality of electrodes are positioned between the substrate depression portions. The dielectric layer covers upper portions of the plurality of electrodes and an upper portion of the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of plasma display panel filters, and more specifically the present invention is in the field of multiple layer plasma display panel filters having a PVB layer. Also included are methods of filtering plasma display panel radiation and plasma display panel devices utilizing plasma display panel filters of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly, to a plasma display panel and fabricating method thereof, by which brightness thereof is enhanced. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a plasma display panel includes a front substrate, a rear substrate confronting the front substrate, a pair of sustain electrodes formed parallel to each other on a confronting surface of the front substrate, a dielectric layer covering the confronting surface of the front substrate and a pair of the sustain electrodes, and a protective layer coated on the dielectric layer, wherein if the dielectric layer and the protective layer configure a functional layer, at least one or more trenches are formed in the functional layer. By the present invention, a discharge space having a high electric field concentrated thereon on discharge expands to increase ultraviolet ray density intensity, whereby more phosphor can be excited to raise brightness.

Abstract: A plasma display panel has a pair of substrates placed opposite each other with a discharge space in between, electrodes formed on an inner face of one of the pair of substrates, a dielectric layer covering the electrodes, and a protective layer covering the dielectric layer, a discharge gas filling the discharge space. The protective layer includes a cesium-based complex oxide.

Abstract: A plasma display panel and method are provided. The method includes that a first substrate is provided and elongated electrodes are formed on the first substrate. Then, an overcoat layer is formed on the elongated electrodes and the first substrate. Next, by means of screen print, a shaped layer is formed on the overcoat layer. Screen print is applied again to form bumps on the shaped layer. A second substrate is also provided. The second substrate is extended paralleled with the first substrate so as to define a discharge space between the substrates after combining the two substrates. Bumps are provided between the first and second stripe ribs so as to define passages to let air can flow in the discharge space. By the mentioned processes, bumps are provided between the first and second stripe ribs so as to define passages for drawing air. The process is simple for alignment.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) can include a front panel with a plurality of scan electrodes and a plurality of common electrodes and a rear panel with a plurality of installed barrier walls. In such a PDP, a plurality of first bus electrodes and a plurality of second bus electrodes may be formed on one surface of a front substrate of the front panel. The first bus electrodes may be formed in contact with one surface of the front substrate, and at least portions of the scan electrodes and common electrodes may be formed between the first bus electrodes and the second bus electrodes. Also, the first bus electrodes may include a conductive material that absorbs light from the other surface of the front substrate.

Abstract: For improvement in the performance of a PDP, a dielectric layer, deposited on the inner face of the front glass substrate of the PDP and covering row electrode pairs, is formed of a dielectric material having a relative dielectric constant of 9 or less, and a protective layer overlying the dielectric layer includes a magnesium oxide crystal causing a cathode-luminescence emission having a peak within a wavelength range of 200 nm to 300 nm upon excitation by electron beams, and discharge gas filling the discharge space includes 10% or more xenon by volume.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus, including a plasma display panel, aligning marks on the plasma display panel, and a film filter attached to a front surface of the plasma display panel, where portions of the film filter corresponding to the aligning marks are exposed so that the aligning marks may be readily recognized.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) with alignment structure. A first alignment pattern is disposed on a rear substrate and formed by a rib structure. A second alignment pattern is disposed on a front substrate disposed opposite, over the rear substrate and corresponds to a space defined by the first alignment pattern. The first and second alignment patterns are disposed outside of the display area of the plasma display panel.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) includes a first substrate having a plurality of roughened portions, a second substrate spaced apart from the first substrate, a plurality of barrier ribs dividing a space between the first substrate and the second substrate into a plurality of discharge cells, the barrier ribs positioned between the second substrate and a respective roughened portion of the first substrate, and a plurality of first and second discharge electrodes disposed inside the electrode sheet.

Abstract: An AC plasma display panel has a pair of panels disposed in spaced opposed relation, and each having a plurality of electrodes formed on an opposed surface thereof and mostly covered with a dielectric layer; and a sealing member which seals the periphery of the pair of panels. The electrodes each have a portion uncovered with the dielectric layer, and the sealing member is disposed in contact with the uncovered portions of the electrodes. With this arrangement, the discharge space can be kept gas-tightly sealed by the sealing member without communication with the outside of the display panel which may otherwise occur due to the presence of voids on opposite sides and surfaces of the electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a plasma display panel including a first substrate and a second substrate provided with a predetermined gap therebetween, and disposed substantially parallel to each other; a plurality of address electrodes formed on the first substrate; a first dielectric layer formed on a front surface of the first substrate, covering the address electrodes; a plurality of barrier ribs mounted on the first dielectric layer with a predetermined height to provide a discharge space; a phosphor layer formed within the discharge space; a plurality of discharge sustain electrodes provided on a front surface of the second substrate facing the first substrate, and disposed generally perpendicular to the address electrodes; a second dielectric layer formed on the front surface of the second substrate, covering the discharge sustain electrodes; and a passivation layer coated on the second dielectric layer, comprising MgO and dopant elements Si and Fe.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is able to contrast thereof by increasing a color temperature of the plasma display panel, which comprises a dielectric layer controlling a light transmittance for visible light of a certain wavelength emitted from a phosphor in the plasma display panel.

Abstract: The invention discloses a plasma display panel (PDP). The PDP grounds an exposed transparent conductive layer to the inner component thereof, so as to shield off electromagnetic interference (EMI). Accordingly, there is no metal structure in the second protective layer formed on the transparent conductive layer, such that the second protective layer can be easily attached onto the transparent conductive layer. Therefore, the manufacturing of PDP is getting much easier, and the yield rate will then increase.

Abstract: There is disclosed a gas discharge display device comprised of microspheres containing ionizable gas, each microsphere being positioned within a cavity, well, or hollow. Photons from the gas discharge within a microsphere excite a phosphor such that the phosphor emits wavelengths in the visible and/or invisible spectrum. The invention is described in detail with reference to an AC gas discharge (plasma) display.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other to provide a discharge space between the first substrate and the second substrate, a scan electrode and a sustain electrode both provided on the first substrate, a dielectric layer for covering the scan electrode and the sustain electrode, and a protective layer provided on the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes magnesium oxide and magnesium carbide. This plasma display panel performs stable discharge characteristics, such as a driving voltage, thereby displaying an image stably.

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of plasma display panel filters, and more specifically the present invention is in the field of multiple layer plasma display panel filters comprising a PVB layer. Also included are methods of filtering plasma display panel radiation and plasma display panel devices utilizing plasma display panel filters of the present invention.

Abstract: Provided is a plasma display panel that displays images using visible light emitted from phosphor layers formed in discharge cells as a result of discharges in the discharge cells. The plasma display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a plurality of barrier ribs disposed to define a space into a plurality of discharge cells between the first and second substrates, sustain electrode pairs extending in a direction on the first substrate crossing the discharge cells, address electrodes crossing the sustain electrode pairs, a first dielectric layer covering the sustain electrode pairs, a second dielectric layer covering the address electrodes, phosphor layers formed in the discharge cells, and an adsorption layer formed in the discharge cells to adsorb impurity gasses and moisture in the discharge cells.

Abstract: A plasma display panel that is capable of improving a contrast as well as reducing the power consumption. In the plasma display panel, a distance between the sustaining electrode pair at a display region is different from that a non-display region. A width of the barrier rib at the display region is different from that at the non-display region. The non-display region is provided with black matrices for shutting off a light. A protective layer is provided only at the display region.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus is provided. The plasma display apparatus includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate that faces the upper substrate, and barrier ribs formed on the lower substrate to partition off discharge cells. At least one groove having a width no less than 0.1 times and no more than 0.8 times the width of the barrier rib is formed on the barrier rib. Therefore, it is possible to reduce a capacitance value between address electrodes and reduce reactive power formed between the electrodes so that it is possible to improve the discharge efficiency of the panel.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a panel assembly is used for making a plasma display panel having electrodes and ribs formed on a substrate. The method includes the steps of forming the electrodes on the substrate so that these electrodes are extended to a periphery of the substrate to form their terminals, applying a terminal protective paste on the terminals for protecting the terminals, applying a rib paste on the entire area of a rib formation region provided on the substrate, molding the rib paste by use of a stamping die having cavities in the form of rib shape into green ribs, and firing the terminal protective paste and the green ribs simultaneously to form a terminal protective layer and ribs on the substrate.

Abstract: A display device for displaying images, having a plurality of cells formed by barrier ribs, and a front substrate with a dielectric material layer, such that the dielectric material layer includes a portion with thickness set larger than that of the surrounding dielectric material layer.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a first panel, address electrodes formed on the first panel in a predetermined pattern, a first dielectric layer formed on the first panel and covering the address electrodes, a partition structure having unit partitions discontinuously formed on the first dielectric layer to partition a discharge space, the unit partitions being parallel to the address electrodes and each having auxiliary partitions, red, green and blue phosphor layers coated in the partitioned discharge space, a second panel, which is coupled to the first panel to form the discharge space and which is transparent, a plurality of pairs of sustaining electrodes formed on an inner surface of the second panel and having sets of first and second electrodes at a predetermined angle with respect to the address electrodes, and a second dielectric layer formed on the second panel and covering the sustaining electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel that improves luminance efficiency by increasing a plasma density by forming a magnetic field within a discharge space includes: a front substrate, a rear substrate, barrier ribs, upper sidewalls, address electrodes, discharge electrodes, a phosphor layer, and magnets. The front and rear substrates are arranged at a predetermined distance apart to face each other. The barrier ribs are arranged between the front and rear substrates to partition a space formed between the front and rear substrates into a plurality of discharge spaces. The upper sidewalls are arranged between the barrier ribs and the front substrate to define the discharge spaces in cooperation with the barrier ribs. The address electrodes extend in one direction over the rear substrate.

Abstract: A Plasma Display Panel (PDP) includes: a front panel including a front substrate including a plurality of sustain electrodes and a plurality of scanning electrodes arranged thereon; and a rear panel including a back substrate including a plurality of address electrodes intersecting the plurality of sustain electrodes and scanning electrodes and including a dielectric layer arranged on the back substrate to cover the plurality of address electrodes; wherein the dielectric layer includes a first dielectric layer disposed on the back substrate to cover the address electrodes and a second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer and having a dielectric constant less than that of the first dielectric layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are an upper substrate structure for a plasma display panel including a dielectric layer reinforcing color properties and a fabricating method thereof. The upper substrate structure comprises a sustain electrode formed on an upper glass substrate, a bus electrode formed on the sustain electrode, and an upper substrate dielectric layer formed over a lower part of the surface created by two electrodes and the glass substrate. There is also included a colorant having color properties of red, blue, and green colors, and a protection layer formed on the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer may include one or more colorants so that important properties of PDP such as selective brightness of desired color, color temperature, and color purity improvement can be controlled.

Abstract: Disclosed is a plasma display panel. The plasma display panel comprises a lower substrate and an upper substrate, which are spaced apart by a predetermined distance from each other to define a plurality of discharge cells therebetween; a plurality of barrier ribs disposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate; a plurality of address electrodes formed in parallel with one another on an upper surface of the lower substrate; a plurality of discharge electrodes formed in a direction crossing the address electrodes on a lower surface of the upper substrate; and a fluorescent layer formed on an inner wall of the discharge cells, wherein the upper substrate comprises a plurality of light guides, which are formed in parallel with the plurality of address electrodes to focus and output visible light generated from the discharge cells by a discharge, the light guides having a light incident surface.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other to provide a discharge space between the first substrate and the second substrate, a scan electrode and a sustain electrode both provided on the first substrate, a dielectric layer for covering the scan electrode and the sustain electrode, and a protective layer provided on the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes magnesium oxide, magnesium carbide, and silicon. This plasma display panel performs stable discharge characteristics, such as a driving voltage, thereby displaying an image stably.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent lamp has a uniform screen brightness even with a low discharge initiating voltage. A backlight unit using the flat fluorescent lamp is provided. The flat fluorescent lamp includes a front substrate, a back substrate having a continuous serpentine type discharge channel defined by a plurality of partitions extending alternately from both side ends of the back substrate. An inverter and a pair of electrodes provided on one of the front and the back substrates apply power to the electrodes. Each of the electrodes includes discharge electrodes mounted in strip configurations and a plurality of subsidiary electrodes that are mounted to extend perpendicularly from the discharge electrodes and to correspond to positions of the partitions. The plurality of subsidiary electrodes are alternately connected to inner edges of both the discharge electrodes so that neighboring subsidiary electrodes have different polarities.

Abstract: Fluorescent material used for a plasma display panel contains particles having various diameters wherein X1/Y is equal to or smaller than 10% where X1 indicates a number of particles having a diameter equal to or smaller than 1.0 micrometers, and Y indicates a total number of particles contained in the fluorescent material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a PDP structure comprising a first substrate, a second substrate and a Waffle barrier rib structure located between the first and second substrate. The Waffle barrier rib structure comprises three first barrier ribs having different width and a plurality of second barrier ribs perpendicular to the first barrier ribs. The second barrier ribs are located between the two first barrier ribs, and connect the wider structure of the two first barrier ribs. Therefore, discharge spaces are formed. Because of different width, the height difference of the barrier rib structure is formed after thermal process. Hence, gas can pass through the barrier ribs structure between the front and the back substrate sealed together.

Abstract: A surface light source device includes a light source body having an internal space. A partition wall is disposed in the internal space of the light source body to divide the internal space into a plurality of discharge spaces. The partition wall has end portions that make contact with inner surface of the light source body. The partition wall has a throughhole, through which the discharge spaces are connected to each other. The light source body includes a voltage applying part that applies a voltage to the discharge space to generate plasma in the discharge space. A barrier is disposed adjacent to the throughhole to restrict a flow of the plasma generated from a discharge gas through the throughhole. The barrier screens the throughhole to restrict the flow of the plasma through the throughhole. Therefore, uniformity of luminance of the surface light source device is improved.

Abstract: A plasma display device includes a first substrate, an address electrode formed on an upper surface of the fist substrate, a first dielectric layer formed on the upper surface of the first substrate and embedding the address electrode, a second substrate which is transparent and forms a discharge space by being coupled to the first substrate, a plurality of maintaining electrodes formed on a lower surface of the second substrate to form a predetermined angle with the address electrode, each of the maintaining electrodes including first and second electrodes, a second dielectric layer formed on the second substrate where the maintaining electrodes are formed and embedding the maintaining electrodes, at least a portion where an electrical field is concentrated formed between the first and second electrodes constituting the maintaining electrodes, and a partition installed between the first and second substrates for sectioning the discharge space.

Abstract: A full color three electrode surface discharge type plasma display device that has fine image elements and is large and has a bright display. The three primary color luminescent areas are arranged in the extending direction of the display electrode pairs in a successive manner and an image element is composed by the three unit luminescent areas defined by these three luminescent areas and address electrodes intersecting these three luminescent areas. Further, phosphors are coated not only on a substrate but also on the side walls of the barriers and on address electrodes. The manufacturing processes and operation methods of the above constructions are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for chemically etching of a foam glass layer to provide at least one cavity pattern in the foam glass layer. The method utilizes a substrate with at least one major surface suitable for receiving a glass layer. At least one layer of a glass paste composition in then applied onto the major surface of the substrate. The substrate and glass paste composition are then heated to a temperature sufficient enough to obtain a foam glass layer bonded to the major surface of the substrate. At least a portion of the foam glass layer is chemically etched to obtain at least one cavity pattern in the foam glass layer. The chemical etching of the foam glass layer results in an anisotropic etching rate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a plasma display panel that has a fast response in discharge generation to voltage application owing to a short discharge delay time, and at the same time suppresses the change in the discharge delay time to temperature. In the plasma display panel, dielectric layer (9) is formed so that it covers scanning electrode (5) and sustain electrode (6) formed on front substrate (4), and protective layer (10) is formed on dielectric layer (9), where protective layer (10) includes carbon and silicon, and in addition, protective layer (10) is made of magnesium oxide including silicon of 5×1018 atoms/cm3 to 2×1021 atoms/cm3 and carbon of 1×1018 atoms/cm3 to 2×1021 atoms/cm3.