Abstract: A method of establishing a DC bias in front of at least one electrode in a plasma operating apparatus by applying an RF voltage with at least two harmonic frequency components with a controlled relative phase between the components, where at least one of the higher frequency components is established as an even multiple of the lower frequency component.

Abstract: A method of establishing a DC bias in front of at least one electrode in a plasma operating apparatus by applying an RF voltage with at least two harmonic frequency components with a controlled relative phase between the components, where at least one of the higher frequency components is established as an even multiple of the lower frequency component.

Abstract: A microelectronics apparatus comprising a substrate, a pair of grid electrodes coupled to the substrate on opposing sides of a central axis, wherein the grid electrodes are substantially parallel to each other and extend substantially perpendicular from the substrate, and a plurality of ion reflection lenses each coupled to the substrate, wherein each ion reflection lens: (1) is substantially perpendicular to each of the grid electrodes; (2) extends substantially perpendicular from the substrate; and (3) has an aperture aligned with the central axis.

Abstract: A power supply device for displaying includes a set register for setting an amplitude and voltage level of a driving voltage for a common electrode and an amplitude and voltage level of a non-selecting period voltage for a scan line, an amplitude reference generating circuit for generating an amplitude reference voltage for the driving voltage of the common electrode and for the non-selecting period voltage of the scan line according to a set value, a VcomH reference generating circuit and a VcomL generating circuit for A.C. driving the common electrode with an amplitude and voltage level determined by the amplitude reference voltage and set value, a VgoffH generating circuit and a VgoffL reference generating circuit for generating the non-selecting period voltage of the scan line with an amplitude and voltage level determined by the amplitude reference voltage and set value.

Abstract: A field emission type display device capable of providing display with gradation and permitting the whole display device to be integrated with a display drive circuit section. Memory sections are arranged in correspondence to image cell sections, resulting in static display being accomplished. Also, Light emission of an anode is carried out depending on data held in the memory section, so that a luminous period is increased and adequate luminance is provided at a drive voltage substantially lower than that required for dynamic display. An FEC element is incorporated in each of the memory sections in correspondence to incorporation of an FEC element in each of the image cell sections, so that the image cell sections and memory sections may be concurrently manufactured during manufacturing of the FEC elements, to thereby significantly simplify manufacturing of display device.

Abstract: Beam control pulse modulation in an RF transmitter tube is provided by a solid state switch connected between the cathode power supply and the cathode of the transmitter tube. The beam controlling element is returned to the normal cathode power source such that closing the switch between the cathode and the cathode power source brings the beam controlling element voltage to cathode potential causing beam current to flow, while opening the switch provides a very high equivalent cathode resistance, which self-biases the tube in the cutoff region, eliminating the need for a separate "off" voltage power supply. Off-edge performance may be further improved by providing an off switch connected between the cathode and a collector tap on the cathode power supply, and closing the switch when the on switch is opened to accelerate return of the cathode potential to the cutoff voltage.

Abstract: A flat display apparatus is disclosed which includes a grid interposed between and spaced apart from control electrodes and an electron source. The grid which includes holes has a higher potential applied than the one applied to a cathode so as to enable electrons to pass through the holes. An additional grid may be interposed between and spaced apart from the grid and the control electrodes. Alternatively, a rear electrode is located between adjacent porous cover electrodes to connect them, and a second rear electrode is located near the rear electrode and has a lower potential applied than the one applied to the cover electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for controlling the luminous output of a fluorescent lamp over a wide dimming range. The luminous output is controlled by controlling the lamp current, while the lamp is immersed in a lateral electrostatic field. The lamp and external electrostatic ionization electrodes are driven by a true analog voltage-to-current converter that has a dynamic range inherently wider than conventional PWM circuits. A modified, transformer coupled, push-pull converter with an analog-current-driven primary circuit is used in one embodiment of the apparatus. The lamp driver must be capable of providing a high compliance voltage consistent with the I-V profile of the lamp. A subordinate primary winding on the transformer may be used to reduce magnetization current and to supply sufficient energy for supporting the lateral electrostatic field that is generated by the ionization electrodes which may be printed on a PWB mounted behind the lamp.

Abstract: A display addressing method applied in conjunction with an array of cold cathode field emission micro-emitters employs a row-by-row addressing technique in concert with controlled constant current sources connected simultaneously to each column of the array of emitters to provide a novel addressing scheme which yields an improvement in cathodoluminescent display brightness on the order of a full order of magnitude over that of the prior art.

Abstract: A high voltage switch tube with a central cathode cylindrically symmetric to and surrounded by a tubular anode, with a grid interposed between the cathode and anode. A high negative voltage is applied to the cathode, but the flow of electrons to the anode is blocked by the grid which is held near cathode potential. After a space charge is created at the grid by electrons from the cathode, the grid is pulsed to ground potential, releasing electrons from the cathode to yield a very high current pulse. The cathode is preferably a graphite foam sleeve mounted on a support structure.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge (HID) lamp has an arc tube including a pair of main electrodes and at least one auxiliary electrode or probe, wherein a high frequency (HF) high voltage is applied to the probe for forming a high frequency (HF) ignition discharge for establishing a low frequency (LF) arc discharge between the main electrodes. In this ignition system, the electrodes of the arc tube are arranged so that an LF discharge path and an HF discharge path are positioned in an X- or a Y-configuration in the arc tube for causing easy lamp ignition. Also, to simplify the outer leads, it is desirable to mount the probe on one of the main electrodes by a dielectric member opposite another main electrode thereby to form a shorter gap between the probe and the other main electrodes than that between the main electrodes. The starting device of HID lamps has a high frequency-high voltage (HF-HV) generator, the output of which is applied, directly or indirectly, to the probe.

Abstract: A beam mode lamp has two discharge electrodes which alternately function as anode and cathode. One or more modifying electrodes are located between the discharge electrodes. Each modifying electrode is kept equal to or negative with respect to the cathode, raising the operating voltage of the lamp from a normal 20 volts to line voltage.